R-BY39684 (Y-DNA)

Хаплогрупа R е разпространена в Европа; Западна, Централна и Южна Азия, както и в района Сахел в Африка [Myres et al., 2011]. От филогенетична гледна точка, Хг R се разклонява в под-хаплогрупи R-M173 (R1) и R-M124 (R2) [Karafet et al., 2008], последната от които се среща предимно в Южна Азия [Zhong et al., 2011]. Подхаплогрупата R-M173 почти изцяло представлява хаплогрупа R в Европа. От своя страна, европейските Y-хромозоми от Хг R-M173 основно принадлежат към две нейни подклади - Хг R-M17 и Хг R-M269. Хаплогрупа R-M17 по-често се среща сред източно- и централноевропейските популации. При тях тя е най-представена от специфичната за Европа подклада R-M458. Предполага се, че хаплогрупа R-M458 е възникнала в Северна-Централна Европа в периода между мезолита и ранния неолит [Myres et al., 2011; Underhill et al., 2010; Varzari et al., 2013]. Хаплогрупа RM269 нараства по честота от Източна към Западна Европа [Balaresque et al., 2010; Sjodin & Francois, 2011]. Въпреки детайлната молекулна дисекция и задълбочения анализ на подкладите, все още не могат да се направят ясни изводи относно произхода на хаплогрупа R-M269 [Busby et al., 2012].

R-BY39684 is a subgroup of R-M269

R1b is a branch of the human family tree of paternal lineages. It is marked by a mutation of the Y chromosome named M343. P25 and M269 are part of R1b along with several large young subclades; L21, U152, DF27, P312, U106 & Z2103.

https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/r-1b/about/background

An overview R1b Descendants Tree is at http://rebrand.ly/R1b-Descendant-Tree-pdf

The full detailed tree is at https://www.familytreedna.com/public/y-dna-haplotree/R;name=R-M343

R1b is the largest haplogroup of men from Europe.

Haplogroup R-M269 is the dominant lineage in all of Western Europe today. It is found in low frequencies in Turkey and the northern Fertile Crescent, while its highest frequencies are in Western Europe.

The Balkanic and Asian branch (Z2103)

Asian branch Haak et al. (2015) tested six Y-DNA samples from the eastern reaches of Yamna culture, in the Volga-Ural region, and all of them turned out to belong to haplogroup R1b. Four of them were positive for the Z2103 mutation. IN all likelihood, R1b-Z2103 was a major lineage of the Poltavka culture, which succeeded to the Yamna culture between the Volga River and the Ural mountains. It eventually merged with the Abashevo culture (presumably belonging chiefly to R1a-Z93) to form the Sintashta culture. Through a founder effect or through political domination, R1a-Z93 lineages would have outnumbered R1b-Z2103 after the expansion to Central and South Asia, although important pockets of Z2103 survived, notably in Bashkorostan, Turkmenistan and Uyghurstan (Chinese Turkestan).

R1b-Z2103 would have become an Indo-Iranian lineage like R1a-Z93. This is true of two Z2103 subclades in particular: L277.1 and L584. The former is found in Russia to Central Asia then to India and the Middle East, just like the R1a-L657 subclade of Z93. It can be associated with the Andronovo culture and Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex, as well as the Indo-Aryan migrations. R1b-L584 is found especially in Iran, northern Iraq, the South Caucasus and Turkey, and correlates more with the Iranian branch of Indo-Europeans, which includes Persians, Kurds and Scythians.

https://haplogroup.org/ystory/r-by39684/

https://www.genetichomeland.com/welcome/dnamarkerindex.asp?chromoso...

Anatolian branch The Hittites (c. 2000-1178 BCE) were the first Indo-Europeans to defy (and defeat) the mighty Mesopotamian and Egyptian empires. There are two hypotheses regarding the origins of the Hittites. The first is that they came from the eastern Balkans and invaded Anatolia by crossing the Bosphorus. That would mean that they belonged either to the L23* or the Z2103 subclade. The other plausible scenario is that they were an offshoot of the late Maykop culture, and that they crossed the Caucasus to conquer the Hattian kingdom (perhaps after being displaced from the North Caucasus by the R1a people of the Catacomb culture). In that case the Hittites might have belonged to the R1b-Z2103 or the R1b-PF7562 subclade. The first hypothesis has the advantage of having a single nucleus, the Balkans, as the post-Yamna expansion of all Indo-European R1b. The Maykop hypothesis, on the other hand, would explain why the Anatolian branch of IE languages (Hittite, Luwian, Lydian, Palaic) is so archaic compared to other Indo-European languages, which would have originated in Yamna rather than Maykop.

There is substantial archaeological and linguistic evidence that Troy was an Indo-European city associated with the Steppe culture and haplogroup R1b. The Trojans were Luwian speakers related to the Hittites (hence Indo-European), with attested cultural ties to the culture of the Pontic-Caspian Steppe. The first city of Troy dates back to 3000 BCE, right in the middle of the Maykop period. Troy might have been founded by Maykop people as a colony securing the trade routes between the Black Sea and the Aegean. The founding of Troy happens to coincide exactly with the time the first galleys were made. Considering the early foundation of Troy, the most likely of the two Indo-European paternal haplogroups would be R1b-M269 or L23.

The Phrygians and the Proto-Armenians are two other Indo-European tribes stemming from the Balkans. Both appear to have migrated to Anatolia around 1200 BCE, during the 'great upheavals' of the Eastern Mediterranean (see below). The Phrygians (or Bryges) founded a kingdom (1200-700 BCE) in west central Anatolia, taking over most of the crumbling Hittite Empire. The Armenians crossed all Anatolia until Lake Van and settled in the Armenian Highlands. Nowadays 30% of Armenian belong to haplogroup R1b, the vast majority to the L584 subclade of Z2103 (=> see The Indo-European migrations to Armenia).

Most of the R1b found in Greece today is of the Balkanic Z2103 variety. There is also a minority of Proto-Celtic S116/P312 and of Italic/Alpine Celtic S28/U152. Z2103 could have descended from Albania or Macedonia during the Dorian invasion (see below), thought to have happened in the 12th century BCE. Their language appear to have been close enough to Mycenaean Greek to be mutually intelligible and easy for locals to adopt. The Mycenaeans might have brought some R1b (probably also Z2103) to Greece, but their origins can be traced back through archaeology to the Catacomb culture and the Seima-Turbino phenomenon of the northern forest-steppe, which would make them primarily an R1a tribe.

Greek and Anatolian S116 and some S28 lineages could be attributed to the La Tène Celtic invasions of the 3rd century BCE. The Romans also certainly brought S28 lineages (=> see Genetics of the Italian people), and probably also the Venetians later on, notably on the islands. Older clades of R1b, such as P25 and V88, are only a small minority and would have come along E1b1b, G2a and J2 from the Middle East.