孟喬芳 (心亭)

MÊNG Ch'iao-fang 孟喬芳 (T. 心亭), Mar. 15, 1595–1654, Feb. 17, Ch'ing general, was a native of Yung-p'ing, Chihli, who served for a time as colonel under the Ming régime, but was dismissed from office and was living in retirement when in 1630 the Manchus occupied Yung-p'ing. He offered his services to Abahai [q.v.] and was well received, his first task being to incorporate the Ming defenders of Yung-p'ing into Manchu forces. Later he was made a member of the Chinese Bordered Red Banner, and put in command of a company. In 1631 he became a deputy lieutenant-general and senior vice-president of the Board of Punishments. In 1642 he won distinction in the siege of Chin-chou, and was with the Manchu troops when they entered China proper in 1644, after which he was appointed governor-general of Shensi.

In 1646, the soldiers of Ning-hsia revolted, killing the governor, Chiao An-min 焦安民. Mêng's punitive expedition faced the task of exterminating a score or more of these rebellious units. The most notorious of the insurgent chiefs were the Mohammedan rebels, Mi-la-yin 米喇印 (d. 1648) and Ting Kuo-tung 丁國棟 (d. 1648), who in 1648 besieged Kung-ch'ang and took several cities in Kansu. Mêng and his ablest officer, Chang Yung [q.v.], effected the surrender of the two insurgents in the autumn of 1648. A short time later they again revolted, but Mêng surrounded Mi-la-yin at Kanchow where he held out until food and supplies were exhausted. Mi-la-yin made a sortie under cover of darkness, but was overtaken and killed by Mêng's troops. Later in the same year Ting was captured and executed at Su-chou, Kansu. In 1649 Meng also led his men into Shansi to help subdue Chiang Hsiang [q.v.] at Tatung. The following year he was rewarded with the honorary title of president of the Board of War. He continued in active service as pacifier of the province of Shensi. During nearly ten years as governor-general of that province he is said either to have killed or to have compelled the surrender of more than 176,000 rebels and bandits. In 1652 he was given the hereditary title of baron of the third class and in the following year was made concurrently governor-general of Szechwan. In this capacity he recommended a colonization scheme for his army of occupation in which each man was to be supplied with cattle, horses, seeds, and a helper. Toward the close of 1653 he pleaded ill health and asked for permission to retire. An edict showered further titles upon him and ordered him to proceed at once to Peking, but he died at his post early in 1654, before the edict could reach him. He was canonized as Chung-i 忠毅 and in 1732 his name was entered in the Temple of Eminent Statesmen. Emperor Shêng-tsu once praised Mêng Ch'iao-fang and Chang Ts'un-jên [q.v.] as the two most loyal and useful Chinese officials to aid in the suppression of recalcitrants in different parts of the empire.

[1/243/7a; 2/78/11b; 3/149/14a; 4/5/7a; Yung-p'ing-fu chih (1879) 57/1a.]

E. S. Larsen

Tomoo Numata

《清史稿》卷237

孟喬芳，字心亭，直隸永平人。父國用，明寧夏總兵官。喬芳仕明為副將，坐事罷，家居。

天聰四年，太宗克永平，喬芳及知縣張養初、家居兵備道白養粹、罷職副將楊文魁、遊擊楊聲遠等十五人出降，命以養粹為巡撫，養初為知府，喬芳、文魁仍為副將，率降兵從諸貝勒城守。上移軍向山海關，諸貝勒率喬芳、文魁、聲遠入謁行營，上召三人者酌以金卮，且諭之曰：「朕不似爾明主，凡我臣僚，皆令侍坐，吐衷曲，同飲食也。」喬芳使詗陽和，而明總兵祖大壽亦使詣喬芳詗我師，喬芳縛以獻。五月，明兵取灤州，貝勒阿敏棄永平出塞。瀕發，屠城民，諸降官養粹、養初等死者十一人，喬芳、文魁、聲遠及郎中陳此心得免。喬芳從師還，隸烏真超哈為牛彔額真。五年七月，置六部，以喬芳為刑部漢承政，授世職二等參將。

崇德三年，更定官制，改左參政。四年，烏真超哈析置八旗四固山，以喬芳兼領正紅、鑲紅兩旗梅勒額真。七年，從伐明，克塔山城。烏真超哈八旗復析置八固山，改鑲紅旗梅勒額真，遂為漢軍鑲紅旗人。八年，或訴貝勒羅洛渾家人奪金，喬芳置不問，坐瞻徇，降世職三等甲喇章京。旋以從克前屯衞、中後所二城，加半個前程。

順治元年，入關，改左侍郎。從諸軍西討。二年四月，以兵部右侍郎兼右副都御史，總督陝西三邊。時張獻忠尚據四川，關中群盜並起，叛將賀珍躪漢中、興安諸府。是年冬，武大定叛固原，徒黨甚眾。初，上命內大臣何洛會帥師鎮西安，至是就拜定西大將軍，遣固山額真巴顏、李國翰將禁旅濟師。三年，復敕靖遠大將軍肅親王豪格帥師督諸將自漢中、興安入四川取獻忠，喬芳於其間亦分遣所部四出捕治。初上官，長安民胡守龍者挾左道惑民，妄改元清光，將為亂，喬芳遣副將陳德捕誅守龍，散其脅從。是年春，賀珍與其徒孫守法、胡向化等以七萬人攻西安。何洛會主城守，喬芳遣德軍西門，副將任珍軍北門，往來衝突，會李國翰師至，賀珍敗走。是年十月，肅親王豪格師既入川，喬芳亦遣總兵官范蘇等攻獻忠部眾，為伏䒵溪第溝子，戰白水、青川，屢破之；復以反間殺其渠況益勤等，遂收龍安。

四年五月，喬芳帥師出駐固原，討大定之黨，分遣諸將任珍擊斬白天爵等；劉芳名攻寧夏，俘王元、焦浴；陳德攻鎮原，降姬蛟、王總管：於是固原西北悉定。復遣珍、德及副將馬寧、王平徇興安，討賀珍之黨，戰蕎麥山，再戰板橋，斬胡向宸；困椒溝，破藥箭寨，斬孫守法；破漫營山寨，擒米國軫、李世英：於是興安定。是年秋，馬德亂寧夏，復遣馬寧會寧夏兵共討之。戰亂麻川，逐至河兒坪，斬德。又遣張勇、劉友元攻鐵角城，復戰安家川，擒賀宏器；攻李明義寨，擒明義：於是環慶亦定。乃益遣陳德、王平等招降青嘴寨渠折自明，三十六寨渠王希榮，轆轤寨渠高一祥，擊斬天峯寨渠張貴人，於是關中群盜垂盡。五年四月，流賊一朵雲、馬上飛等攻西鄉，喬芳遣任珍等討之，斬所署監軍許不惑，凡千餘級，生致其渠。

河西回米喇印、丁國棟挾明延長王識𨩴為亂，既陷甘、涼，渡河東，殘岷、蘭、洮、河諸州，薄鞏昌。喬芳帥師出駐秦州，遣趙光瑞、馬寧等赴援，城兵出，夾擊，斬百餘級。寧等復戰廣武坡，逐北七十餘里，斬三千餘級，鞏昌圍解。喇印、國棟之黨數百人，分擾臨洮、岷州內官營。喬芳部勒諸將，令張勇、陳萬略向臨洮，馬寧、劉友元取內官營，趙光瑞、佟透徇岷、洮、河三州。勇等敗賊馬韓山，斬級七百，進復臨洮。光瑞等敗賊梅嶺，得其渠丁光射，斬級三千。岷、洮、河三州皆下。寧等直擊內官營，斬級八百。喇印、國棟之徒退據蘭州。閏四月，喬芳與侍郎額塞率師自鞏昌薄蘭州。勇敗賊馬家坪，獲識𨩴，與寧、光瑞會師蘭州城下，攻拔之。別遣光瑞克舊洮州，其渠丁嘉升走死，師渡河。七月，定涼州。八月，攻甘州，喬芳遣張勇夜攻城，而與昂邦章京傅喀禪及寧、光瑞等為繼。喇印等食盡，皆出降。

六年，徵諸道兵下四川。喇印降後授副將，在蘭州軍中，覘鎮兵憚遠征，因惎中軍參將蔣國泰，戕甘肅巡撫張文衡等，據甘州以叛。國棟亦攻陷涼、肅二州。喬芳帥師自蘭州渡河而西，與傅喀禪等會師合圍，攻不下，深溝堅壘以困之。喇印等食盡夜遁，喬芳遣兵追及之水泉，擊殺喇印。國棟復與纏頭回土倫泰等據肅州，號倫泰王，而國棟自署總兵官，城守，出掠武威、張掖、酒泉。會平陽盜渠虞允、韓昭宣等應大同叛將姜瓖為亂，以三十萬人陷蒲州，上命喬芳與額塞還軍禦之。喬芳留勇、寧等圍肅州，率師遂東。八月，師自潼關濟，督協領根特、副將趙光瑞等克蒲州，斬級七千。進次寧晉，瓖將白璋等六千人往攻榮河，光瑞等擊破之，斬級二千有奇。璋北走，師從之，迫河，賊多入水死，遂擊斬璋。餘賊入孫吉鎮，殲焉。復進向猗氏，行十餘里，瓖所置監軍道衞登方以數千人依山拒我師，其將張萬全又以四千人助戰。光瑞等擊斬萬全，乃還攻，獲登方，斬其將王國賢等三十餘人、級三千有奇。又令章京杜敏等攻解州，破其渠邊王張五、黨自成等。榮河、猗氏、解州皆下。杜敏等殲餘寇。根特等又破所置都督郭中傑於侯馬驛。九月，光瑞等進克運城，斬允、昭宣。瓖之徒內犯者皆盡誅。十一月，勇、寧克肅州，誅國棟、倫泰及其黨黑承印等，斬五千餘級。河西平。

七年三月，論功，加兵部尚書，進世職一等阿達哈哈番。十二月，喬芳遣任珍擊斬興安寇何可亮。是年，遣趙光瑞等討北山寇劉宏才，戰保安，擒其軍師苗惠民；戰合水，擒斬宏才。八年，遣游擊陳明順等擊敗雒南寇何柴山，游擊仰九明詗紫陽山寇孫守全；復令光瑞等會興安鎮兵擊斬守全及其徒翹興寧、趙定國、謝天奇等，犁其寨。

喬芳督陝西十年，破滅群盜，降其脅從，前後十七萬六千有奇。獎拔諸將，不限資格，如張勇、馬寧、趙光瑞、陳德、狄應魁、劉友元輩，皆自偏裨至專閫。諸寇既殄，疏言：「陝西寇劇，多荒田，請蠲其賦。分兵徠民，行屯田法。」乃遣諸將白士麟等分屯延慶、平固諸地，歲得粟四萬二千石有奇，以佐軍糈。恩詔累進三等阿思哈尼哈番，加太子太保。

十年二月，命兼督四川兵馬錢糧，疏言：「陝西七鎮及督撫各標為兵九萬八千有奇，合滿洲四旗及平西王吳三桂、固山額真李國翰兩軍，歲餉三百六十萬而弱，而陝西賦入一百八十六萬，不足者殆半，後將難繼。甘肅處邊遠興安界，三省兵當循舊額。延綏、寧夏、固原、臨鞏四鎮鎮留三千人，慶陽協五百人，餘五千五百人可省也。漢羌既駐三桂、國翰兩軍，宜裁總兵官。興鎮置副，留千人，陽平關、黑水峪、漢陰縣各五百人，餘二千五百人可省也。提督駐省會，留二千人，餘二千人亦可省也。各道標兵悉令屯田，延鎮、定邊、神木三道無屯田，止用守兵，計所省又二千餘人。都省兵一萬二千人，省餉歲三十一萬。今四川未定，當令右路總兵官馬寧率精兵三千駐保寧，以步兵五千分駐保寧迤北廣元、昭化間，以屯田為持久。三桂駐漢中，相為犄角，規取四川。」既，復疏言：「師進取四川，宜隨在留兵駐防，以樹干城，謀生聚。師行，當人給馬三、伴丁一，攜甲仗，以利攸往。」上褒其謀當。

十月，西寧回謀為亂，遣狄應魁捕治，得其渠祁敖、牙固子等以歸。喬芳屢乞退，至是以疾告，加少保，召還京師。十二月，命未至而喬芳卒，諡忠毅。太宗拔用諸降將，從入關。

出領方面，喬芳績最顯，張存仁亞焉。聖祖嘗誡漢軍諸官吏，因曰：「祖宗定鼎初，委任漢軍諸官吏，與滿洲一體。其間頗有宣猷效力如喬芳、存仁輩，朝廷亦得其用」云。