U2c1 (Mitochondrial DNA)

Mitochondrial DNA From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA

Mitochondrial inheritance In most multicellular organisms, mtDNA is inherited from the mother (maternally inherited).

In exceptional cases, human babies sometimes inherit mtDNA from both their fathers and their mothers resulting in mtDNA heteroplasmy.

The fact that mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited enables genealogical researchers to trace maternal lineage far back in time.

Origins & History of Haplogroup U2 (mtDNA)

U2c'dU2c

: found in Central Asia and South Asia (Pakistan, India, Bangladesh)U2c1U2c1a : found in Afghanistan, Pakistan and IndiaU2c1b : found in Pakistan and India

U2d

: found in Europe and Central AsiaU2d1 : found in Central AsiaU2d2 : found in the Balkans and Central AsiaU2d3 : found in the Caucasus

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Haplogroup U (mtDNA) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U2

Possible time of origin 46,500 ± 3,300 years ago[1] Possible place of origin Western Asia[2] Ancestor R Descendants U1, U5, U6, U2'3'4'7'8'9 Defining mutations 11467, 12308, 12372[3] Haplogroup U is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup (mtDNA). The clade arose from haplogroup R, likely during the early Upper Paleolithic. Its various subclades (labelled U1–U9, diverging over the course of the Upper Paleolithic) are found widely distributed across Northern and Eastern Europe, Central, Western and South Asia, as well as North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and the Canary Islands.

Haplogroup U2 Haplogroup U2 is most common in South Asia[56] but is also found in low frequency in Central and West Asia, as well as in Europe as U2e (the European variety of U2 is named U2e).[57] The overall frequency of U2 in South Asia is largely accounted for by the group U2i in India whereas haplogroup U2e, common in Europe, is rare; given that these lineages diverged approximately 50,000-years-ago, these data have been interpreted as indicating very low maternal-line gene-flow between South Asia and Europe throughout this period.[56] Approximately one half of the U mtDNAs in India belong to the Indian-specific branches of haplogroup U2 (U2i: U2a, U2b and U2c).[56] While U2 is typically found in India, it is also present in the Nogais, descendants of various Mongolic and Turkic tribes, who formed the Nogai Horde.[58] Both U2 and U4 are found in the Ket and Nganasan peoples, the indigenous inhabitants of the Yenisei River basin and the Taymyr Peninsula.[59]

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https://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_U2_mtDNA.shtml

Haplogroup U2 is rare lineage very homogeneously spread across most of Central Asia, Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, with a frequency typically ranging from 0.5% to 2%. Only a few isolated ethnic groups, mostly in the Volga-Ural and North Caucasus regions, have frequencies above 3%. This includes the Uralic-speaking Udmurts (10%) and Mordvins (7%), as well as the Karachay-Balkars (4.5%), Nogays (3.8%), North Ossetians (3.6%), Adyghe-Kabardin (3.6%) and Dargins (3.6%) in the North Caucasus, and the Latvians (3.5%) in the East Baltic.

The only region where U2 is constantly found in higher frequencies is South Asia, where it is found found in roughly 6.5% of Bangladeshi people, 12% of Sri Lankans, and at an average frequency of 5.5% of in India, especially among Indo-Euopean speakers (7.5%) and with local peaks in northern India exceeding 20% (source: Mestpalu et al. 2004). However, South Asian subclades of U2, namely U2a, U2b and U2c, differ from the Central Asian U2d and European U2e.

Only a few ethnic groups in Europe appear to completely lack haplogroup U2, although this could be due to sampling bias. So far, U2 has not been found among Ashkenazi Jews, Cypriots, Sardinians, Welsh, Icelandic, Saami, Lithuanians, Avars and Chuvash people.

Distribution of mtDNA haplogroup U2 in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East

Distribution of mtDNA haplogroup U2 in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East

Origins & History Haplogroup U2 is an extremely old lineage, going back at least 40,000 years, when Homo sapiens first expanded from the Middle East into South Asia and Central Asia, and before they even set foot in Europe. Two of the oldest Homo sapiens DNA samples from Europe tested to date, a 37,000 and a 33,000-year old Cro-Magnons from the Kostenki site on the Don River in the Russia, both belonged to haplogroup U2 (see Krause et al. 2010 and Fu et al. 2016). Their paternal lineages were indentified as Y-haplogroups C1b and CT, two Paleolithic lineages that are now believed to be extinct in Europe. Y-haplogroup C was the first to leave Africa and colonise Eurasia 70,000 years ago. C1b still exists today in the Arabian peninsula, in India and in Polynesia (Hawaii, Micronesia, New Zealand). The extremely wide dispersal of Y-DNA haplogroup C and mtDNA haplogroup U2 attest to their antiquity.

More U2 samples were identified among other Paleolithic and Mesolithic European hunter-gatherers, including four Gravettian U2* individuals from Goyet Cave in Belgium dating from 22,000 to 24,000 years ago (Posht et al. 2016), a 11,000 year-old U2e from Blätterhöhle in Germany (Bollongino et al. 2013), two 9,500 year-old U2e individuals from Karelia in Russia (Der Sarkissian 2011), and two 8,000 year-old U2e1 individuals from Motala in Sweden (Lazaridis et al. 2014).

Based on these ancient DNA results from Europe and the presence of all basal subclades of U2 in Central Asia, it is likely that U2 people roamed between Central Europe and Central Asia during the Paleolithic and Mesolithic, and perhaps already in other parts of Europe and in South Asia. The steppes of eastern Europe and Central Asia are probably the original geographic location from which such a dispersal was made possible during the Stone Age, and again during the Bronze Age.

U2 and the Bronze & Iron Age Indo-Europeans U2 became much scarcer among European Neolithic samples, only popping up once in an early Linear Pottery sample from Hungary. In the late Copper and early Bronze ages, U2 made a come back among Proto-Indo-Europeans cultures. U2 samples were found in the Yamna culture (U2e1a), Corded Ware culture (U2e1 and U2e2), Unetice culture (U2e1f), as well as the Andronovo culture (U2e) in Central Asia.

Proto-Indo-European speakers from eastern Europe had a higher proportion of Mesolithic European ancestry than Neolithic farmers, so it isn't surprising to find a slightly higher frequency of U2e among samples from that period. U2e actually shows up with surprising regularity in ancient samples from Ukraine and European Russia. For example it was also found in Iron Age Scythian remains from Rostov-on-Don in southern Russia. U2e even showed up in Indo-European bones from the Tarim basin in north-west China, also dating from the Iron Age (possibly Scythian or Tocharian), but also at a Xiongnu (Hunnic) site from the same period in Mongolia.

Subclades U2 U2a U2a: found in Central Asia (Turkmenistan) and South Asia (Pakistan, India) U2a1 U2a1a U2a1b U2a2 U2b U2b: found in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan), South Asia (Pakistan, India, Nepal) and Thailand U2b1 U2b1a U2b2 : found in Kazakhstan U2c'd U2c : found in Central Asia and South Asia (Pakistan, India, Bangladesh) U2c1 U2c1a : found in Afghanistan, Pakistan and India U2c1b : found in Pakistan and India U2d : found in Europe and Central Asia U2d1 : found in Central Asia U2d2 : found in the Balkans and Central Asia U2d3 : found in the Caucasus U2e : found in most of Europe and Central Asia / found in Mesolithic Germany and Russia, in Chalcolithic Russia, in the Andronovo culture, among the Scythians and in Iron Age Scandinavia and England. U2e1: found in Mesolithic Sweden, Estonia and Latvia, in Neolithic Ukraine, and in the Corded Ware and Unetice cultures U2e1a : found in central, western and northern Europe / found in the Yamna and Corded Ware cultures U2e1b U2e1b1 : found in western and central Europe, in the eastern Baltic, and in India U2e1b2 : found in western Europe U2e1c : found in northern Europe U2e1d U2e1e : found in the Sintashta culture U2e1f : found in Britain / found in the Unetice culture U2e1g : found in Germany and Scandinavia U2e1h : found in the Potapovka and Sintashta cultures (Bronze Age Russia) U2e2: / found in the Corded Ware, Unetice and Andronovo cultures, and among the Sarmatians (Iron Age Russia) U2e2a U2e2a1 : found in Germany and Scandinavia U2e2a2 U2e2a3 : found in Scotland U2e2a4 : found in Russia (Karelia) U2e3: U2e3a : found in Ireland

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Associated medical conditions The T16189C polymorphism, defining haplogroups U2d and U2e, lowers the rate of mtDNA replication and consequently the number of mtDNA copies, reducing metabolic efficiency. It has been linked to maternally inherited thinness (Parker 2005), thinness at birth (Soini 2012) and increased body mass index (Liou 2007), and increased frequency of type 2 diabetes in the UK (Poulton 2002) and in Asia (Weng 2005 and Park 2008).

Rollins et al. (2009) examined the association between brain pH and mtDNA alleles. The highest brain pH was found in members of haplogroups U and K. Higher pH confers protection against Parkinson's disease and psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. Another study by the University of Manchester suggests that a lower brain acidity (i.e. higher pH) has a protective effect against strokes. Research on intelligence point that people with higher IQ tend to have more alkaline brains. Higher pH is associated with better conductivity-transmission between neurons (source).

Hendrickson et al. (2008) studied the role played by mitochondrial function in AIDS progression in HIV-1 infected persons. They found that AIDS progression was slower for members of haplogroups H3, I, K, U, W and X.

The U2 subclades are: U2a,[60] U2b,[61] U2c,[62] U2d,[63] and U2e.[64] With the India-specific subclades U2a, U2b, and U2c collectively referred to as U2i, the Eurasian haplogroup U2d appears to be a sister clade with the Indian haplogroup U2c,[65] while U2e is considered a European-specific subclade but also found in South India.[57]

Haplogroup U2 has been found in the remains of a 30,000-year-old hunter-gatherer from the Kostyonki, Voronezh Oblast in Central-South European Russia.,[66] in 4800 to 4000-year-old human remains from a Beaker culture site of the Late Neolithic in Kromsdorf Germany,[67] and in 2,000-year-old human remains from Bøgebjerggård in Southern Denmark. However, haplogroup U2 is rare in present-day Scandinavians.[68] The remains of a 2,000-year-old West Eurasian male of haplogroup U2e1 was found in the Xiongnu Cemetery of Northeast Mongolia.[69]

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Stammoeders met U2c1

Catrijn van Malabar - Catharina (Catrijn) van Malabar, SM/PROG

Maria CORNELISZ - Maria Willemse, SM