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The Darien Colony was founded by Scottish emigrants on November 3rd, 1698. But it all went horribly wrong.
Richard Cavendish | Published in History Today Volume 48 Issue 11 November 1998
On July 12th, 1698 five ships carrying 1,200 eager colonists left the Port of Leith in Scotland to a rapturous send-off. Most of the ill-fated emigrants did not know where they were going and did not find out until the sealed orders were opened at Madeira, but they were brimming with enthusiasm anyway.
A voyage of three months took them across the Atlantic to a harbour on the mangrove-studded Caribbean coast of Panama. On November 3rd, they took formal possession of their new territory, confidently naming it Caledonia and laying the foundations of the settlement of New Edinburgh. But it all went horribly wrong. Hundreds died of fever and dysentery before the colony was abandoned.
The idea was to establish a colony in Darien, open to ships of all countries, and to carry the cargoes of the Atlantic and the Pacific across the narrow isthmus of Panama, cutting out the long voyage around Cape Horn. Holding the key to the trade of both oceans, the colony would be hugely profitable and would make Scotland one of the richest nations on the globe. This scheme was the visionary brainchild of the brilliant Scottish financier William Paterson, who made a fortune in London and was the leading founder of the Bank of England in 1694, while still in his thirties. A year later, the Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies was authorised by the Scottish Parliament. It was meant to be a rival to the East India Company, but powerful interests in London did not want a competitor and obstacles were put in the new institution’s way. So fierce was resentment at this treatment by the English that thousands of Scots put their own money into the enterprise. Fervent national pride was aroused and a crowd cheered to the echo as the ships – Caledonia, St Andrew, Unicorn, Dolphin and Endeavour – sailed from Leith. Scores of stowaways who hoped to go along had to be ejected tearfully from the ships before sailing.
The first passenger rightfully on board was William Paterson, with his wife and son, neither of whom would survive the expedition. Many of the others would not survive either. The promoters had failed to allow for the Darien climate, the insuperable difficulties of transporting cargoes through mosquito-infested tropical jungle and the fact that the Spanish considered the territory their own and were not about to tolerate intruders.
Already on the voyage across the Atlantic the expedition’s leaders had started to quarrel among themselves. Once landed, the settlers were treated kindly by the local natives, who enjoyed flying the cross of St Andrew gaily on their canoes, but the Scots were desperately short of food, a prey to disease and riven by feuds. The English colonies in the West Indies and North America were forbidden to communicate with them or send them help by order of the government in London, which had its foreign policy and its relations with Spain to consider. The Spaniards were mobilising against the colony and a ship sent from the Clyde with extra supplies never arrived. In June, the exhausted survivors decided to go home. Paterson himself was now too starved and ill to persuade them otherwise. They sailed painfully back to Jamaica and New York, abandoning ship after ship on the way. Only the Caledonia finally made it back to Scotland.
Unaware of all this, a second consignment of settlers reached Darien at the end of November 1699, but the ship carrying their food supply caught fire and burned, while a Spanish fleet arrived to blockade the harbour. The enterprise was abandoned in March 1700 and a capitulation was signed with the Spaniards in pelting rain while a solitary piper played a lament. Traces of the settlement were found in 1979 at what is still called Caledonia Bay.
Scotland blamed the whole fiasco on the English. Paterson himself was bankrupt, but still believed in his scheme and tried vainly to revive it. Meanwhile, the Darien disaster seems to have persuaded hard-headed Scotsmen that their country could not prosper by itself, but needed access to England’s empire, and it helped to pave the way for the Act of Union between the two countries in 1707. Under the Act the investors in the Darien scheme were quietly compensated for their losses at taxpayers’ expense.
THE DARIEN EXPEDITION as described by Angus Mackay
At this time, a strong stream of Strathnaver men must have
flowed abroad as soldiers of fortune. For more than a generation
thereafter the great number of officers witnessing wadsets, tacks,
contracts, bonds, etc., preserved among the Reay Papers, is conclusive
proof of the above assertion. The favourite field of service was
Holland, but in 1698 not a few joined in the ill-starred Darien
expedition, which was intended to found the trading colony of New
Caledonia, on the isthmus of Panama, and for which about half a
million of money was raised in Scotland. As at that time free trade
between England and Scotland did not exist, the jealousy and passive
hostility of the former eventually ruined a scheme in which the latter
lost not only its money, but sacrificed the lives of 4000 brave men.
On the inception of the company, a young Edinburgh lawyer,
Donald Mackay, son of Captain William of Borley, joined it in a military
capacity, having raised a hundred of his clansmen to that end. The
Blackcastle MS. records as follows : —
"He raised a company of men for the service of the colony and was
elected one of the council for managing the company's affairs. On 17th
July, 1698, he sailed with the fleet from Leith and arrived at the Isthmus
of Darien, 28th September, the same year. The council having landed
took possession of the colony under the name of Caledonia, and fixed
their residence at New Edinburgh, 1st January, 1699. Captain Mackay
was soon thereafter appointed to return to Britain with an address on the
the occasion to His Majesty, King William III. He arrived in London
the beginning of August, 1699, and in Edinburgh the 28th of the same
month, when he was presented with the freedom of the city.
On the 21st September, 1699, he again took his departure for the
colony on board the ship called the Rising Sun. The ship having run
short of water and provisions, put ashore at the island of Montserrat for
a fresh supply, 9th November, 1699, when to their great astonishment
they were informed by the Governor that he had received instructions
from the English Government desiring him not to hold any intercourse
with the colony. Upon which the ship sailed for St Cristopher and met
with a similar refusal. They afterwards touched at Port Royal, Jamaica,
13th February 1700, and were informed that Sir William Beatson, the
Governor, had issued a proclamation strictly prohibiting all persons,
under any pretence whatever, from holding any correspondence with the
Scots Settlement of Darien, or to give any assistance with arms,
ammunition, provisions, etc. In consequence of which the vessel was
obliged to sail again without any supply, and being reduced to the
greatest want the men were endeavouring to catch fish, when they
perceived a large shark following the ship. Captain Mackay, being a
strong athletic man, took a harpoon which he threw and stuck fast in the
body of the fish, but unfortunately not attending to have the rope
attached to the harpoon sufficiently long and free it got entangled
around his arm, by which he was in a moment pulled overboard and
drowned."
Captain Mackay on this second expedition was joined by his cousin,
Donald Mackay, an Aberach, at the head of another company of
Strathnaver men, who almost all died miserably on the voyage out, of
hunger and disease.
Mackay, Angus in The Book of Mackay p 173