寧完我 (公甫)

NING Wan-wo 寧完我, d. 1665, Chinese bannerman of the Plain Red Banner, was a native of Liao-tung. Having pledged his allegiance to the Manchus under Nurhaci, he served with Sahaliyen, third son of Daišan, until 1629. In that year Abahai, hearing of his ability as a scholar, invited him to serve in the Literary Office (Wên-kuan 文館). Given the rank of lieutenant colonel, Ning Wan-wo was with the Manchus who took Yung-p'ing in 1630. On this occasion Abahai ordered him to mount the city wall with a flag and reassure the people. Later he commissioned Ning and Dahai to issue pacifying proclamations. After the taking of Yung-p'ing, Ning Wan-wo and Abatai were left to garrison the city. Later Ning followed Abahai in the battle of Ta-ling-ho (see under Tsu Ta-shou), after which he was called upon to bring about the submission of the Chahars of Inner Mongolia. Because of these exploits he was given a minor hereditary rank.

When the Six Boards were established (1631) it was Ning Wan-wo who fixed the official regulations and determined distinctions in official costumes. In 1631 he memorialized on the importance of the Censorate, on the wisdom of identical official costumes for both Chinese and Manchus in order to avoid discrimination, and on the expediency of appointing Chinese to the Literary Office. His memorial was approved. In 1632 Ning Wan-wo, Fan Wên-ch'êng, and Ma Kuo-chu 馬國柱 (d. 1664) presented a plan for attacking China. In 1633 Ning advocated among other measures, the gradual adoption of the Chinese system of government, and the use of the examination system as a means of procuring talented men for the administration of new territories. In the same year he recommended for official appointment Li Shuai-t'ai and Ch'ên Chin (see under Chang Ming-chên), both of whom proved useful to the Manchus in the later campaigns in China. In 1635 Ning Wan-wo was given the hereditary rank of colonel and on six different occasions was granted lands and retainers. Formerly impeached for gambling at the garrisoning of Yung-p'ing, he had been reprimanded by Abahai but pardoned. In 1635, however, he gambled again with a colonel who had surrendered at Ta-ling ho. As a result he was discharged and all his estates and slaves were confiscated. These indiscretions debarred him in the same year from becoming one of the first four Grand Secretaries of the Manchu nation, to which posts three of his friends in the Literary Office were appointed (see under Fan Wên-ch'êng). Ning Wan-wo returned to the service of Sahaliyen where he remained for ten years.

On the accession of Shih-tsu to the throne of China in 1644, Ning Wan-wo was recalled and made sub-chancellor of the Grand Secretariat. In the following year he was elevated to the post of Grand Secretary, being concurrently director-general of the Bureau which initiated, but did not complete, the compilation of the History of the Ming dynasty (Ming-shih). Three times during the years 1645–49 he acted as chief examiner for the metropolitan examinations. He was entrusted with the revision of the T'ai-tsung shih-lu (see under Abahai), and with the translation into Manchu of the San-kuo chih (see under Dahai) and of the 洪武寶訓 Hung-wu pao-hsün ("Admonitions of Emperor T'ai-tsu, founder of the Ming dynasty"). On the completion of these assignments he was given the rank of Ch'ing-ch'ê tu-yü of the second class. When in 1651 Grand Secretary Ganglin (see under Dorgon) was impeached on the charge of having allowed Dorgon to make treasonable alterations in the Shih-lu of his father, Nurhaci, Ning Wan-wo was accused of knowing of these changes and failing to report them to the throne. However, Prince Chêng (Jirgalang, q.v.), who judged the case, cleared him of all blame. In the same year Ning Wan-wo was again made a Grand Secretary and he alone among Chinese officials, who were promoted at that time, was given the rank and stipend of a Manchu. Shortly afterwards he was made a member of the Council of Princes and High Officials and in 1654 memorialized the throne impeaching Ch'ên Ming-hsia. Later in the same year Ning Wan-wo was made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In 1658 he was allowed to retire; and in 1662 Emperor Shêng-tsu, in recognition of his services under T'ai-tsung and Shih-tsu, made his son sub-chancellor of the Grand Secretariat. Ning Wan-wo was given the posthumous name Wên-i 文毅.

[1/238/8a; 3/1/17a; 4/4/14b.]

M. Jean Gates

《清史稿》卷323

寧完我，字公甫，遼陽人。天命間來歸，給事貝勒薩哈廉家，隸漢軍正紅旗。天聰三年，太宗聞完我通文史，召令直文館。完我入對，薦所知者與之同升，鮑承先其一也。尋授參將。四年，師克永平，命與達海宣諭安撫。又從攻大凌河及招撫察哈爾，皆有功，授世職備禦。五年七月，初置六部，命儒臣賜號「榜式」得仍舊稱，餘稱「筆帖式」。

完我遇事敢言，嘗議定官制，辨服色。十二月，上疏言：「自古設官定職，非帝王好為鋪張。慮國事無綱紀也，置六部；慮六部有偏私也，置六科；慮君心宜啟沃也，置館臣；慮下情或壅蔽也，置通政。數事相因，缺一不可。上不立言官，不過謂我國人人得以進言，何必言官。臣請明辨之，我國六部既立，曾見有一人抗顏論劾者否？似此寂寂，豈國中真無事耶？舉國然諾浮沉，以狡滑為圓活，以容隱為公道，以優柔退縮為雅重，上皇皇圖治，亦何樂有此景象也？況今日秉政者，豈盡循理方正？屬僚既不敢非長官，局外又誰敢議權貴？臣知國中事，上亦時得聞知，然不過猶古之告密，孰若置言官，興利除害，皆公言之之為愈耶？言官既設，君身尚許指摘，他人更何忌諱？苟不至貪汙欺誑，任其盡言，勿為禁制，此古帝王明目達聰之妙術也。若謂南朝言官敗壞，此自其君鑑別不明，非其初定制之不善也。我國『筆帖式』，漢言『書房』，朝廷安所用書房？官生雜處，名器弗定。不置通政，則下情上壅，勵精圖治之謂何也？至若服制，尤陶鎔滿、漢第一急事。上遇漢官，溫慰懇至，而國人反陵轢之。漢官不通滿語，每以此被辱，有至傷心墮淚者，將何以招徠遠人，使成一體？故臣謂分別服色，所繫至大，願上勿再忽之也。臣等非才，惟耿介忠悃，至死不變。昨年副將高鴻中出領甲喇額真，臣具疏請留；今游擊范文程又補刑曹，諒臣亦不得久居文館。若臣等二三人皆去，豈復得慷慨為上盡言乎？」疏入，上頗韙之，命俟次第舉行。

六年正月，完我疏言：「昨年十一月初九日，自大凌河旋師，上豫議今年進取，至誠惻怛，推心置腹，藹然家人父子。臣敢不殫精畢思，用效駑鈍。臣聞千里而戰，雖勝亦敗。近年將士貪欺之習，大異於先帝時，更張而轉移之。上固切切在念，而曾未顯斡旋之術。人心不鍊，必不得指臂相使之用。分軍駐防，萬難調停，雖諸葛復生，無能為也。又況蜂蠆有毒，肘腋患生，疑貳之祖大壽，率寧、錦瘡痍之眾，坐伺於數百里間，木钫巳人之見，不得不慮及也。」三月，上決策自將伐察哈爾，而完我以為大凌河降卒思遁，宜先圖山海，還取錦州，因上疏諫。四月，師西出，度興安嶺，次都勒河，偵言林丹汗西走。完我與同值文館范文程、馬國柱合疏申前議，略言：「師已度興安嶺，察哈爾望風遠遁，上威名顯襮。臣度上且罷西征，轉而南入。上憐士卒勞苦，不能長驅直入，徒攜子女、囊金帛而歸。苟若是，大事去矣！昔者遼左之誤，諉諸先帝；永平之失，諉諸二貝勒。今更將誰諉？信蓋天下，然後能服天下。臣等為上籌之，以為當令從軍蒙古，每人擇頭人三二輩，挾從者十餘人，從上南入，餘悉遣還部。然後嚴我法度，昭告有眾，師行所經，戒殺戒掠，務種德樹仁，宏我後來之路。

今此出師，諸軍士賣牛買馬，典衣置裝，離家益遠，見財而不取，軍心怠矣，取則又蹈覆轍。上豈不曰『我厲禁取財，其孰敢違』？上耳目所及，或不敢犯；耳目所不及，孰能保者？無問蒙古部長，及諸貝勒，稍稍擾民，怨歸於上，此上所當深思者也。與其以長驅疲憊之兵入宣、大，孰若留精銳有餘之力取山海。臣等明知失上旨，但既見及此，不容箝口也。」是時上已決用兵於宣、大，五月，上駐歸化城，召完我等計事。完我等疏論機宜，語詳文程傳。翌日，上諭蒙古諸部及諸貝勒申軍律，蓋採完我等前疏所陳也。

七年正月，完我疏言：「近日朝鮮交益疏，南朝和未定，瀋城不可以常都，兵事不可以久緩，機會不可以再失。漢高祖屢敗，何為而帝？項羽橫行天下，何為而亡？袁紹擁河北之眾，何為而敗？昭烈屢遘困難，何為而終霸？無他，能用謀不能用謀，能乘機不能乘機而已。夫天下大器也，可以智取，不可以力爭。臣請以棋喻，能者戰守攻取，素熟於胸中，百局而百不負。至於取天下，是何等事，而可以草草僥倖耶？自古君臣相需，先帝時，達拉哈轄五大臣，知有上不知有人，知有國不知有家，故先帝以數十人起，克成大業。上今環觀國中，如五大臣者有幾人耶？每侍上治事，不聞諫諍，但有唯阿；惟務苟且，不肯任勞怨。於國何利？於上何益？釣餌激勸，振刷轉移，臣望上於旦暮間也。古人有言：『騏驥之局促，不如駑馬之安步；孟賁之狐疑，不如庸夫之必至；雖有堯、舜之智，吟而不言，不如喑啞之指揮。』此言貴能行之。臣謹昧死上言，惟上裁擇。」

完我他所獻替，如論譯書，謂：「自金史外，當兼譯孝經、學、庸、論、孟、通鑑諸籍。」論試士，謂：「我國貪惰之俗，牢不可破，不當祗以筆舌取人，試前宜刷陋習，試後宜察素行。且六部中，滿、漢官吏及大凌河將備，當悉令入試，既可覘此等人才調，且令此等人皆自科目出，庶同貴此途不相冰炭也。」論六部治事，謂：「六部本循明制，漢承政皆墨守大明會典，宜參酌彼此，殫心竭思，就今日規模，別立會典。務去因循之習，漸就中國之制度，庶異日既得中原，不至於自擾。昔漢繼秦而王，蕭何任造律，叔孫通任制禮。彼猶是人也，前無所因，尚能造律制禮；今既有成法，乃不能通其變，則又何也？六部漢承政宜人置一通事，上亦宜以譯者侍左右，俾時召對，毋使以不通滿語自諉。」完我疏屢上，上每採其議。完我又嘗疏薦李率泰、陳錦，皆至大用。惟論用兵，力主自寧、錦直攻山海，不願出宣、大；孔有德、耿仲明降時，完我疏言當收其兵入烏真超哈，繼又言有德、仲明暴戾無才，其兵多礦徒，食盡且為盜：皆未當上旨。

九年二月，范文程上言薦舉太濫，舉主雖不連坐，亦當議罰。完我亦疏請功罪皆當並議，略言：「上令官民皆得薦舉，本欲得才以任事，乃無知者假此倖進，兩部已四五十人，其濫可見。當行連坐法，所舉得人，舉主同其賞；所舉失人，舉主同其罪；如有末路改節，許舉主自陳，貸其罪。如採此法，臣度不三日，請罷舉者十當八九；其有留者，不問皆真才矣。」上並嘉納。 完我久預機務，遇事敢言，累進世職二等甲喇章京，襲六次，賜莊田、奴僕，上駸駸倚任，顧喜酒縱博。初從上伐明，命助守永平，以博為禮部參政李伯龍及游擊佟整所劾，上為誡諭，宥之。十年二月，復坐與大凌河降將甲喇章京劉士英博，為士英奴所訐，削世職，盡奪所賜，仍令給事薩哈廉家。是年改元崇德，以文館為內三院，希福、文程、承先皆為大學士，完我以罪廢，不得與。

及世祖定鼎京師，起完我為學士。順治二年五月，授內弘文院大學士，充明史總裁。是年及三年、六年，並充會試總裁。又命監修太宗實錄，譯三國志、洪武寶訓諸書，復授二等阿達哈哈番。八年閏二月，大學士剛林、祁充格得罪，完我以知睿親王改太祖實錄未啟奏，當奪職，鄭親王濟爾哈朗等覆讞，以為無罪，得免。三月，調內國史院大學士，命班位祿秩從滿洲大學士例。尋授議政大臣。

十一年三月，疏劾大學士陳名夏結黨懷姦，臚舉名夏塗抹票擬稿簿，刪改諭旨，庇護同黨，縱子掖臣為害鄉里，凡七事；復言：「從古奸臣賊子，黨不成則計不行。何則？無真才，無實事，無顯功，故必結黨為之虛譽。欲黨之成，附己者雖惡必護，異己者雖善必仇，行之久而入黨者多。若非審察鄉評輿論，按其行事，則黨固莫可破矣。臣竊自念，壯年孟浪疏庸，辜負先帝，一廢十年。皇上定鼎，始得隨入禁地，謹守臣職，又復十年，忍性緘口。然愚直性生，遇事勃發，埋輪補牘，雖不敢行；若夫附黨營私以圖富貴，臣寧死不為也。皇上不以臣衰老，列諸滿大臣；聖壽召入深宮，親賜御酒。臣非土木，敢不盡心力圖報。名夏姦亂日甚，黨局日成。人鑒張煊而莫敢言，臣不憚舍殘軀以報聖主。」名夏坐是譴死。八月，加太子太保。十三年，加少傅兼太子太傅。

十五年九月，以老乞休，溫諭命致仕。康熙元年正月，聖祖念完我事太宗﹑世祖有勞，命官一子為學士。四年四月，卒，諡文毅。雍正六年七月，世宗命錄完我子孫，得曾孫蘭，以驍騎校待缺，賜宅，予白金五百。