Médard Chouart des Groselliers, Knight of the Garter

Notes

• Location info: Champagne (birth), Trois-Rivières (death)
• Coureur des bois, Médard est un pionnier de la Nouvelle-France au Québec et nord du Lac Supérieur. Explorateur de la Baie d'Hudson. Arrive au Québec en 1634.
  • Chouart et son compagnon Pierre-Esprit Radisson sont les premiers à atteindre la Baie d'Hudson.
• Fondateur de la Compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson, la corporation la plus ancienne de l'Amérique du Nord.
• Postes Canada a émis un timbre en l'honneur de des Groseilliers en 1987.

Canada Plaque

Located in the District of Parry Sound, Township of the Archipelago, Ontario, is a plaque raised to commemorate Pierre-Esprit Radisson. Chouart is mentioned in the text.

Biography

Médard Chouart Des Groseilliers, a native of Champagne, was baptized on July 31, 1618 at Charly-sur-Marne. Except for having spent some time in Touraine, nothing is known of his life before his arrival in New France in 1641. Taken into the service of the Jesuits as a servant, a donné or an interpreter, Des Groseillers travelled with them until 1646. He was the first Frenchman in New France to recognize the possibilities for fur trade around Hudson's Bay. Despite being the person responsible for identifying the primary economic resource that could save the colony, history dismisses his as a mere adventurer trying to make money for himself.

After leaving the Jesuits, Des Groseilliers learns the Algonquin, Huron and Iroquois languages. He settles in Québec and marries Hélène Martin, the daughter of Abraham Martin, on September 3, 1647. One of their two children, Médard, will follow in his father's footsteps. Widowed, Des Groseilliers marries Marguerite Hayet in 1653. She is the half-sister of Pierre-Esprit Radisson, who was 13 or 14 at the time. Des Groseilliers hires his brother-in-law, Pierre-Esprit Radisson, and in August 1658 or 1659, they undertake their first journey together. This year-long trip takes them west of Lake Superior where Des Groseilliers knows fine-quality furs can be found.

Des Groseilliers leaves Québec for the settlement at Trois-Rivières where many of the colony's traders can be found.

In 1652 and 1653, murderous incursions by the Iroquois against the French living in the Saint Lawrence Valley as well as against their allies, the Great Lake Hurons, make life difficult. They are cut off from the market for their furs. On either side of the Atlantic, there is talk of abandoning the colony if nothing is done to protect the fur trade. In the spring of 1663, some Hurons show up at Trois-Rivières and reveal the existence of a cache of furs not far from the area the French call the North Bay or North Sea (Hudson's Bay).

Upon hearing this bit of good news, Des Groseilliers makes his appearance. In the months that follow, he goes to Acadia and then to Boston, trying to get financing for a trip to the North Sea by way of the Atlantic Ocean. His plans fall through. However, in early summer, 1654, the colony is ecstatic: the furs promised by Hurons a year earlier, arrive in Montréal carried by hundred or so Amerindians in canoes.

When the Hurons head back to the southern and western areas of Hudson's Bay on August 6, Des Groseilliers and another coureur de bois go with them. They start their journey on the Ottawa River near Lake Nipissing and from there, down the French River toward Georgian Bay and Lake Huron as far as the strait which links Lake Erie to Lake Michigan. According to historian Grace Lee Nute, even though Pierre-Esprit Radisson later gave a detailed description of this trip, he was elsewhere at the time. When they return to the colony near the end of August 1656, Des Groseilliers and his companion are part of a flotilla of 50 canoes laden with valuable furs.

The years that followed were uneventful. In Trois Rivières, Des Groseilliers divides his time between short trips to carry out trade and meeting his responsibilities as head of a family. Despite the opposition of the Governor, Pierre Voyer d'Argenson, he leaves again in August 1658 or 1659. This time, his brother-in-law is part of the expedition which takes them west of Lake Superior. When they return in mid-August 1660, they are leading a convoy of canoes carrying 300 men and many furs. They were the first Frenchmen to see the Mississippi, although they did not realize the importance of that find and they did not reach the North Bay although the Cree had described it to them in great detail.

Their stay among the Cree and their meetings with other Amerindian tribes leads them to understand that the "salt sea" that their hosts talk describe, is Hudson's Bay. They return from their journey, convinced that the Bay can be reached by way of the Atlantic Ocean. The Journal des Jésuites on August 24 states that of the 100 canoes which left Lake Superior,"40 turned back and 60 made it through, loaded with 200,000 livres worth of pelts; they left 50,000 livres worth in Montréal and carried the remainder to Trois-Rivières. " When they arrive at Québec, they are"saluted by the cannon and batteries of Fort Saint-Louis and those of three ships anchored in the harbour." Radisson writes, "We finally reached Québec ; (August 24, 1660) we were greeted by several cannon salvos from the fort's battery and from some ships anchored in the harbour. These ships would have returned to France empty if we had not shown up." After formally acknowledging Des Groseilliers contribution to the colony's prosperity, the Governor, Pierre Voyer d'Argenson, has him imprisoned for having left without permission. They are fined heavily for having left the colony without first obtaining permission from the governor and their furs and goods are seized.

Des Groseilliers et Radisson told no one what they knew about the Northern Bay:" We wanted to find their land (that of the Cree) and see it for ourselves before telling others about it. "They way they are treated by the Governor, who had again refused them permission to leave, greatly offends Des Groseilliers. In 1661, he can be found in France. Despite many promises made by the Minister for the Colonies in a meeting with Des Groseillers, nothing ever comes of it. In La Rochelle, an associate supplies him with a sailing ship to take him to the Northern Bay from Percé. However, after this plan falls through, Des Groseilliers heads for Boston, becomes involved with some local shipowners and attempts more fruitless journeys to the bay.

The Governor's actions against two men whom he had so recently honoured, is not without consequences as is the failure of the Minister for the Colonies to grant reparations sought by Des Groseilliers in 1661. The following year, the two brothers-in-law go to Boston. After obtaining financing from some merchants, they attempt, unsuccessfully, to reach Hudson's Bay. In August 1665, they set sail for London. They know that England will proved the support France refuses to supply.

Near the end of the summer of 1665, Des Groseilliers and Radisson are in London where they will meet the King of England and tell him everything they know about the treasures to be found around Hudson's Bay. Three years later, they will guide the first two English ships to head there. Their first journey takes place in 1669. The ship carrying Radisson, "The Eaglet", suffers heavy storm damage somewhere between Ireland and North America. Des Groseilliers' ship, the "Nonsuch," which passes through Hudson's Strait, past Cape Diggs (Wolfenbuttel) and enters Hudson's Bay. After crossing this inland sea, heading south, the ships reaches the Nemiscau (Rupert) River on September 29, 1668. During the winter, Chouart's companions lay the foundation of Fort Charles.

The following year the explorer returns to England with a shipload of furs. The Hudson's Bay Company starts to take shape. Created on May 2, 1670, the Company has three goals: fur trade, mineral exploration and finding a passage to the West. 

On May 2, 1670, under the authority of King Charles II of England, the Hudson's Bay Company is set up under the name "The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England, trading into Hudson's Bay ". According to Marie de l'Incarnation, writing shortly after her return to London, "des Groseillers received twenty thousand écus as a reward from the King who made him a Knight of the Garter, which is said to be a very great honour. "

Within a few weeks of the founding of the Hudson's Bay Company, Radisson can be found sailing on the salt sea towards the mouth of the Nelson river. The next four years are made up of many comings and goings between England and the Bay.

In the same year, Chouart returns to Hudson's Bay. In New France, rumours abound that there are foreign vessels in the Bay. On November 10, the Intendant, Jean Talon, writes to the Minister of the Colonies: "After reflecting on the nations that might have penetrated as far North as that, I can only light upon the English who, under the guidance of a man named DesGrozeliers, formerly an inhabitant of Canada, might possibly have attempted the navigation, of itself not much known, and no less dangerous... "

Four years later, Des Groseilliers stops cooperating with the English as does Radisson. In London, near the end of 1674, Radisson and his brother-in-law meet a Frenchman who had been captured and brought to the Rupert River: Charles Albanel, a Jesuit priest. He persuades them to return to the bosom of France. The reasons for this turnabout are unclear but it seems, having told the Company everything they know, they are no long of any value to the Company.

However, his return under the lily doesn't last long. In France, the pair are ordered back to Canada and told to come to an agreement with the authorities on how to ensure the French flag will once again fly over Hudson's Bay. Radisson sees Charles Aubert de La Chesnaye whom he had met two years earlier and whom he had persuaded to take an interest in Hudson's Bay. Aubert de La Chesnaye is eager to start up the Compagnie du Nord or the Compagnie française de la baie d'Hudson which will allow him and his business partners to control the fur trade around Hudson's Bay.

After being coldly received by Governor Frontenac, who is more interested in explorations being carried out around the Great Lakes and the Mississippi, the adventurers decide it is time for another change in direction. In August 1682, the two renegades, Radisson and Des Groseilliers, lead two ships of the Compagnie française de la baie d'Hudson to the Monsoni (Hayes) River, at the southern tip of James Bay. They snatch Fort Nelson from the English, seize a ship from Boston and return with an impressive cargo of furs.

When they are not paid fairly for their contribution to the mission, the two men finally call it quits. Des Groseilliers fades into obscurity, choosing to end his career in Trois-Rivières . Radisson heads for France in 1684 where he joins the Navy. Around 1680, after expeditions that took him to the coasts of Africa and the Antilles, he resigned. He then went to live in England.