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Gamul House, Cheshire, England
Gamul House is at 52–58 Lower Bridge Street, Chester, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building,[1] and contains the only medieval stone-built open hall to survive in Chester.[2]
History
The date of its original building is not known but it was altered in the 17th, 18th and 20th centuries.[1] At the time of the Civil War the house was the home of Sir Francis Gamul, a Royalist supporter and colonel of the Town Guard. Charles I stayed in the house on 23–24 September 1645, when his army was defeated at the Battle of Rowton Moor.[2][3]
Following the Great Fire of London the town Assembly ruled in 1671 that all the houses in the main streets should have roofs of slate or tile. The medieval frontage of Gamul House was replaced by a brick façade, but the hall was retained.[4] In the 18th century the stone arches in the undercroft were replaced by brick vaults. During the following century this area was occupied by shops.[2] For a time it housed a boarding school but this closed in the 1860s.[5] In the 20th century the house became unoccupied and neglected; when Nikolaus Pevsner visited Chester in the late 1960s he reported that it looked derelict.[6] It was bought by Chester City Council and during the 1970s a major refurbishment took place. As of 2009 the building is occupied by a restaurant and shops.[2]
Architecture
Exterior
The building is constructed in sandstone and timber framing, with a brick frontage and has three storeys. The lowest storey (an undercroft) is occupied by shops. An external staircase parallel to the street has 15 steps leading up to the former row level. Behind the staircase at street level is another shop frontage consisting of a door with a four-light window on each side. The middle storey has a door with an architrave and pediment. There are three windows to the south of the door and two windows to the north, all with 40 panes of glass. Above these is a string course. In the top storey are three oval windows with four panes and two sash windows with six panes. The roof is in grey slate with its ridge parallel to the street; it is hipped at its north end and at the south end is a gable and a chimney stack.[1]
Interior
The undercroft contains a large oak beam and brick barrel vaults. At the row level, the great hall occupies the two storeys. On the west wall of the hall is an ornate sandstone fireplace with decorated pilasters carrying a carved frieze and cornice.[1] On the fireplace is a painting of the arms of the Gamul family, which Pevsner considers was executed by Randle Holme.[6] The barrel-vaulted plaster ceiling has eight richly-carved pendants.[1]
Today
As of 2009 the Row level is occupied by the Brewery Tap Ale House.[7]
The Building
Gamul House. 52-58, Lower Bridge Street has an undercroft (large longitudinal oak beam with reset joists, some replaced) at street level and service wing of two storeys. Three small one-storey shops, probably 18thC, but altered, are built against the southern bays of the undercroft and have brick barrel vaults of an 18thC type. Above and behind this is a stone built great hall of two-storey height at former Row level. An external stair parallel with the front has 15 stone steps leading to an access gallery in place of former Row to Gamul House and properties south of it. Parts of the present building date from around the early 16thC, with the oldest visible parts being the wall and fireplace behind the present bar. Following the Great Fire of London in 1666 and a Chester Assembly ruling on building in 1671, the medieval frontage of Gamul House was replaced by a brick façade.
Batenham describes the building as follows:
"an old house which formerly belonged to the Gamul family celebrated as having given protection to that unfortunate monarch Charles 1 during the time the city was besieged by the parliamentary forces The interior is well worthy the inspection of the curious for its interesting old painted panel work and its beautiful carving A Baptist association now occupy part of the house as a place of worship."
Hughes writes:
"up a flight of steps is a large tenement of late years known as the Boarding School Yard This was in the seventeenth century the mansion house of the Gamulls a worthy Cheshire family; and here on September 27 1645 Sir Francis Gamull Mayor of Chester in 1634 lodged and entertained Charles I on his Majesty's visit to Chester during the great Civil War The house is now divided into tenements but several of the rooms still retain evidence of their original splendour."
Hemingway writes:
Just below Castle street on the west side is an ancient structure to which there is an ascent by a high flight of steps the court within being known by the name of the Boarding schoolyard. This house which fronts the street was formerly the residence of Sir Francis Gamul who was a prominent character during the siege and it was in this mansion that the unfortunate Charles I took up his residence during his short and disturbed stay in the city. The house and outbuildings behind are now divided into several dwellings of an inferior grade and this property with that of the Dee mills passed by purchase from the representatives of the Gamul family to the late EO Wrench Esq whose descendant now possesses it. Even in its ruins there are yet in the interior some remains of its former magnificence particularly in one of the principal rooms where the chimney piece is decorated in a superior manner with the Gamul arms painted in the centre probably the work of the first Randal Holme. It seldom happens that degradation follows magnificence without some intermediate gradations and this is true in reference to this once abode of royalty. Between the years 1760 and 1770 these premises were occupied by a Mr Tench who kept an academy for dancing and a most respectable boarding school from which circumstance the present name of the place is derived. Contemporary with Mr Tench as a dancing master in Chester was a Mr Pickmore who also obtained some celebrity as a teacher in this line. There is a curious coincidence worthy notice involved in the immediate descendants of these gentlemen. The son of Mr Tench entered the army as a lieutenant in the marines in which capacity he was employed by government on a voyage to the then infant colony of New South Wales of which after his return in 1793 he published an excellent history and passing through the different gradations was raised to the rank of general in the service which he still sustains. Mr Pickmore's son chose the navy for bis scene of enterprise and acquitted himself in such a satisfactory manner in his professional duties as to obtain a gradual advancement to the rank of admiral in which capacity he had lately a command on the Mediterranean station. Both these distinguished individuals are natives of Chester. The marine Tench was the son of Fisher Tench the dancing master was Watkin Tench a marine officer who is best known for publishing two books describing his experiences in the First Fleet, which established the first settlement in Australia in 1788. His two accounts, "Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay" and "Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson" provide an account of the arrival and first four years of the colony. The other is Francis Pickmore appointed governor of Newfoundland in 1816, where he stayed the winter, then died.
The Gamuls
Thomas Gamul was the city’s recorder and was the son of Edward Gamul, who was the mayor of Chester on four occasions. At the time of the Civil War the house was the home of Sir Francis Gamul, the son of Thomas, a Royalist supporter and colonel of the Town Guard. Charles I stayed in the house on 23–24 September 1645, when his army was defeated at the Battle of Rowton Moor. Gamul and other Royalists were dismissed from the town's administration in October 1646, and he was fined £940. Gamul died at the age of 48.
The Gamul's were involved in a curious dispute involving the latest technology of the time. In 1632 Tyrer sold his interest in the Bridgegate Waterworks by the Old Dee Bridge to a consortium headed by Sir Randle Mainwaring, but a dispute with Francis Gamul, who controlled the Dee Mills and causeway, led to Gamull's cutting off the supply - Tyrer had leased the site of his waterworks from the Gamul family, who owned the Dee Mills and an arrangement was devised by which no premises could have water unless they purchased all their flour from the mill. The matter went before the privy council who decided that Gamul must allow the supply to continue. Francis Gamul had married Christian Grosvenor, daughter of Sir Richard Grosvenor (1st Baronet) in 1621. According to some records "they had two daughters, and his baronetcy therefore became extinct on his death" - however the records of St Mary on the Hill show that the reality may have been more complicated, with Francis and Christian having ten children, which ther survivors included Thomas, Frances, Lettice, Sidney, Alice and Christian.
A Lettice Whitley is said to have bequeathed St Michael's Rectory in Bridge Street to the church in 1709. According to the Chirk Castle Accounts 1666-1753, Lettice Whitley of Chester was the wife of Ralph Whitley and daughter of "Henry" Gamul, although other records show her as the daughter of Francis Gamul. She died without issue and was buried (7th April 1709) at St Mary on the Hill in Chester (the church register gives her address as "Peper Sreet"). Ralph Whitley was the son of Welshman Thomas Whitley and a younger brother of Roger Whitley (?1618-97), MP for Chester. Lettice is frequently mentioned in Roger's diaries (see for example 7th October 1690). It appears that she married three times (first to a James Harleston, then to a Gilbert Houghton, and finaly to Ralph Whitley) and survived all three husbands. The Whig MP, and sometime mayor of Chester, Roger Whitley (?1618-97) was the political foe of Tory Thomas Grosvenor (1655-1700) and the election contests between the two were fierce and often violent affairs. In 1682, Whitley antagonised Grosvenor by inviting James Scott, the Duke of Monmouth, and later rebel, to visit Chester. So the Gamuls, Grosvenors and Whitleys represented a powerful and explosive mixture of old and new money in Chester in the unstable times of the Civil War, Restoration of the Stuarts and the Rebellions of 1685 (Monmouth) and 1688 (William of Orange).
Sources and Links Gamul House on Wikipedia; Sir Francis Gamul on Wikipedia; Information on the pub website
References
Citations ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Historic England, "Gamull House, Chester (1376310)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 19 July 2013 ^ Jump up to: a b c d Gamul House, Chester City Council, archived from the original on 1 July 2001, retrieved 19 July 2013 Jump up ^ Ward 2009, pp. 69, 71. Jump up ^ Ward 2009, p. 74. Jump up ^ Thacker, A. T.; Lewis, C. P. (eds.) (2005), Leisure and culture: Education, A History of the County of Chester: The City of Chester: Culture, Buildings, Institutions, 5, Part 2, pp. 277–291, retrieved 11 August 2009 ^ Jump up to: a b Hartwell et al. (2003), p. 168 Jump up ^ Welcome to the Brewery Tap, The Brewery Tap, retrieved 7 August 2009
Sources
Hartwell, Clare; Hyde, Matthew; Hubbard, Edward; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2011) [1971], Cheshire, The Buildings of England, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-17043-6 Ward, Simon (2009), Chester: A History, Chichester: Phillimore, ISBN 978-1-86077-499-7