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South Sea Islanders living in Australia
South Sea Islanders refers to Australian descendants of people from the more than 80 islands in the Western Pacific – including the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu (formerly the New Hebrides) in Melanesia and the Loyalty Islands, Samoa, Kiribati, Rotuma and Tuvalu in Polynesia and Micronesia – who were kidnapped or recruited between the mid to late 19th century as labourers in the sugarcane fields of Queensland. Some were kidnapped or tricked (or "blackbirded") into long-term indentured service. At its height, the recruiting accounted for over half the adult male population of some islands.
These people were generally referred to as Kanakas, which means "man", although many Islander descendants now regard the term as pejorative and an insulting reminder of their ancestors' exploitation at the hands of white planters.
With time, owing to intermarriage, many Australian South Sea Islanders also claim a mixed ancestry, including Aboriginals, Torres Strait Islanders and immigrants from the South Pacific Islands.
Of some 55,000 to 62,500 Islanders recruited, around 10,000 remained in Australia in 1901. The majority were repatriated by the Australian Government in the period between 1906-08 under the Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901, a piece of legislation related to the White Australia Policy. There was resistance to repatriation, and controversy regarding the manner in which it was done.
Those exempted from repatriation, along with a number of others who escaped deportation, remained in Australia to form the basis of what is today Australia's largest non-indigenous black ethnic group. Today, the descendants of those who remained are officially referred to as South Sea Islanders. A 1992 census of South Sea Islanders reported around 10,000 descendants living in Queensland. Fewer than 3,500 were reported in the 2001 Australian census.
The question of how many Islanders were "blackbirded" is unknown and remains controversial. The extent to which Islanders were recruited legally, persuaded, deceived, coerced or forced to leave their homes and travel to Queensland is difficult to evaluate and also controversial. Official documents and accounts from the period often conflict with the oral tradition passed down to the descendants of workers. Stories of blatantly violent kidnapping tend to relate to the first ten or so years of the trade.
Links to Index PDF, lists names, islands, age and where living, with links to photos of documents that can be used in the profiles.
- A - B (PDF, 282KB)
- C - D (PDF, 142KB)
- E - G (PDF, 124KB)
- H - K (PDF, 173KB)
- L - M (PDF, 368KB)
- N (PDF, 116KB)
- O - Q (PDF, 142KB)
- R - S (PDF, 196KB)
- T (PDF, 290KB)
- U - Z (PDF, 217KB)
These documents can also be found in sources of this project (in case the links are changed)