The following is from Wikipedia:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Unionist is article is about anti-secessionism in the southern U.S.. For pro-UK sentiment in Ireland outside Northern Ireland, see Southern Irish unionism. In the United States, Southern Unionists were white people living in the Confederate States of America, opposed to secession, and against the Civil War. These people are also referred to as Southern Loyalists, Union Loyalists and Lincoln Loyalists. Pro-Confederates in the South derided them as Tories. During reconstruction these terms were replaced by "scalawag", which covered all Southern whites who supported the Republican Party. Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia (which included West Virginia at that time) were home to the largest populations of loyalists, thousands of whom volunteered for Union military service.
Contents [hide] 1 Description 1.1 Baggett study 2 History 3 Prominent Southern Unionists 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Description[edit] The term Southern Unionist, and its variations, incorporate a spectrum of beliefs and actions. Some, such as Texas governor Sam Houston, were vocal in their support of Southern interests, but believed that those interests could best be maintained by remaining in the Union as it existed. Some Unionists opposed secession, but afterwards either actively served and fought with the Confederate armies, or supported the Confederacy in other ways. Others refused to fight, went North or stayed North to enlist in the Union Armies, or fought informally as partisans in the South. Some remained in the South and tried to stay neutral. The term could also be used of any Southerner who worked with the Republican Party or Union government in any capacity after the war ended in 1865.
A study of Southern Unionists in Alabama who continued to support the Union during the war found that they were typically "old fashioned" or "Jackson" conservative Democrats, or former Whigs, who viewed the federal government as worthy of defending because it had provided economic and political security. They saw secession as dangerous, illegitimate, and contrary to the intentions of the Founding Fathers, and believed that the Confederacy could not improve on the United States government. The desire for security was a motivation for Unionist slaveholders, who feared that secession would cause a conflict that would result in the loss of their slaves; however, some stated that they would rather give up slavery than dissolve the union. The Southern ideals of honor, family, and duty were as important to Unionists as to their pro-secession neighbors. They believed, however, that rebelling against the United States, which many of their ancestors had fought for in 1776 and 1812, was the unmanly and dishonorable act.[1]
Baggett study[edit] Historian James Alex Baggett profiled more than 1400 Southern political activists (742 Southern Unionists, and 666 Redeemers who eventually replaced them) in three regions (the Upper South, the Southeast, and the Southwest). He coded them as follows:
Score Activity 1 Breckinridge supporter in 1860 election 2 Bell or Douglas supporter in 1860 election 3 1860–61 opponent of secession 4 passive wartime unionist 5 peace party advocate 6 active wartime unionist 7 postwar Union party supporter Baggett claimed that each activist's score was roughly proportional to the probability that the activist was a Southern Unionist. Baggett further investigated the lives of those Southern Unionists before, during, and after the war, with respect to birthplace, occupation, value of estate, slave ownership, education, party activity, stand on secession, war politics, and postwar politics.[2]
History[edit] Before the war there was widespread belief in the North that the states that had not yet seceded might be persuaded to stay within the Union. This idea was predicated on the fact that many believed that the newly elected President Lincoln would declare a relaxed policy toward the South that would ease tensions. Given the fact that there were a good number of Southern Unionists known to be found in the South it was hoped that this deliberate policy of non-provocation would subvert extremists from irreversible action. Admirable though their sentiments might have been the claims of these Northerners were greatly embellished. In fact there were fewer Unionists in the South than many Northerners believed, and they tended to be concentrated in areas such as northern West Virginia,[3] Eastern Tennessee, and parts of North Carolina where slave owners and slaves themselves were few. Furthermore in the states that had already seceded irreversible action had already taken place, federal buildings, mints, and courthouses had been seized.
Many southern soldiers remained loyal when their states seceded; 40% of Virginian officers in the United States military, for example, stayed with the Union.[4] During the war, many Southern Unionists went North and joined the Union armies. Others joined when Union armies entered their hometowns in Tennessee, Virginia, Arkansas, Louisiana and elsewhere. Over 100,000 Southern Unionists served in the Union Army during the Civil War, and every Southern state, except South Carolina, raised at least a battalion.[5]
State White soldiers serving in the Union Army (other branches unlisted) Alabama 3,000 Arkansas 10,000 Florida 3,500 Georgia 400 Louisiana 7,000 Mississippi 545 North Carolina 25,000 Tennessee 42,000 Texas 2,200 Virginia and West Virginia 22,000[6] The Southern Unionists were referred to in Henry Clay Work's song Marching Through Georgia:
Yes and there were Union men who wept with joyful tears, When they saw the honored flag they had not seen for years; Hardly could they be restrained from breaking forth in cheers, While we were marching through Georgia.
Southern Unionists were extensively used as anti-guerrilla forces and as occupation troops in areas of the Confederacy occupied by the Union. Ulysses S. Grant noted "We had many regiments of brave and loyal men who volunteered under great difficulty from the twelve million belonging to the South." (Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant, 1885, vol 2. chapt. 68, p. 636).[1]
Prominent Southern Unionists[edit] John Bell, but after the Battle of Fort Sumter he supported the Confederacy[7] John Minor Botts[8] Thomas E. Bramlette[9] Robert Jefferson Breckinridge[10] William Gannaway Brownlow[11] William Cannon[12] William Crutchfield[13] Thomas H. DuVal Emerson Etheridge[14] Andrew Jackson Hamilton[15] Joshua Hill[16] William Woods Holden[17] Joseph Holt[18][19] Sam Houston[20][21] Fielding Hurst [22] Andrew Johnson [23] Newton Knight Francis Lieber[24] Montgomery C. Meigs[25] Isaac Murphy[26][27] Thomas Amos Rogers Nelson[28] James L. Petigru[29] Francis Harrison Pierpont[30] Joseph G. Sanders[25] Winfield Scott[25] James Speed and Joshua Fry Speed[31] George Henry Thomas Elizabeth Van Lew James Madison Wells[25] See also[edit] Carpetbagger East Tennessee Convention Freedmen Reconstruction Redeemers Scalawag wiktionary:scallywag Notes[edit] Jump up ^ Storey, Margaret M. (February 2003). "Civil War Unionists and the Political Culture of Loyalty in Alabama, 1860-1861". The Journal of Southern History. 69 (1): 71–106. doi:10.2307/30039841. JSTOR 30039841. Jump up ^ Baggett, James Alex (September 2004). The Scalawags: Southern Dissenters in the Civil War and Reconstruction. Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press. ISBN 9780807130148. Archived from the original on 13 Apr 2016. Retrieved 9 Jul 2016. Jump up ^ Foner, Eric, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877, Harper, 2002, pg. 39 Jump up ^ Pryor, Elizabeth Brown (2011-04-19). "The General in His Study". Disunion. The New York Times. Retrieved April 19, 2011. Jump up ^ Current, Richard Nelson (1992). Lincoln's Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy. p. 5. Jump up ^ Snell, Mark A., West Virginia and the Civil War, History Press, Charleston, SC, 2011, pg. 28. Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the American Civil War, p. 205. Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the American Civil War, p. 254. Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the American Civil War, p. 270. Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the American Civil War, p. 279. Jump up ^ Edward R. Crowther. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War (2002), eds. David Stephen Heidler, Jeanne T. Heidler, and David J. Coles. W. W. Norton: p. 298-9. Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the American Civil War, p. 353. Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the American Civil War, p. 417. Jump up ^ Lonnie Maness, "Henry Emerson Etheridge," Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Retrieved: 22 April 2014. Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the American Civil War, p. 300. Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the American Civil War, p. 644. Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the American Civil War, p. 1998. Jump up ^ Daniel W. Crofts, "Joseph Holt: Union Man" (May 30, 2011). New York Times. Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the American Civil War, p. 1990. Jump up ^ Dale Baum. The Shattering of Texas Unionism: Politics in the Lone Star State During the Civil War Era (1998). LSU Press: p. 87. Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the American Civil War, p. 1936. Jump up ^ Derek W. Frisby. "Forrest, Nathan Bedford." Encyclopedia of the American Civil War (2002), eds. David Stephen Heidler, Jeanne T. Heidler, and David J. Coles. W. W. Norton: p. 721. Jump up ^ Paul Bergeron, "Andrew Johnson," Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Retrieved: 3 May 2013. Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the American Civil War, p. 819. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Encyclopedia of the American Civil War, p. 1998 Jump up ^ Rogan Kersh. Dreams of a More Perfect Union, p. 194 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the American Civil War, p. 74. Jump up ^ Thomas Alexander, "Strange Bedfellows: The Interlocking Careers of T.A.R. Nelson, Andrew Johnson, and W.G. (Parson) Brownlow," East Tennessee Historical Society Publications, No. 24 (1952), pp. 68-91. Jump up ^ Susan Wyley-Jones. "Petigru, James Louis." Encyclopedia of the American Civil War (2002), eds. David Stephen Heidler, Jeanne T. Heidler, and David J. Coles. W. W. Norton: p. 1504-05. Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the American Civil War, p. 1522. Jump up ^ Kirk C. Jenkins, The Battle Rages Higher: The Union's Fifteenth Kentucky Infantry. University Press of Kentucky, 2003: p. 8. References[edit] Alexander, Thomas B. (1961). "Persistent Whiggery in the Confederate South, 1860–1877". Journal of Southern History. Southern Historical Association. 27 (3): 305–329. doi:10.2307/2205211. JSTOR 2205211. Baggett, James Alex (2003). The Scalawags: Southern Dissenters in the Civil War and Reconstruction. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-2798-1. DeSantis, Vincent P. (1959). Republicans Face the Southern Question: The New Departure Years, 1877–1897. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press. Donald, David (1944). "The Scalawag in Mississippi Reconstruction". Journal of Southern History. Southern Historical Association. 10 (4): 447–460. doi:10.2307/2197797. JSTOR 2197797. Ellem, Warren A. (1972). "Who Were the Mississippi Scalawags?". Journal of Southern History. Southern Historical Association. 38 (2): 217–240. doi:10.2307/2206442. JSTOR 2206442. Fleming, Walter L. (1906). Documentary History of Reconstruction: Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational, and Industrial. 2 vols. Uses broad collection of primary sources; vol. 1 on national politics; vol. 2 on states. Foner, Eric (2009). Give Me Liberty! An American History, second ed. Franklin, John Hope (1961). Reconstruction after the Civil War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-26079-8. Garner, James Wilford (1901). Reconstruction in Mississippi. Dunning school monograph. Holden, William Woods (1911). Memoirs of W. W. Holden. North Carolina Scalawag governor. Keegan, John (2009). The American Civil War: A Military History. Random House. Kolchin, Peter (1979). "Scalawags, Carpetbaggers, and Reconstruction: A Quantitative Look at Southern Congressional Politics, 1868–1872". Journal of Southern History. Southern Historical Association. 45 (1): 63–76. doi:10.2307/2207902. JSTOR 2207902. McKinney, Gordon B. (1998). Southern Mountain Republicans, 1865–1900: Politics and the Appalachian Community. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 1-57233-009-0. Pereyra, Lillian A. (1966). James Lusk Alcorn: Persistent Whig. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. Perman, Michael (1984). The Road to Redemption: Southern Politics 1869–1879. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Rubin, Hyman (2006). South Carolina Scalawags. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 1-57003-625-X. Tunnell, Ted (2006). "Creating 'the Propaganda of History': Southern Editors and the Origins of Carpetbagger and Scalawag". Journal of Southern History. 72 (4). doi:10.2307/27649233. Wiggins, Sarah Woolfolk (1991). The Scalawag in Alabama Politics, 1865–1881. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0557-2. External links[edit]
Alabama
Pvt. (USA), Elisha Ryan Anderson
Gen. Andrew Jackson Hamilton, (USA), Governor
John Bell Hughes
John Lawrence
Levi J Lawrence
Ananias Parker
Arkansas
Pvt. (USA), Albert K. Killgrove
Pvt. (USA), James Osborne Killgrove
Pvt. John Howell Killgrove
Pvt. (USA), John Franklin Killgrove
Isaac Murphy, 8th Gov. of Arkansas
Florida
Brig General (USA) Governor , Edmund Jackson Davis
Judge Benjamin Drake Wright: Note: Born in PA and came to Pensacola, Florida. He was a Lawyer, Mayor, and Judge, and opposed succession and slavery
Georgia
Colonel Andrew Jackson Blackwell
Charles Harvard Harrington
Joshua Hill, Jr.
Pvt. (USA), Lewis Gustavus Simmons
John Vandiver Willson
Kentucky Note: Was a Border State
Thomas Elliott Bramlette
Robert Jefferson Breckinridge, I
Brig. General Joseph Holt (USA), Judge Advocate General of the U.S. Army, U.S. Postmaster General and Secretary of War
Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the USA.
Mary Todd Lincoln, Former First Lady.
James Montgomery
William S. "Ed" Overstreet
James Speed, U.S. Attorney General
Gabriel Young USCT
Louisiana
Philip Hicky Morgan
Commodore William David Porter
Maryland: Note: Was a Border State.
Frederick Augustus Washington Douglass (Bailey)
Missouri Note:Was a Border State
Pvt. Thomas Shelton Hendricks
Mississippi Pvt. (USA), Elisha Ryan Anderson
North Carolina
Pvt. Levi Absher, (CSA & USA)
Pvt. Abner Caudill, (CSA & USA) Henry E. Etheridge, US Congress
Wilson Bruce Evans
William Woods Holden
Captain Stuart Newton Knight
Pvt. Jesse L. Peel
Pvt. John W. Peel
Hiram Rhodes Revels, 1st African American Senator
South Carolina Joshua Hill, Jr.
Samuel R Ihly, (CSA)
Tennessee
(USA), Carroll Kendrick Crumby
William Crutchfield, US Congress
Henry E. Etheridge, US Congress
David Glasgow Farragut, Admiral, USN
Hon. John Hancock
Col. (USA) Fielding Jackson Hurst
Andrew Johnson, 17th President of the USA
Andrew "Frank" Johnson, Jr.
Charles Johnson, MD, USA
Eliza Johnson (McCardle), First Lady
David T. Patterson, U.S. Senator
Martha Patterson (Johnson)
Mary Stover (Johnson) Brown
Brig. Gen. Robert Johnson (USA)
Pvt. (USA), Richard Marlow
Rep. Thomas Amos Rogers Nelson
Col. Daniel Stover, USA
Texas Morgan C. Hamilton, US Senator
Gen. Samuel Rutherford Houston
Brig. General Anson Mills Note: Though born in Indiana Mills was in Texas at the start of the Civil War and sided with the Union.
Lieut. William Wallace Mills Note: Though born in Indiana Mills was in Texas at the start of the Civil War and sided with the Union.
Virginia:
Lt. Col. Harvey Abner Allen, (USA)
Hon. John Minor Botts
William "Parson" Brownlow, Governor, U.S. Senator
PVT Abraham Clayborne
Thomas Howard Duval
George W. Edmondson
Robert B. Hale
Gen. Samuel Rutherford Houston
Charles Henry Langston
Rep. John Mercer Langston (R-VA)
Congressman/ Mayor/ Brigadier General USA Lewis McKenze
Elizabeth Van Lew, (Union spy)
Pvt. Archibald Roller
Pvt. George Washington Roller
Gen. George H. Thomas (USA)
(USA), Benjamin H. Workman