孫士毅 (智冶 補山)

SUN Shih-i 孫士毅 (T. 智冶, H. 補山), 1720–1796, July 25, official, was a native of Jên-ho (Hangchow). His family was poor and he endured great hardships in his youth. For more than twenty years he competed in provincial examinations without success, but finally became a chü-jên in 1759 and a chin-shih two years later. While awaiting appointment he took a special examination at Hangchow in the spring of 1762 when Emperor Kao-tsung made his third tour of the Yangtze Valley. Sun passed with first honors and was appointed a secretary in the Grand Secretariat. He was then already forty-three sui. Selected to accompany Fu-hêng [q.v.] to Yunnan in 1769 in the war against the Burmese, he did his secretarial work so well that on his return to Peking a year later he was made a department director in the Board of Revenue. In the same year (1770) he was sent to Hunan to supervise the provincial examinations and then served as director of education of Kweichow (1770–74). After several promotions he was, in 1775, appointed financial commissioner of Yunnan. Four years later, just after being promoted to the governorship of Yunnan, he was discharged for not reporting the corrupt practices of Li Shih-yao [q.v.]. Though the charges against Li savored of collusion, Sun was nevertheless sentenced to banishment to Ili—a fate from which he was saved only by a special edict. The emperor, appreciating his literary abilities, appointed him one of the three chief compilers of the Imperial Manuscript Library, Ssŭ-k'u ch'üan-shu (see under Chi Yün). At the same time he was reinstated in officialdom with the coveted rank of a compiler in the Hanlin Academy—an honor he had failed to attain after becoming a chin-shih. It seems that from then on he was closely associated with Ho-shên [q.v.] whose power was then in the ascendency.

In 1782, after completing his work as chief compiler, Sun was made financial commissioner of Shantung and a year later, governor of Kwangsi. Transferred to the governorship of Kwangtung in 1784, he was quick to call on the people to pay their taxes which had long been in arrears. In 1786, when Furgun 富勒渾 (d. 1795), governor-general of Kwangtung and Kwangsi, was charged with corruption, Sun was appointed acting governor-general and was entrusted with the conduct of the trial. Two of Furgun's servants had been found in posession of thousands of taels obtained illegally with their master's consent. During the trial Furgun rebuked and threatened Sun, but the latter was undaunted. When Sun reported the case in full, perhaps to Ho-shên's satisfaction, he was made governor-general of Kwangtung and Kwangsi. Late in 1786 the rebellion in Taiwan broke out (see under Ch'ai Ta-chi), and early in 1787 Sun made swift preparations of men and provisions and, when orders came to him to assist in the campaign against the rebels, he was ready. For his alertness he was given the honorary title of Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, the double-eyed peacock feather, and the hereditary rank of a third class Ch'ing-ch'ê tu-yü.

At this time Annam was torn by a civil war. In the last days of the Later Li 黎 Dynasty (1428–1789) there rose a powerful militarist, Juan Wên-yüeh 阮文岳 (Nguyên Văn-Nhạc, d. 1793), whose brother, Juan Wên-hui 阮文惠 (Nguyên Văn-Huệ, d. November 13, 1792), sent an army in 1787 to occupy Hanoi, the capital of Annam. Li Wei-ch'i 黎維祁, (Le Duy-Ki, original name 維謙, posthumous name 愍, d. 1793), the last king of the Li Dynasty, fled from the capital. In 1788 Li's family sought refuge with the authorities in Kwangsi. When Sun Shih-i and Sun Yung-ch'ing 孫永清 (T. 宏度, d. 1790), then governor of Kwangsi, reported the matter to Peking, they were ordered to give Li Wei-ch'i full protection. Li's family was quartered at Nanning, Kwangsi, while armed intervention was decided upon to restore him to his throne.

In command of the main army of ten thousand men, Sun Shih-i set out in November 1788 from the pass, Chên-nan kuan, Kwangsi, while two flanking armies advanced, one from Yunnan, by land, the other from Ch'in-chou, Kwangtung, by sea. As the people of northern Annam were loyal to the Li family, they assisted the Chinese armies in various ways. Sun Shih-i won several skirmishes and entered Hanoi on December 17, 1788, while Juan Wên-hui retreated southward without offering much resistance. Li Wei-ch'i came from his place of refuge and was restored to the throne. When a report of this victory reached Peking, Emperor Kao-tsung rewarded Sun Shih-i with the hereditary rank of a duke of the first class with the designation, Mou-yung (謀勇公). Sun's chief general, Hsü Shih-hêng 許世亨 (d. 1789, posthumous name 昭毅), was made a viscount. These rewards were made too hastily, however, for a few days after the edict reached Hanoi, Sun's expeditionary forces were routed by fresh recruits under Juan Wên-hui. The fighting began on January 27, 1789, the day after the Chinese New Year, and as Sun Shih-i was celebrating the holiday he was utterly unprepared. The next day he and a part of the eight thousand men under his command succeeded in fleeing northward, leaving behind more than half of his men (including Hsü Shih-hêng), all of whom lost their lives.

On receiving this report, Emperor Kao-tsung issued a conciliatory edict stating that Annam was a small and distant country afflicted with pestilences and that, moreover, the Li Dynasty was apparently fated by heaven to fall. Hsü Shih-hêng was raised posthumously to a third class earl with the designation Chuang-lieh (壯烈伯). Sun Shih-i, who was responsible for the defeat, was let off lightly, being merely deprived of his dukedom and his post as governor-general of Kwangtung and Kwangsi. He was ordered to assist Fu-k'ang-an [q.v.], the new governor-general, in bringing the war to a close, and then to return to Peking for another appointment. Early in March 1789 Juan Wên-hui, having altered his name to Juan Kuang-p'ing 阮光平, asked for pardon and for recognition of his country as a tributary state. The request was promptly granted and the war came to an end.

Juan Wên-hui was grateful, and in 1790 went to Peking personally to congratulate Emperor Kao-tsung on his eightieth birthday. In 1792 Juan's son, Juan Kuang-tsan 阮光纘 (Nguyên Quang-toản, b. 1783), succeeded to the throne but was captured in 1802 by Juan Fu-ying 阮福映 (or Juan Ying 阮映, Nguyên Phúc-Ánh, d. February 3, 1820). The latter, with the help of Siam, established a new dynasty and the name of his kingdom was changed to Yüeh-nan 越南. His descendants now occupy the throne under the protection of France. Li Wei-ch'i, having lost his kingdom (early in 1789), was content to have conferred on him the rank of an official of the third grade. Late in 1789 he and his relatives, numbering 167 men, came with their families to Peking and were incorporated as a new company in the Chinese Bordered Yellow Banner, with Li as captain. Other refugees from Annam were quartered at Nanking, Kalgan, Ili, and elsewhere. In 1804, eleven years after Li Wei-ch'i died, his body was sent back for interment in his own country. Other Annamese refugees were allowed to return as they pleased.

Soon after Sun Shih-i lost his post as governor-general, he was made president of the Board of War and concurrently a Grand Councilor. Late in 1789 he was appointed acting governor-general of Szechwan. After being raised to full rank in 1790, he was transferred to Nanking as governor-general of Kiangnan and Kiangsi. In 1791 he was made president of the Board of Civil Offices and concurrently an assistant Grand Secretary and then was sent back to Szechwan as governor-general of that province. Later he was given full responsibility for transporting and supplying the expeditionary forces of Fu-k'ang-an in the latter's fight against the Gurkas (see under Fu-k'ang-an). The success of the campaign was due in part to Sun who in 1792 proceeded to Lhasa to hasten the transport of supplies. After the war Sun was made a full Grand Secretary and was ordered to assist Fu-k'ang-an and Ho-lin [q.v.] in settling Tibetan affairs. For the next three years (1792-95) he resided for a time at Lhasa and later at Chengtu, Szechwan, writing up the expense account for the campaign against the Gurkas—a very costly campaign owing to the extravagance of the leader, Fu-k'ang-an. It seems that a complete statement of the account was never submitted.

From 1795 to 1796 Sun served again as governor-general of Szechwan—at a time when Miao tribesmen in Kweichow and Hunan, and religious sects in Szechwan and Hupeh, were in rebellion. Sun was kept busy fighting in southeastern Szechwan on the borders of Hupeh and Kweichow. For his victory over insurgents at Lai-fêng, Hupeh, he was made, in May 1796, a third class baron but two months later he died in Yu-yang, Szechwan. He was posthumously raised to a duke and was canonized as Wên-ching 文靖. His grandson, Sun Chün 孫均 (T. 古雲), was made an earl of the third class and a member of the Chinese Plain White Banner. Though a member of Ho-shên's clique, Sun Shih-i was not posthumously dishonored when that minister was punished in 1799. But when in 1806 Sun Chün requested, on a plea of lameness, that the family rank should pass to a cousin, Emperor Jên-tsung became very angry. He pointed out that Sun Shih-i had not deserved his reward, and so deprived Sun Chün of his rank and also of his status as bannerman.

Sun Shih-i was an able and diligent official and a good calligrapher. He was frugal, and certainly less corrupt than many high officials of his day. The chief point against him was his association with Ho-shên, but had he not placated that powerful minister he could not have exercised the moderating influences he did. He left a collection of verse, entitled 百一山房詩集 Pai-i shan-fang shih chi, 12 chüan, printed in 1816 by Sun Chün.

[1/336/5a; 1/532/1a–11b; 2/26/38b; 3/32/14a; 3/184/39b–44b; 3/187/23a; 3/356/8a; Hangchow fu-chih (1922) 129/10b; Chao-lien [q.v.], Hsiao-t'ing tsa-lu; Ch'ên Wên-shu [q.%E2%80%AFv.], I-tao t'ang ch'üan-chi (wên-ch'ao, 4/11a); Chengdu hsien-chih (1873) 6/忠義 11a; Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient 5 (1905) pp. 119, 129–31, 141–142; Maybon, Charles B., Histoire Moderne du Pays d'Annam (1919), pp. 183–224, 289–350, 374–79.]

Fang Chao-ying

《清史稿》卷330

孫士毅，字智冶，一字補山，浙江仁和人。少穎異，力學。乾隆二十六年進士，以知縣歸班待銓。二十七年，高宗南巡，召試，授內閣中書，充軍機章京。遷侍讀。大學士傅恆督師討緬甸，以士毅典章奏。敘勞，遷戶部郎中。擢大理寺少卿。出為廣西布政使。擢雲南巡撫。總督李侍堯以贓敗，士毅坐不先舉劾，奪職，遣戍伊犂，錄其家，不名一錢。上嘉其廉，命纂校四庫全書，授翰林院編修。書成，擢太常寺少卿。復出為山東布政使。擢廣西巡撫，移廣東。初上官，疏言：「廣東海洋交錯，奸宄易藏。惟有潔以持身，嚴以察吏，不敢因循諱飾。」上諭以勉效李湖，湖為廣東巡撫，以風厲有聲為上所深賞也。

尋署兩廣總督。陝甘總督福康安議練兵，詔下雲、貴、四川、兩廣、福建諸行省令仿行。士毅疏請廣東練水陸兵二萬八千五百三十二人，廣西練兵一萬一千二百九十六人，選人材精壯、技藝嫻習，責督、撫、提、鎮實心訓練；請嚴立科條，以懲積習。上諭曰：「此可徐徐為之，而必以實。」尋還巡撫任。廣東民悍，多逋賦，州縣吏當上計，或以私財應，冀課最，民益延抗為得計。士毅詳覈積逋，遣幹按治逋賦最多諸州縣，自乾隆四十年後，具冊督追。州縣吏以私財應計政者，察無他私弊，以督追所得償之。上獎其能，惟謂：「州縣吏職催科，乃以不能振作，民多逋賦。以私財應計政，不罪其誑已為寬典；若以督追所得償之，將何以示儆？令續徵逋賦當悉入官。」茭塘者，群盜所聚，拒捕傷官。士毅擒其渠，戮以徇。上復嘉其能，賜花翎。兩廣總督富勒渾縱其僕受賕，事聞，下士毅按治得實，富勒渾坐譴。上以士毅持正，即遷兩廣總督。富勒渾疏論廣東鹺政，請增運艘，按季徵餉價，復三十九埠運商清積逋。士毅受事，疏言：「增運艘，當去封押之擾，定經久之規，俾新舊船戶皆各樂從；按季徵餉價，當復舊例，歲終奏銷；三十九埠運商以逋課黜，中鉛山、南康、上猶、英德四埠當先復，清積逋當自三十九埠始。」皆下部議行。

五十二年，臺灣林爽文為亂，士毅詣潮州戒備。師行，遣兵助剿，芻茭、器械皆立辦，加太子太保，賜雙眼翎、一等輕車都尉世職。五十三年，臺灣平，圖形紫光閣。會安南國王黎維祁為其臣阮惠所逐，其母、妻叩關告變。士毅以聞，督兵詣龍州防鎮南關，帝嘉其識輕重、知大體，命自廣西入安南，別遣雲南提督烏大經自蒙自進。阮惠遣將拒於壽昌江，又分兵屯嘉觀。士毅師至，擊破惠所遣將，渡壽昌江，再進至市球江，惠守備甚設。士毅令陽於下游為浮橋，若將渡；密遣總兵張朝龍自上游渡，出賊後，賊恇擾。士毅勒兵乘筏渡，賊棄寨走；縱擊，賊自投江中死，尸蔽江。游擊張純等亦擊破惠屯嘉觀軍，副將慶成等設伏擒惠將。師再進至富良江，江南即黎城，惠令盡收戰艦泊南岸拒守。士毅縛筏載兵，令提督許世亨將二百人夜過江，掠小舟數十，更番渡兵。黎明，兵渡者二千餘。惠軍以舟遁，張純追及之，分焚其舟，盡殲之，遂復黎城，阮惠走富春。維祁至軍中，士毅承旨封為安南國王。捷聞，封一等謀勇公，賜紅寶石頂。士毅辭，不許。命班師，士毅猶豫未即行。

五十四年春正月，阮惠率其徒攻黎城，維祁亦挈其孥潛遁。士毅引兵退，渡市球江，駐江北。惠軍追至，總兵李化龍殿，度浮橋，墮水死；浮橋斷，提督許世亨等皆戰死。士毅還入鎮南關，維祁與母子偕至，置諸南寧。上以士毅不遵詔班師，有此挫折，罷封爵，並撤紅寶石頂、雙眼花翎，解總督任，以福康安代之。方惠追我師至富良江，士毅欲復渡江與決戰，世亨力諫，謂損大臣、傷國體，令千總薛忠挽其韁而退。至是具疏自劾，令駐鎮南關治事。惠尋遣使求內附，福康安至，與士毅嚴斥之。既，以黎氏瞀亂，不堪復立國，遂偕奏安南不必用兵狀，帝從其議。尋召士毅還京師，授兵部尚書，充軍機大臣，直南書房。是年冬，命署四川總督，逾歲真除。未幾，兩江總督書麟坐高郵書吏偽印冒徵被譴，以士毅代之，諭以江南吏治廢弛久，當黽勉整飭，毋徇隱。徐州王平莊河決，築毛城鋪隄堰，賑被水諸州縣，俱稱旨。五十六年，召授吏部尚書、協辦大學士。

廓爾喀用兵，命攝四川總督，督餉。士毅自打箭爐出駐察木多，師已入後藏，復馳詣前藏，饋運無匱。以勞，復賜雙眼花翎。五十七年，廓爾喀平，再圖形紫光閣。旋授文淵閣大學士，兼禮部尚書。偕福康安、和琳駐前藏謀善後。福康安率金川土司入覲，命士毅再權四川總督。福康安移雲貴總督，以和琳代之。上令士毅留四川董理討廓爾喀之役軍需奏銷，士毅乞留福康安、和琳會覈，上不許。

六十年春，湖南苗為亂，入四川秀山境，士毅督兵駐守擊賊。嘉慶元年，湖北教匪為亂，侵四川酉陽境。士毅移軍來鳳，戰屢勝，封三等男。賊屯茶園溪，大雨旬日，詗無備。夜擊賊，人持短兵坌湧入，千總張超執長矛先登，斬其魁，追奔四十餘里。賊退據旗鼓寨，士毅移軍從之。六月，卒於軍中，贈公爵，諡文靖。以其孫均襲伯爵。

士毅故善和珅，病篤，遺書請入旗，高宗特許之，命均入漢軍正白旗，授散秩大臣。尋以幼罷。十一年，自陳廢疾，請以同祖弟玉墀襲爵，仁宗諭曰：「士毅克黎城，皇考命班師。士毅意在貪功，遲延失事，兵潰入關。所奏多有虛飾。朕體皇考遺意，未予追求。今均既病廢，士毅原授伯爵當裁撤，并令均出旗歸原籍。」