Nayanqeng [Janggiya]

Na-yen-ch'êng 那彥成 (T. 韶九 H. 繹堂, 東甫, 更生), Dec. 8, 1764-1833, Apr. 6, official, was a Manchu of the Janggiya 章佳 clan and a member of the Plain White Banner. He was a grandson of A-kuei [q.v.], the Grand Secretary and holder of a Dukedom. His father, A-ssu-ta 阿思達 (1743-1766), second son of A-kuei, died when Na-yen-ch'êng was only three sui. Na-yen-ch'êng was brought up by his mother and was given an excellent education. He became a hsiu-ts'ai in 1779, a chü-jên in 1788, and a chin-shih in 1789. He was selected a bachelor to study in the Hanlin Academy where his grandfather was then serving as chancellor. In 1790 he was made a compiler, and two years later was selected to serve in the Imperial Study. After several promotions he became in 1794 a sub-chancellor of the Grand Secretariat and four years later began to serve on the Grand Council. Early in 1799, after the removal of Ho-shên [q.v.], he was made president of the Board of Works and was given several concurrent posts. Emperor Jên-tsung also honored his mother by bestowing on her a tablet in praise of her achievement in rearing so illustrious a son.

At this time the war against the Pai-lien-chiao rebels (see under Ê-lê-têng-pao) had been raging for four years without abatement. One of the new assistant commanders, Ming-liang [q.v.], was accused by two subordinates of incompetency. In September 1799 Na-yen-ch'êng was sent to Sian to command all the troops in Shênsi province and also to investigate the charges against Ming-liang. He and Sung-yün [q.v.] conducted the trial which resulted in the condemnation of Ming-liang and his two subordinates. As commander of the troops in Shênsi, Na-yen-ch'êng fought against the Pai-lien-chiao rebels along the Shênsi and Szechwan border. In February 1800 he was given the title of assistant commander under the direction of Ê-lê-têng-pao. Although he won several victories he was recalled to Peking in June for failing to stop the movement of the rebels from Shênsi to Szechwan and to annihilate one of their bands in Kansu. Before he reached the capital he was discharged from the Grand Council and from the Imperial Study. At several audiences in July his pessimistic replies about the military situation angered the Emperor, especially in view of recent optimistic reports. He was degraded to a sub-expositor in the Hanlin Academy, and was told that it was only out of respect for his deceased grandfather that he was not punished more severely.

After several promotions Na-yen-ch'êng again became, in March 1802, a sub-chancellor of the Grand Secretariat. Eight months later he was sent to Kiangsi to conduct a trial, but before it was ended he was ordered to proceed to Canton to investigate the conduct of Governor-general Chi-ch'ing 吉慶 (of the Gioro clan, d. 1802) in suppressing an uprising east of Canton. He reached Canton on December 18, four days after Chi-ch'ing had committed suicide. The latter had not been on friendly terms with the governor of Kwangtung, and fearing that the governor would injure him, Chi-ch'ing is said to have choked himself by swallowing a snuff bottle in the governor's yamen. This was the report given by Na-yen-ch'êng. It was accepted by the Emperor, and the case was dropped. In the meantime Na-yen-ch'êng, as acting governor, had all the leaders of the uprising arrested and punished, and warned the rioters to maintain quiet. Thus in two months the case was settled. After supervising two trials—one in Chekiang and another in Chihli—Na-yen-ch'êng was appointed (September 1803) president of the Board of Ceremonies. Early in 1804 he settled another lawsuit in Heilungkiang; and in July, after being made a Grand Councilor, was sent to Sian as acting governor-general of Shênsi and Kansu. Late in 1804 he was made governor-general of Kwangtung and Kwangsi and served there for a year. One of his responsibilities was the regulation of the foreign trade at Canton. In April 1805 he transmitted to Peking some gifts from the English merchants. Early in 1806 a Russian ship came to Canton but was not permitted to trade, on the ground that there were ample facilities for doing so at Kiakhta. His other responsibilities as governor-general included the suppression of secret societies, especially the Tien-ti hui 忝弟會 (or 天地會), the enlargement of the naval forces to combat pirates (see under Li Ch'ang-kêng), and the enforcement of laws forbidding armed conflicts between villages or clans. His policy with pirates was to lure them to abandon their activities by promises of pardon and rewards. He succeeded thus in disbanding some groups, but for keeping these promises he was accused of undue leniency. He was discharged, and in March 1806 was tried in Peking on the ground that he had taken too much liberty in distributing rewards and official ranks. In April he was deprived of all his ranks and was sent to Ili to redeem himself by serving under the military-governor, Sung-yün.

For a time, in 1807, Na-yen-ch'êng served at Kharashar. In June of that year he was recalled and was made imperial controller-general at Sining to assist Ch'ang-ling [q.v.] in suppressing the revolt of the native tribes in Kokonor. The revolt was put down in September and October (see under Ch'ang-ling). After superintending the rehabilitation of the native Tibetan and Mongol tribes he was recalled in April 1808 and was appointed assistant director of river conservancy in Kiangnan. However, in February 1809, for failing to repair a broken dike in time, he was again degraded and sent to Kharashar as imperial agent with the rank of an Imperial Bodyguard. In 1809 he was transferred to Yarkand and later was made assistant military-governor at Kashgar. Early in 1810 he was again made governor-general of Shênsi and Kansu. Three years later, at the outbreak of the T'ien-li-chiao 天理教 rebellion in northern Honan, he was ordered to direct picked Shênsi troops, under Yang Yü-ch'un [q.v.] and others, against the rebels.

The T'ien-li-chiao, like the Pai-lien-chiao, was a secret religious society. After the rebellion of the latter was suppressed the leaders of the T'ien-li-chiao, Lin Ch'ing 林清 of Huang-ts'un 黃村, a village south of Peking, and Li Wên-ch'êng 李文成 of Hua-hsien, Honan, plotted an uprising. The plot was initiated about 1811, and a general meeting of the conspirators took place in 1812 at Tao-k'ou, Honan. Late in 1812 they decided on the fifteenth day of the ninth moon (October 8) 1813 as the time for the uprising to take place. The plan was that Lin would take Peking and Chihli and that Li would conquer Honan. Other partisans were ordered to take Shantung and Shansi. As the day for the uprising drew near many villagers on the border of Honan, Chihli and Shantung heard rumors of the plot and began to move away. Some people in Peking, among them several officials, also heard of the plot, but did not pay much attention to it. When, however, a police officer of Hua-hsien, Honan, heard of it he and the local magistrate arrested Li Wên-ch'êng (late in September). On September 30 the adherents of the T'ien-li-chiao rose in arms, freed Li from prison, and killed the officials. Thus the rebellion in Honan was started eight days in advance of the date set. In Peking the uprising started as planned on October 8, 1813. A force of 200 men, sent by Lin Ch'ing and guided by eunuchs, made their way into the Palace grounds. But the contingent, being too small for the purpose, had to confine its activities to a few buildings near the western gate of the Forbidden City. Inside the Palace the Emperor's second son, Min-ning [q.v.], directed the defense and personally shot down two rebels. Two days later all the rebels in the city were killed and Lin Ch'ing was arrested at his home in Huang-ts'un. The Emperor returned to Peking on the 12th and the captured rebels were executed a few days later.

For a time the rebels at Hua-hsien were more successful. Their sympathizers in Shantung took the cities of Ting-t'ao and Ts'ao-hsien, and those in Chihli besieged several cities. The government forces remained aloof and made no efforts to suppress them. At this juncture Na-yen-ch'êng was made governor-general of Chihli, Imperial Commissioner, and commander of the forces in Chihli, Shantung, and Honan. When he arrived at Wei-hui, late in October, and laid plans for the campaign other armies had by then recovered the cities in Shantung and pursued the rebels of Shantung and Chihli into Honan. While concentrating his forces, Na-yen-ch'êng, was severely rebuked by the Emperor for not advancing quickly on Hua-hsien. He did advance on November 9, took Tao-k'ou ten days later, and laid siege to Hua-hsien. Early in December Li Wên-ch'êng abandoned Hua-hsien and occupied a fort in the nearby mountains. But on December 12 his fort was taken by General Yang Fang [q.v.] after several days of severe fighting. Li and his men were burned to death. On January 1, 1814 Hua-hsien fell to the onslaught of Na-yen-ch'êng, and thousands of insurgents lost their lives. Na-yen-ch'êng was rewarded with the hereditary rank of a third class viscount. After supervising the withdrawal of troops and the rehabilitation of the affected area, he assumed his duties as governor-general of Chihli, and issued strict orders forbidding the people to join the offending religious societies. His memorial on the subject was cited in 1900 by the more enlightened officials who opposed affiliation with the Boxers (see under Jung-lu).

In 1816 Na-yen-ch'êng was accused, among other charges, of having misused relief funds when he was in Sian several years earlier. He was imprisoned and sentenced to die, but as he readily paid his fine he was ordered to remain at home and serve his aged mother. That same year his mother died and he was pardoned but was ordered to stay at home, close his door, and meditate on his misdemeanors. Early in 1817 his rank of viscount was given to his eldest son, Jung-an 容安 (T. 靜止, b. 1788).

In 1818 Na-yen-ch'êng was recalled to service and was made a sub-expositor. After several promotions he was appointed superintendent of the Granaries in Peking (1819). Under the new Emperor, Hsüan-tsung, he was made president of the Board of Civil Appointments (1820) and a year later was transferred to the Board of Punishments. In 1822 he was, for the third time, appointed governor-general of Shênsi and Kansu. His chief task this time was to settle certain troubles among the Tibetans and Mongols in Kokonor. Prior to this, in 1822, the Tibetans south of the Yellow River had raided the Mongols north of the River and were driven back by an expeditionary force (see under Ch'ang-ling). Na-yen-ch'êng was entrusted with power to arrange a settlement of the dispute. He apprehended and executed the leaders of the Tibetan revolt, made it more difficult for the Tibetans to receive arms, and rehabilitated the routed Mongols north of the river. Larger garrisons were stationed along the river, and a census was conducted to check the movements of the Tibetans. His documents about the Kokonor affair from September 1822 to April 1823 were brought together and printed under the title 平番奏議 P'ing-Fan tsou-i, 4 chüan (reprinted in 1853).

In 1825 Na-yen-ch'êng was again transferred to Chihli as governor-general. During the war for the suppression of the Muslim rebellion (see under Ch'ang-ling), he was sometimes consulted by Emperor Hsüan-tsung, owing to his knowledge of affairs in Turkestan. Late in 1827, after Ch'ang-ling's victory over the Muslim and Khokandian invaders, Na-yen-ch'êng was made Imperial Commissioner to supervise the rehabilitation of the war area. For more than a year in Turkestan he managed the withdrawal of the armies, built city walls and forts at important points, abolished corrupt practices among officials, and deported Khokandian immigrants who traded illegally or helped the invaders. He strictly prohibited trade with Khokand on the ground that the region harbored robbers and rebels. His actions were commended by the Emperor and he was rewarded with the title of Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. His portrait was also hung in the Tzû-kuang ko (see under Chao-hui).

Na-yen-ch'êng returned to his post in Chihli in 1829, but his troubles had not yet come to an end. In the following year there again was unrest in Turkestan, and his son, Jung-an, was blamed for not immediately attacking the insurgents. While the son was being punished Na-yen-ch'êng himself was reproached for having brought on the revolt by treating the Khokandians too harshly. He was degraded and sent to Mukden as vice-president of a Board in that city. When further complaints against him arrived in 1831 he was stripped of all his ranks and sent home as a commoner. He died two years later. On receiving the report of his death Emperor Hsüan-tsung eulogized his great services and conferred on him the posthumous name, Wên-i 文毅, as well as other honors.

The vigor with which secret religious societies were suppressed, early in the nineteenth century, contrasts sharply with the encouragement given the Boxers by Empress Hsiao-ch'in [q.v.] and her advisors in 1900. The difference shows how far the imperial authority declined in the space of eighty years. The Boxers traced their lineage to the T'ien-li-chiao of 1813, and the restrictions which Na-yen-ch'êng placed on the latter applied equally to the former. In fact one of Na-yen-ch'êng's memorials on the suppression of the T'ien-li-chiao was actually quoted by Yüan Ch'ang [q.v.] when he urged Empress Hsiao-ch'in to stop the Boxer movement. For this piece of advice Yüan lost his life.

Na-yen-ch'êng compiled a chronological biography of his grandfather, under the title 阿文成公年譜 A Wên-ch'êng kung nien-p'u, 34 chüan, printed in 1813, and based chiefly on memorials. Na-yen-ch'êng's own memorials were compiled by his son, Jung-an, and printed in 1834 under the title Na Wên-i kung tsou-i, 80 chüan. Na-yen-ch'êng was a noted calligrapher and the author of some verse.

[ 1/373/4a; 2/33/la; 3/107/7a; 5/9/14a; 26/2/52a; 29/6/35a; Na Wên-i kung tsou-i; P'ing-ting chiao-fei chi-lüeh (see under Ying-ho); 靖逆記 Ching-ni chi (1820); 林清教案 Lin Ch'ing chiao-an in 故宮周刊 Ku-kung chou-k'an, nos. 195-236.]

FANG CHAO-YING

字韶九 號東甫 又號繹堂 謚文毅 正白旗滿洲 乾隆戊申科舉人 己酉科進士 翰林院庶吉士 官至直隸總督 三等子爵

《清史稿》卷367

那彥成，字繹堂，章佳氏，滿洲正白旗人，大學士阿桂孫。乾隆五十四年進士，選庶吉士，授編修，直南書房。四遷為內閣學士。嘉慶三年，命在軍機大臣上行走。遷工部侍郎，調戶部，兼翰林院掌院學士。擢工部尚書，兼都統、內務府大臣。那彥成三歲而孤，母那拉氏，守志，撫之成立，至是三十載，仁宗御書「勵節教忠」額表其門。時教匪張漢潮久擾陝西，參贊大臣明亮及將軍慶成、巡撫永保同剿之，互有隙，師行不相顧。是年秋，命那彥成為欽差大臣，督明亮軍，褫慶成、永保職，逮治。那彥成以樞臣出膺軍寄，意銳甚。明亮聞其將至，急擊賊敗之，漢潮伏誅。帝嘉其先聲奪人，特詔褒美。漢潮黨冉學勝亦狡悍，猶在陝。冬，敗之五郎。竄秦嶺老林，又迭敗之高關峪、夾嶺、鳳皇山。賊乘間逸入湖北、河南境。五年春，進兵漢中，遂入棧勦川匪，追出棧，大破之隴州隴山鎮，俘斬甚眾，授參贊大臣。會經略額勒登保病，上以那彥成隴山捷後，軍威已振，命兼督各路兵。高天升、馬學禮陷文縣，踞卡郎寨。乘夜渡河破之，賊南竄，趨松潘、岷州。額勒登保病起，合擊敗之，餘賊將竄川境，即陰平入蜀道也。那彥成以地險不利騎兵，檄總兵百祥迎擊於農安，自率師回陝。初，那彥成西行，以南山餘賊付巡撫台布。繼而川賊五家營至與合，欲東犯，台布遣將扼之。賊趨鎮安，張世龍、張天倫為經略大兵所驅，亦奔鎮安，群賊皆注漢北山內。額勒登保追入老林，賊向商，雒，為楊遇春所破，始不敢東。那彥成與會師鎮安。商、雒賊折犯楚境。上以軍事不得要領，召回京面詢方略，而高、馬二賊入川後益張，總兵施縉戰歿，詔斥那彥成縱賊，罷軍機、書房一切差使。及至，召對，忤旨，再斥在陝漫無布置，面詢兵事餉事，惟諉諸劫數未盡，且有忌額勒登保戰功意，褫尚書、講官、花翎，降翰林院侍講。歷少詹事、內閣學士。七年，赴江西按巡撫張誠基被劾事，未定讞，兩廣總督吉慶以剿會匪被譴自戕，命往鞫。八年，率提督孫全謀平會匪，條上善後，署吏部侍郎。擢禮部尚書。九年，復授軍機大臣，赴河南鞫獄，未畢，命署陝甘總督，治搜捕餘匪善後事宜，手詔戒之曰：「汝誠柱石之臣，有為有守。惟自恃聰明，不求謀議，務資兼聽並觀之益，勿存五日京兆之見。」未幾，調授兩廣總督。廣東土匪勾結海寇為患，久不靖。那彥成以兵不足用，乃招撫盜首黃正嵩、李崇玉，先後降者五千餘人，獎以千總外委銜及銀幣有差。巡撫孫玉庭劾其賞盜，降藍翎侍衛，充伊犂領隊大臣。既而李崇玉檻送京師，訊得與正嵩皆受四品銜守備劄，褫職戍伊犂。十二年，復予二等侍衛，充領隊，調喀喇沙爾辦事大臣，又調西寧，平叛番，擢南河副總河。以荷花塘漫口合而復決，降二等侍衛。歷喀喇沙爾、葉爾羌辦事大臣，喀什噶爾參贊大臣。十四年，復授陝甘總督。十八年，河南天理會教匪李文成等倡亂，陷滑縣，直隸、山東皆響應，林清糾黨犯禁門。初，命總督溫承惠往剿，清既誅，乃發京兵，授那彥成欽差大臣，加都統銜，督師率楊遇春、楊芳等討之，迭詔責戰甚急。那彥成以小醜不足平，惟慮遁入太行，勢且蔓延，十月，至衞輝，合師而後進。賊踞桃源集、道口，與滑縣為犄角，連敗之於新鎮、丁欒集。遇春擊破道口，殲賊萬餘，焚其巢；尋破桃源集，追道口餘賊，抵滑縣。文成遁輝縣司寨，楊芳、德英阿追破之，文成自焚死。親督遇春等圍滑城數旬，以地雷攻拔之，獲首虜二萬餘。山東賊亦平。捷聞，加太子少保，封三等子爵，賜雙眼花翎，授直隸總督，賜祭其祖阿桂墓。二十一年，坐前在陝甘移賑銀津貼腳價，褫職逮問，論大辟；繳完賠銀，改戍伊犂。會丁母憂，詔援滑縣功，免發遣。二十三年，授翰林院侍講。歷理藩院、吏部、刑部尚書，授內大臣。道光二年，青海野番甫定復擾，命那彥成往按，遂授陝甘總督。驅私住河北番族回河南原牧，嚴定約束，緝治漢奸，乃漸平。五年，調直隸。七年，回疆四城既復，命為欽差大臣，往治善後事。先後奏定章程，革各城積弊。諸領隊、辦事大臣歲終受考覈於參贊大臣，又總考覈於伊犂將軍，互相糾察；增其廉俸，許其攜眷，久其任期。印房章京由京揀選，不用駐防。除伯克賄補之弊，嚴制資格，保舉迴避。五城叛產歸官收租，歲糧五萬六千餘石，支兵餉外，餘萬八千石為酌增各官養廉鹽米銀之用，有餘則變價解阿克蘇採買儲倉。改建城垣，增卡堡，練戍兵。浩罕為逋逃藪，所屬八城，安集延即其一。嚴禁茶葉、大黃出卡。盡逐內地流夷，收撫各布魯特，待其款關求貢，然後撫之。詔悉允行。張格爾既誅，加太子太保，賜紫韁、雙眼花翎，繪像紫光閣，列功臣之末。浩罕匿張格爾妻孥，詐使人投書伺隙。那彥成禁不使與內地交接，絕其貿易。九年，使人出卡搜求逆屬，上慮其邀功生事，召還京，仍回直隸總督任。未及兩歲，西陲復不靖。論者謂那彥成驅內地安集延，沒貲產、絕貿易所致。十一年，詔斥誤國肇釁，褫職。十三年，卒，宣宗追念平教匪功，賜尚書銜，依例賜卹，諡文毅。那彥成遇事有為，工文翰，好士，雖屢起屢躓，中外想望風采。子容安、容照。