祁寯藻 (叔穎 春圃)

Ch'i Chün-tsao 祁寯藻 (T. 叔穎, 渟 [%E5%AF%A6] 甫 H. 春圃, 觀齋), 1793-1866, Oct. 20, official and poet, native of Shou-yang, Shansi, was the fifth son of Ch'i Yün-shih [q.v.]. Ch'i Chün-tsao was brought up in Peking, but when his father was exiled to Chinese Turkestan in 1805 he and his mother went back to his native place.

In 1809 his father was pardoned and returned home. In the following year (1810) Ch'i Chün-tsao became a chü-jên, and four years later (1814) a chin-shih. When his father died in 1815 he withdrew from official life to observe the period of mourning. In 1821 he was ordered to serve in the Imperial Study, and in the following year officiated as associate examiner of the metropolitan examination and as chief examiner of the provincial examination of Kwangtung.

In 1823-26 he was director of education of Hunan. Thereafter he was several times promoted to posts in the central government, but owing to his mother's ill-health he twice (1830, 1831) asked and obtained leave of absence. His mother died in 1834. After observing the mourning period he was promoted (1837) to vice-president of the Board of War. He served as director of education of Kiangsu from 1837 to 1840, but early in the latter year was commissioned to supervise coastal defense and the prohibition of opium in Fukien--this being the period of the Anglo-Chinese War when the ports of Fukien were attacked by the British. Early in 1841, however, Ch'i Chün-tsao was back at the capital. Appointed (1841) president of the Board of Works, he was ordered, in the same year, to serve on the Grand Council. After filling various other posts he was made head-master of the School for Princes (1849, see under Yin-chên). In his capacity as president of the Board of Revenue he was made associate Grand Secretary. When on his way to visit his native place in 1850 he received word of the death of Emperior Hsüan-tsung and hurried back to the capital where in 1851 Emperor Wên-tsung appointed him a Grand Secretary.

During the period of conflict with Great Britain Ch'i Chün-tsao had advocated war, and when he was serving as associate Grand Secretary often had occasion to disagree with Mu-chang-a [q.v.] who was then a Grand Secretary. But when the latter was dismissed in 1851 and Ch'i became Grand Secretary, he still found it difficult to agree with Su-shun [q.v.], an associate on the Board of Revenue and a favorite with the emperor. Ch'i and Su-shun were frequently in conflict over matters of coinage and the military measures necessary to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. Although Ch'i was honored in 1852 with the title of Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, his policies were so thwarted that he earnestly besought retirement, a request that was granted early in 1855. Nevertheless he did not return to Shansi, but continued to reside at Peking until 1860 when the Anglo-French forces reached the Capital and Emperor Wên-tsung fled to Jehôl. When Emperor Mu-tsung ascended the throne in 1861 Ch'i Chün-tsao was recalled from retirement by Empress Hsiao-ch'in [q.v.] to be one of the four tutors of the young emperor. Advanced in age, and in ill-health, he finally retired in 1864. He died in 1866 at the age of seventy-four (sui), having during his lifetime served four emperors. Posthumously he was given the name Wên-tuan 文端 and his name was entered in the Temple of Eminent Statesmen.

Ch'i Chün-tsao had strong scholarly instincts, and associated intimately with many learned men of his day, such as Ho Shao-chi, Yü Chêng-hsieh and Ho Ch'iu-t'ao [qq.v.]. In addition to printing many of his father's works, he published the works of several of his friends, such as Chang Mu and Ch'êng Ên-tsê [qq.v.]. He was one of the leading poets of his time and one of a group that emphasized the importance of Sung poetry. His own collected verse, 䜱䜪亭集 Man-ch'iu t'ing chi, in 44 chüan, was first printed in 1856-57. He also achieved some distinction as a calligrapher.

His son, Ch'i Shih-ch'ang 祁世長 (T. 子禾 H. 念慈, 敏齋, 1825-1893), was a chin-shih of 1860, who rose in his official career to president of the Board of Works (1890-92) and received the posthumous name, Wên-k'o 文恪. The Library of Congress possesses a manuscript copy of a collection of essays and poems written by twelve members of the Ch'i family over several generations when they competed for the chü-jên or chin-shih degrees. Judging from the seals and the contents, this manuscript, entitled 壽陽祁氏試卷彙鈔 Shou-yang Ch'i-shih shih-chüan hui-ch'ao, was compiled by Ch'i Chün-tsao himself, or by his order, in 1851 or 1852.

[ 1/391/2a; 2/46/la; 5/4/Sa; 26/3/24a; Shou-yang hsien chih (1890) 8/16a; 5/15/lOb (concerning Ch'i Shih-ch'ang).1

TU LIEN-CHÊ

《清史稿》卷385

祁寯藻，字春圃，山西壽陽人。父韻士，官戶部郎中，以事繫獄。寯藻方幼，隨侍讀書不輟，賦春草詩以見志。嘉慶十九年，成進士，選庶吉士，授編修。道光元年，直南書房。督湖南學政，累遷庶子。十年，以母病陳情歸養，宣宗不許，予假省親。逾年回京，補原官，遷侍講學士。尋復予假省母，不開缺。歷通政司副使、光祿寺卿、內閣學士。母憂歸，十六年，將屆服闋，預授兵部侍郎，督江蘇學政。歷戶部、吏部侍郎，留學政任，未滿，十九年，命偕侍郎黃爵滋視福建海防及禁煙事，連擢左都御史、兵部尚書。迭疏陳總宜駐泉州治防務，改海口砲臺為墩，查禁煙販，捕治漢奸，並禁漳、泉兩府行使夷錢，夾帶私鑄者治罪，嚴懲械鬥，並得旨允行。在閩半載，還經浙江，按台、溫兩府私種罌粟，劾罷台州知府潘盛；又劾溫州知府劉煜試行票鹽不善，被議，自呈枉屈，戍新疆。時鄧廷楨奏擊英吉利兵船於厦門走之，忌者謂其不實，命寯藻復往按，具陳戰勝狀。回京，仍直南書房。二十一年，調戶部，命為軍機大臣。

二十六年，偕尚書文慶按長蘆鹽運使陳鑑挪撥鹽課，彌補加價，褫其職，歷任鹽政運司議譴有差。二十九年，以戶部尚書協辦大學士，命赴甘肅偕琦善按前任總督布彥泰清查舛誤、縱容家丁，下嚴議。回京，請便道省墓，途次聞宣宗崩，過里門不入。文宗即位，拜體仁閣大學士，仍管戶部。寯藻自道光中論洋務與穆彰阿不合，至是文宗銳意圖治，罷穆彰阿，寯藻遂領樞務，開言路，起用舊臣，寯藻實左右之。

咸豐元年，調管工部，兼管戶部三庫事務。二年，復調戶部。廣西匪日熾，出湖南，遂不可制，湖北、江南數省先後淪陷。軍興財匱，議者試行鈔法，又鑄當百、當五百大錢，皆行之未久而滋弊。尚書肅順同掌戶部事，尚苛刻。又湘軍初起，肅順力言其可用，上嚮之，寯藻皆意與齟齬，屢稱病請罷，溫詔慰留。四年冬，復堅以為請，乃允致仕。十年，英法聯軍犯天津，車駕將幸熱河，寯藻密疏切諫。又言關中形勝可建都，釐捐病民，北省尤宜急停，並報聞。 十一年，穆宗即位，特詔起用。疏陳時政六事：曰保護聖躬以崇帝學；曰綏輯民心以清盜源；曰重守令以固民心；曰開制科以收人才；曰速剿山東、河南賊匪，嚴防山西、陝西要隘，以衛畿輔；曰敦崇節儉以培元氣。言甚切摯，並被嘉納，次第施行。命以大學士銜授禮部尚書。同治元年，穆宗入學，命直弘德殿，偕翁心存、倭仁、李鴻藻同授讀，摘錄經史二帙進呈。上讀大學畢，寯藻具疏推陳為人君止於仁之義，略曰：「大學一書，皇上已成誦，凡制治保邦之道，用人行政之源，胥在於是。為人君之道，止於仁而已。治國平天下兩章，言仁者六，終之以未有上好仁而下不好義。蓋仁者必以仁親為寶，故能愛人，能惡人。不好仁，則好人之所惡，惡人之所好。仁者必以貪為戒，故忠信以得之，不仁者則驕泰以失之矣。仁者以義為利，不以利為利，故以財發身，不仁者則以身發財，菑害並至矣。千古治亂之機，判於義利，而義利之判，則由於上之好仁不好仁也。如近日所講帝鑑圖說，下車泣罪，解網施恩，澤及枯骨等事，斯即帝王仁心所見端也。若納諫求賢，尊儒遠佞，則仁親為寶，能好能惡之說也。露臺罷工，裘馬卻獻，則以義為利，不以利為利之說也。帝鑑圖說講畢，請進講輿地，以會典諸圖簡明，易於指畫。又耕織圖及內府石刻宋馬遠豳風圖為農桑衣食之原，皇上讀書之暇，隨時講求，庶知稼穡之艱難，懍守成之不易也。」

二年，上服除，寯藻偕倭仁、李鴻藻上疏曰：「皇上沖齡踐阼，智慧漸開。當此釋服之初，吉禮舉行，聖心之敬肆於此分，風會之轉移即於此始，則玩好之漸可慮也，游觀之漸可慮也，興作之漸可慮也。嗜好之端一開，不惟分誦讀之心，海內之窺意旨者，且將從風而靡。安危治亂之機，其端甚微，所關甚鉅，可無慎乎？方今軍務未平，生民塗炭，正君臣交儆之時，非上下恬熙之日。伏願皇上恪遵慈訓，時時以憂勤惕厲為心，以逸樂便安為戒。凡內廷服御一切用項，稍涉浮靡，概從裁減；向例所有，不妨量為撙節。如是，則外務之紛華不接於耳目，詩書之啟迪益斂夫心思，聖學日新，聖德日固，而去奢崇儉之風，自不令而行矣。」疏上，優詔褒答焉。

寯藻提倡樸學，延納寒素，士林歸之。疏言：「通經之學，義理與訓詁不可偏重。後學不察，以訓詁專屬漢儒，義理專屬宋儒，使畫分界限，學術日歧。」因舉素所知寒士端木埰、鄭珍、莫友芝、閻汝弼、王軒、楊寶臣，經明行修，堪資器使。又疏言：「軍興以來，不講吏治，請下中外大臣，保舉循吏及伏處潛修之士，以備任用。」自舉原任同知劉大紳、按察使李文耕、大順廣道劉煦，請宣付史館入循吏傳。又薦直隸知縣張光藻、陳崇砥、王蘭廣，山東知縣蔣慶第，山西知縣程豫、吳輝祖及江南優貢端木埰，山西舉人秦東來。並嘉納允行。屢以病乞休，三年，詔許致仕，食全俸。五年，卒，晉贈太保，祀賢良祠，命鍾郡王奠醊，諡文端。擢其子編修世長以侍讀用。