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Stampede

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Stampede


This is more of an umbrella project. You might want to make a project around a specific stampede event. If so, please mention it in this discussion: Cause of Death Projects needed???

A stampede is uncontrolled concerted running as an act of mass impulse among herd animals or a crowd of people in which the group collectively begins running, often in an attempt to escape a perceived threat.

  • Crushes are very often referred to as stampedes but, unlike true stampedes, they can cause many deaths. Crowd density is more important than size. A density of four people per square meter begins to be dangerous, even if the crowd is not very large. They often occur during religious pilgrimages and large entertainment events, as they tend to involve dense crowds, with people closely surrounded on all sides. Human stampedes and crushes also occur in episodes of panic (e.g. in response to a fire or explosion) as people try to get away
  • Panics and stampedes can generally be broken down into two categories: acquisitive panics, where people rush headlong in a rush or panic to acquire something of value – say a better seat in a theater, or a chance to get that “must have” doll for a Christmas present when the shopping center doors open on Black Friday; and the typical image of a panic or human stampede – a life or death surge away from some form of danger – such as people trying to escape a burning night club. Both forms of behavior can lead to a human stampede and the deaths of scores, or even hundreds of people.

The importance of crowd control is never clearer than after a stampede, when a mass of people, usually driven into a panic by something, rushes toward something else. A large throng in a tight space, with little room to move, can quickly take on a life of its own, as history has demonstrated time after time.

According to Wikipedia - List of human Stampedes many people died over the years from being crushed, asphyxiated, trampled, etc. by a crowd of people (mob).

Before the 18th Century:

  • In 80, Flavius Josephus recorded that in 66 AD, at around the beginning of the First Roman–Jewish War, a Roman soldier mooned Jewish pilgrims at the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem who had gathered for Passover, and "spake such words as you might expect upon such a posture" causing a riot in which youths threw stones at the soldiers, who then called in reinforcements – the pilgrims panicked, and the ensuing stampede resulted in the death of ten thousand Jews.

In the 18th Century:

  • 11 October 1711: 245 people were killed in a stampede on the bridge of the Guillotière in Lyon. This was caused by the coach of Madame Servient being in the middle of the bridge while many people came back from a festival on the other side of the Rhône.

In the 19th Century seven situations are listed:

  • 29 May 1809 -- Ponte das Barcas, Portugal -- 100 estimated deaths
  • 12 Feb 1823 -- Carnival tragedy of 1823, Malta -- 110 children died
  • 10 Oct 1872 -- Ostrów Wielkopolski Synagogue, Poland -- 19 women & children were killed
  • 5 Dec 1876 -- Brooklyn Theatre fire, USA -- 278 estimated deaths
  • 30 May 1883 -- Brooklyn Bridge, USA -- 12 estimated deaths
  • 16 June 1883 -- Victoria Hall disaster, England -- 180 estimated deaths
  • 18 May 1896 -- Khodynka Tragedy, Russia -- 1389 estimated deaths

In the 20th Century situations are listed with deaths worldwide:

(there are several more listed but with no deaths, so not listed here)

  • 19 Sep 1902 -- Shiloh Baptist Church disaster, USA -- 115 estimated deaths
  • 30 Dec 1903 -- Iroquois Theatre Fire, USA -- 602 estimated deaths
  • 11 Jan 1908 -- Barnsley Public Hall Disaster, England -- 16 estimated deaths
  • 4 Mar 1908 -- Collinwood school fire, USA -- 175 estimated deaths
  • 24 Dec 1913 -- Italian Hall Disaster, USA -- 73 estimated deaths
  • 31 Dec 1929 -- Glen Cinema disaster, Scotland -- 71 estimated deaths
  • 8 Jan 1934 -- Kyoto Railroad Station Tragedy, Japan -- 76 estimated deaths
  • 23 Oct 1942 -- unnamed, Italy -- 354 estimated deaths
  • 3 Mar 1943 -- Bethnal Green Tube Station Disaster -- 173 estimated deaths
  • 6 Jun 1944 -- Hartford Circus Fire, USA -- 168 estimated deaths
  • 9 Mar 1946 -- Burnden Park Disaster, England -- 33 estimated deaths
  • 9 Apr 1952 -- unnamed, Venezuela -- 53 estimated deaths
  • 3 Feb 1954 -- 1954 Kumbh Mela Stampede, India -- 500-800 estimated deaths
  • 1 Jan 1956 -- unnamed, Japan -- 124 estimated deaths
  • 24 May 1964 -- Estadio Nacional Disaster, Peru -- 328 estimated deaths
  • 23 Jun 1968 -- Puerta 12 Tragedy, Argentina -- 71 estimated deaths
  • 2 Jan 1971 -- Second Ibrox Disaster, Scotland -- 66 estimated deaths
  • 3 Dec 1979 -- 1979 The Who Concert Disaster, USA -- 11 estimated deaths
  • 20 Oct 1982 -- Luzhniki Disaster, Russia, USSR -- 66 estimated deaths
  • 29 May 1985 -- Heysel Stadium Disaster, Belgium -- 39 estimated deaths
  • 13 Mar 1988 -- Kathmandu Stadium Disaster, Nepal -- 93 estimated deaths
  • 20 Aug 1988 -- unnamed, England -- 2 estimated deaths
  • 15 Apr 1989 -- Hillsborough Disaster, England -- 96 estimated deaths
  • 2 Jul 1990 -- 1990 Mecca Tunnel Tragedy, Saudi Arabia -- 1,426 estimated deaths
  • 13 Jan 1991 -- Orkney Stadium Disaster, South Africa -- 40 estimated deaths
  • 13 Feb 1991 -- unnamed, Mexico -- 42 estimated deaths
  • 24 Sep 1991 -- 1991 Talyuan Illumination Show Stampede (Chinese), China -- 105 estimated deaths
  • 28 Dec 1991 -- unnamed, USA -- 9 estimated deaths
  • 1 Jan 1993 -- unnamed, British Hong Kong -- 21 estimated deaths
  • 23 May 1994 -- unnamed, Saudi Arabia -- 270 estimated deaths
  • 23 Nov 1994 -- 1994 Gowari Stampede, India -- 113 estimated deaths
  • 16 Oct 1996 -- The October 16 Disaster, Guatemala -- 83 estimated deaths
  • 9 Apr 1998 -- unnamed, Saudi Arabia -- 118 estimated deaths
  • 15 Jan 1999 -- 1999 Sabarimala Stampede, India -- 53 estimated deaths
  • 30 May 1999 -- Nyamiha Disaster, Belarus -- 53 estimated deaths
  • 4 Dec 1999 -- “Air & Style” Crowd Crush, Austria -- 6 estimated deaths
  • 30 Jun 2000 -- Roskilde Festival Disaster, Denmark -- 9 estimated deaths

21st Century situations are listed with deaths worldwide by year:

  • 2001
    • 5 Mar 2001 -- Stoning of the Devil, Saudi Arabia -- 35 Hajj pilgrims were trampled to death
    • 11 Apr 2001 -- Ellis Park Stadium disaster, South Africa -- 43 people were crushed
    • 9 May 2001 -- At a football match between Kumasi Asante Kotoko and Accra Hearts of Oak in Accra Sports Stadium --127 killed
    • 21 Jul 2001-- A pedestrian stampede after a fireworks show in Akashi, Hyōgo -- 11 people killed
    • 21 Dec 2001 -- Stampede on the stairway leading to the entrance of a discothèque in Sofia, Bulgaria -- 7 children, aged 10 to 14, were crushed to death
  • 2003
    • 11 Feb 2003 -- The Stoning of the Devil ritual claimed 14 pilgrims' lives
    • 17 Feb 2003 -- In the stairway exit to E2, a nightclub in Chicago, Illinois -- 21 people were killed
    • 20 Feb 2003: The Station nightclub fire. Rhode Island --100 killed, many trampled
  • 2004
    • 4 Feb 2004 -- Lantern Festival, China -- 37 estimated deaths
    • 1 Feb 2004 -- at Jamarat Bridge in Mecca during the stoning of the devil -- 251 people were killed
    • 12 Apr 2004 -- Saree Stamped, Lucknow, India -- At least 21 women were killed
    • 1 Sep 2004: Three died in a Saudi IKEA shop stampede
  • 2005
    • Jan 2005 -- Hindu pilgrims stampeded near Mandhradevi temple in Maharashtra, India -- 291 people were killed
    • 31 Aug 2005 -- the Baghdad bridge stampede -- At least 953 people were killed
    • December 2005 -- 42 people were killed as flood relief supplies were handed out to homeless refugees in southern India.
  • 2006
    • 12 January 2006 -- 345 were killed at Jamarat Bridge in Mecca during the stoning of the devil.
    • 4 Feb 2006 -- 78 people were killed in the PhilSports Arena stampede in the Philippines. The place was the location of the first anniversary of ABS-CBN's Wowowee.
    • 12 Sep 2006: 51 were killed at a stampede in Ibb Governorate, Yemen
  • 2007
    • 2 Jun 2007 -- 12 people were killed during a stampede at the end of a football game between Zambia and Republic of Congo in Chililabombwe, Zambia
    • 3 Oct 2007 -- At least 14 women were crushed to death at a train station in northern India
    • 5 Oct 2007 -- A public execution in a stadium in Sunchon, North Korea, 6 people were crushed to death
    • 11 Nov 2007 -- At the Supermarket Carrefour in Chongqing, China when the shop was offering 20% discounts on cooking oil -- 3 people were killed
  • 2008
    • 27 Mar 2008 -- At an Indian temple crush during a pilgrimage -- 8 people were killed
    • 20 Jun 2008 -- At a Mexico City nightclub stampede during a police raid -- At least 12 people were killed
    • 3 Aug 2008 -- A stampede at the Naina Devi temple in Himachal Pradesh in mountainous northern India after a rain shelter collapsed, which worshipers mistakenly took to be a landslide -- At least 162 people were killed
    • 14 Sep 2008 -- A riot was dispersed by tear gas during a football match in Butembo, Democratic Republic of the Congo -- At least 11 people were killed
    • 30 Sep 2008 -- Jodhpur stampede at the Chamunda Devi temple in Jodhpur, India -- 224 people were killed
    • 2 Oct 2008 -- About 20 children died in a stampede in an overcrowded children's dance hall in Tanzania.
    • 28 Nov 2008 -- A worker died at a Long Island Wal-Mart after being trampled in a Black Friday stampede (Jdimytai Damour ( -2008) - Wal-Mart Worker Crushed to Death in Early Morning Stampede of Shoppers on Black Friday. 1 Dec 2008)
  • 2009
    • 29 Mar 2009 -- In the Houphouët-Boigny Arena stampede at a football stadium in Côte d'Ivoire as fans tried to squeeze into the stadium for a World Cup qualifier -- 19 people were killed
    • 9 Sep 2009 -- At a Government Secondary School in Delhi, India. A crush occurred on a stairway when opposing traffic overwhelmed the capacity of the stairway -- Five students were killed
    • 8 Dec 2009 -- Seven boys and one girl aged between 11 and 14 years old were killed and 26 injured in result of a crush in Yucai Middle School in China.
  • 2010
    • 4 Mar 2010 -- At Ram Janki Temple, in Kunda Pratapgarh,uttar Pradesh, India, in a stampede after the gates of the temple collapsed -- At least 71 were killed
    • 24 Jul 2010 -- During crowd turbulences at the Love Parade in Duisburg, Germany -- 21 people were killed
    • 22 Nov 2010 -- A stampede during a water festival near Cambodia's royal palace in Phnom Penh killed at least 347 people.
  • 2011
    • 15 Jan 2011 -- During a stampede near Sabarimala temple in Kerala, India -- 102 people died
    • 15 Jan 2011 -- In a crush at the severely overcrowded West Balkans discothèque in Budapest, Hungary -- 3 women died of suffocation
    • 19 Oct 2011-- in nightclub exit crush at Lava Ignite Northampton (Overcrowding and a fire alarm contributed to a crush on the stairs.) -- 2 People killed
    • 8 Nov 2011 -- At Haridwar, India during a religious ceremony on the banks of Ganges river -- 16 people were killed
  • 2012
    • 18 Mar 2012 -- Cathedral Square in the Abbassiya section of Cairo, Egypt, to view the body of Coptic Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria -- Three were killed
    • 1 Nov 2012 -- 5 girls died in a panic-driven stampede during a Halloween party at a municipal arena of the city of Madrid, Spain
  • 2013
    • * 1 Jan 2013 -- A stampede at the Stade Félix Houphouët-Boigny during a New Year's fireworks celebration in Abidjan, Ivory Coast -- 60 people were killed
    • 1 Jan 2013 -- In Luanda, Angola, as they tried to enter the overcrowded Estádio da Cidadela for a New Year's Eve vigil -- 10 people were killed
    • 27 January 27, 2013 -- Anightclub fire in the city of Santa Maria, south region of Brazil -- at least 242 people were killed
    • 10 Feb 2013 -- During the Hindu festival Kumbh Mela, a stampede broke out at the train station in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India -- 36 people killed
    • 13 Oct 2013 -- During the Hindu festival Navratri, a stampede broke out near the Ratangarh Mata Temple in Datia district, Madhya Pradesh, India, killing 115 people
  • 2014
    • 15 May 2014 -- 2014 Nigeria Immigration Recruitment Tragedy -- Between 16 and 24 recruits were killed
    • 3 Oct 2014 -- A stampede shortly after the Dasehra celebrations at the Gandhi Maidan, Patna, India -- At least 32 people were killed
    • 10 Oct 2014 -- A stampede at Qasim Bagh Stadium in Multan, Pakistan after the speech of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf chairman, Imran Khan -- At least seven people died
    • 21 Nov 2014 -- After a stampede in a stadium in Kwekwe, Zimbabwe -- 11 people died
      • * 31 Dec 2014 --Aa stampede during New Year's celebrations at The Bund, in Shanghai, China -- 36 people died
  • 2015
    • 8 Feb 2015 -- A stampede that occurred at a football game in Cairo, Egypt -- 28 people died
    • 17 Feb 2015 -- A stampede occurred during the Shrove Tuesday festival in Port-au-Prince, Haiti after a man was shocked by high-voltage wires. -- More than 16 people died
    • 9 Jul 2015 -- A stampede at a free clothing drive in the northern Bangladeshi city of Mymensingh -- At least 23 people were killed
    • 14 Jul 2015 -- A stampede on the banks of the Godavari River in the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh for the Maha Pushkaralu festival -- At least 27 pilgrims died
    • 24 Sep 2015 -- In an overcrowding incident during the Hajj pilgrimage in Mina, Saudi Arabia -- At least 2,262 Muslim pilgrims were killed
    • 25 Oct 2015: A crush on a stairway while trying to escape their school building in Taloqan, Afghanistan during a major earthquake -- Twelve girls aged ten to fifteen were killed
  • 2016
    • 2 Oct 2016 -- The 2016 Ethiopian protests -- 52 to 300 people were killed
  • 2017
    • 10 Feb 2017 -- During a stampede in Uíge's Estádio 4 de Janeiro ahead of the opening match of the new Angola football season while trying to enter the stadium before a match between Santa Rita de Cássia FC and Recreativo do Libolo -- At least 17 people were killed
    • 6 Mar 2017 --During a stampede over food aid, held by a church group in Zambia's capital, Lusaka -- At least eight people were killed
    • 28 May 2017 -- In a stadium crush during a stampede in the capital Tegucigalpa's Estadio Tiburcio Carías Andino ahead of a play-off final while trying to enter the over-full stadium before a match between Motagua and Honduras Progreso -- At least four people and an unborn fetus were killed
    • 3 Jun 2017 -- During a screening of the UEFA Champions League Final in Turin, Italy -- One person was killed
    • 6 Jul 2017 --During a stampede in the capital city Lilongwe's Bingu National Stadium during the nation's independence day celebrations while trying to enter the stadium before a match between Nyasa Big Bullets and Silver Strikers -- At least eight people were killed
    • 15 Jul 2017 --In a stadium crush when a wall collapsed at Demba Diop stadium in the capital Dakar after a League Cup final game between US Ouakam and Stade de Mbour -- Eight people were killed
    • 29 Jul 2017 --A stadium crush while trying to enter the FNB Stadium before a match between Kaizer Chiefs and Orlando Pirates -- Two people were killed
    • 29 Sep 2017 -- A stampede that broke out following heavy rains in a foot over bridge between Parel and Elphinstone road stations in Mumbai, India -- At least 22 people were killed

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