張勇 (非熊 諡襄壯)

CHANG Yung 張勇 (T. 非熊), 1616–1684, general, was a native of Hsien-ning, Shensi. He served under the Ming dynasty as colonel, but surrendered in 1645 to the Manchu prince, Ajige, at Kiukiang, Kiangsi. Given the lower rank of major, he served in the army under Mêng Ch'iao-fang, governor-general of Shensi. He showed his bravery in many battles, was commended by Mêng, and was given in 1653 the minor hereditary rank of Ch'ing-ch'ê tu-yü of the third class. In 1658 he served under Hung Ch'êng-ch'ou as a brigade-general in the conquest of Yunnan, and by 1661 was made provincial commander-in-chief of that province. Transferred to Kansu in 1663, he guarded the northwestern borders from being invaded by the Mongols, the Eleuths, and the aborigines of Kokonor, and commanded their respect. He refused to join Wu San-kuei in the rebellion of 1673–81, and fought against Wang Fu-ch'ên who joined Wu in 1674. For this act of loyalty he was highly honored by the Manchu Court at Peking. In 1675 he was made General Ching-ni (靖逆將軍), given the hereditary rank of Marquis Ching-ni, and invested with power to control the officials of the whole province of Kansu. In 1676 his rank was raised to marquis of the first class with the honorary title of Junior Tutor and Grand Preceptor of the Heir Apparent. After his death (1684) he was given the posthumous rank of Junior Preceptor. He was canonized as Hsiang-chuang 襄壯.

Chang Yung was a powerful military leader in his day who won many battles in spite of the handicap of a disabled right foot. Several generals who later became powerful, such as Chao Liang-tung, rose to eminence because of his help. The Khoshotes and aborigines of Kokonor feared him, and when they were pressed eastward by Galdan in 1678 they were kept away from the borders of Kansu by Chang Yung. Later emperors did honor to his memory: in 1732 Emperor Shih-tsung entered his name in the Temple of Eminent Statesmen and in 1767 the rights of perpetual inheritance were added to his hereditary rank.

[1/261/1a; 2/78/31a; 3/273/31a; P'ing-ting San-ni fang-lüeh (see under Han T'an); P'ing-ting Shuo-mo fang-lüeh (see under Chang Yü-shu).]

Fang Chao-ying

《清史稿》255

張勇，字非熊，陝西咸寧人。善騎射，仕明為副將。順治二年，英親王阿濟格師次九江，勇來降，檄令招撫，得總兵以下七百餘人。授游擊，隸陝西總督孟喬芳標下。時李自成將賀珍、賀弘器、李明義等分據漢中、興安、固原諸地，窺西安。勇與副將任珍、馬寧等禦戰，屢敗之。四年，寧夏叛將馬德結弘器陷安定，勇從總兵劉芳名率師赴援，戰，馬寧陣擒德，勇攻克固原，獲弘器、明義，誅之。四年，米喇印、丁國棟以蘭州叛，陷臨洮。勇與副將陳萬略率師夾擊，破賊，復臨洮。逐賊至岷州，敗之宮堡，又敗之馬韓山。賊分竄二崖洞，殲焉；又敗之馬家坪，獲明延長王識。喬芳攻拔蘭州，喇印、國棟走甘州。勇等率師與喬芳會，遂渡河而西。八月，至甘州，賊出戰，屢擊敗之。六年正月，總兵南一魁奪門入，勇入城巷戰，賊夜遁，逐之至北山，殲賊甚眾。斬喇印於水泉，國棟走肅州，師從之。五月，至肅州，伏壕外，伺賊出牧，擒斬，不使得入。十二月，勇與馬寧督兵樹雲梯登城，遂復肅州，誅國棟，超授甘肅總兵。十年，敘功，授三等阿達哈哈番。大學士洪承疇 視師湖廣，勇請自效，詔獎其忠勤，召詣京師。承疇 亦薦勇智勇兼備，所部兵精馬足，請移授經略右標總兵，上許之。勇入對，賜冠服、甲冑、弓矢，加右都督。勇移家京師，乞賜宅；子雲翥，以廕授陝西衞指揮，乞改隸京衞，並得旨俞允。勇將行，命內大臣索尼等傳諭曰：「當今良將如勇者甚少。軍務不可懸度，當相機而行，勿負才輕敵。」至軍，佐承疇 屢破敵。十五年，從徇貴州，明將羅大順焚新添衞，勇率兵馳戰，大順走十萬谿，勇與一魁等破其壘。復從信郡王多尼下雲南，次盤江。明兵焚鐵索橋，勇夜督兵造梁，黎明，全軍皆得渡，破明將白文選於七星關。十六年，加左都督。十七年，命移鎮臨元、廣西諸處。十八年，遷雲南提督。康熙二年，以勇久鎮甘肅，威名素著，屬番讋服，命還鎮甘肅。三年，加太子太保。西喇塔拉饒水草，號大草灘，厄魯特蒙古乞駐牧於此。勇以其地當要隘，不容逼處，自往諭之，事遂寢。因請築城其地，曰永固。旁建八寨，相聯屬為聲勢。四年，蒙古徙牧近邊，請增西寧兵四千五百二十。部議下總督覆覈，上特命允之。十二年，吳三桂反，四川總兵吳之茂叛應之。十三年，三桂使招勇，勇執其使以聞。陝西提督王輔臣亦叛，勇督兵防禦。十四年，巡撫華善疏言：「輔臣遙應三桂，西番土回乘隙並起，河西危甚，得免淪陷，皆勇之力。請敕許勇便宜。」命授靖逆將軍，仍領提督，總兵以下聽指揮。輔臣招勇，勇斬其使，上嘉之，封靖逆侯。勇遣西寧總兵王進寶率師攻蘭州。輔臣將潘瑀攻洮州，曾文耀攻河州，番部乘隙肆掠。勇率兵攻河州，文耀敗走。別遣土官楊朝樑攻洮州，自督兵繼其後，瑀亦敗走。上嘉勇謀略，以其次子雲翼為太僕寺卿。勇進攻鞏昌，輔臣將任國治等潛師入城，與城兵共出戰。勇與副將劉宣聖等奮擊，截其歸路，斬馘過半，獲四百七十三人。時輔臣據平涼，貝勒洞鄂督兵圍攻，久不下，上命勇率師會之。勇疏言鞏昌要地，兵力難分，下廷臣議，令勇固守鞏昌。吳三桂遣其將吳之茂自四川北犯，為輔臣聲援，屯西和。勇與振武將軍佛尼埒及進寶等禦之，三戰皆勝。寧夏兵變，戕提督陳福。勇還駐鞏昌，疏薦天津總兵趙良棟才勇，命即授寧夏提督。十五年，敘復洮、河二州功，加少保兼太子太保。吳之茂屯樂門，分兵攻陷通渭。勇督兵道伏羌赴援，至十八盤坡，與之茂兵遇，張兩翼衝擊，之茂兵潰，乘勝復通渭。進攻樂門，之茂據險，列十一寨，勇度地，令橫營山梁。營甫立，賊齊出，勇令兵持草一束，與都統赫葉分擊南北山梁，賊亦南北應戰。火器發，賊敗走入寨，兵投草填塹直進，殺賊千餘。之茂收餘眾復戰，勇勒兵衝擊，之茂大敗。勇與佛尼勒、進寶等盡平賊寨。之茂夜走，追敗之牡丹園，又敗之西和北山，之茂僅以數騎遁。大學士圖海出視師，輔臣降，勇遣兵收平涼、慶陽、鞏昌諸屬縣。詔褒勇功，進一等侯，加少傅兼太子太師。十七年，準噶爾台吉噶爾丹兵入河套，厄魯特部為所敗，假道赴青海，闌入內地，勇驅令出塞。二十一年，入覲。二十二年，以老病乞休，諭留之。二十三年，聞青海蒙古游牧近邊城，率兵赴丹山防禦，至甘州，病篤。上聞，遣醫並其子雲翼馳驛往視。尋卒，贈少師仍兼太子太師，賜祭葬，諡襄壯。勇身經數百戰，克府五、州縣五十，右足中流矢，傷骨，不能履，常以肩輿督戰。臨敵若無事，而智計橫出，每以寡勝眾。居恆恂恂退讓，賓禮賢士。用人盡其材，其所甄拔，往往起卒伍為大將，良棟、進寶尤其著者也