孫玉庭 (嘉樹 寄圃)

SUN Yü-t'ing 孫玉庭, Jan. 14, 1753–1834, Nov. 16, official, was a native of Tsining, Shantung. His father, Sun K'uo-t'u 孫擴圖 (T. 充之, 靈匯, H. 適齋, 1717–1787), was a chü-jên of 1736 who served as a magistrate in Chekiang for five years—his last post being at Ch'ien-t'ang (Hangchow) 1762-63. Sun Yü-t'ing became a chin-shih in 1775, was selected a bachelor of the Hanlin Academy, and later was made a corrector (1778). After several promotions he was sent to Shansi as intendant of the Ho-tung Circuit (1786) but retired a year later to mourn the death of his father. In 1790 he was appointed salt intendant of Kwangsi, and six years later was made provincial judge of that province. In 1797 a rebellion of the Miao tribesmen on the Kweichow border was quickly suppressed by provincial troops and Sun Yü-t'ing attracted notice by his efficient dispatch of supplies to the front. In 1799 Emperor Jên-tsung appointed him financial commissioner of Hupeh to look after supplies for the troops of that province who were then combating the Pai-lien-chiao rebels (see under Ê-lê-têng-pao). He performed this task so well that in 1802 he was promoted to be governor of Kwangsi. There he supervised the sending of the documents granting the title of King of Yüeh-nan to Juan Fu-ying (see under Sun Shih-i). In 1803 he was transferred to Canton as governor of Kwangtung where he maintained a strong policy against pirates and caused the removal of the governor-general, Na-yen-ch'êng [q.%E2%80%AFv.], who favored pacifying them. In 1808, because of the occupation of several forts at Macao by a British landing party (see under Yung-yen), Sun Yü-t'ing was reprimanded and was transferred to Kweichow. The governor-general of Kwangtung, Wu Hsiung-kuang 吳熊光 (T. 望崑, H. 槐江, 1750–1833), was blamed for not having used force to expel the British from Canton and was recalled to Peking. In 1809 the case was closed when Wu was sent into exile and Sun was cashiered for failure to report against Wu. However, later in the same year, Sun was given the rank of a compiler of the Hanlin Academy and a year after that (1810) was made governor of Yunnan. After serving in Yunnan for five years he was transferred to Chekiang (1815).

In 1816 Sun was promoted to be governor-general of Hunan and Hupeh and was summoned to Peking for an audience. He arrived at the time when the Amherst Mission to Peking was, for various reasons, turned back, one reason being the refusal of the British commissioners to perform the kowtow ceremony (see under Yung-yen). The Emperor, feeling that he had been slighted, questioned Sun regarding his past experience in dealing with Englishmen at Canton. Sun reported that in 1804 he was in charge of handing over to Staunton the Emperor's gifts to the King of England. On that occasion, he said, Staunton took off his hat and bowed while listening to the edict, and bowed again before he left. Sun asserted that this bowing was equivalent to the kowtow in China. In his opinion the British by refusing to kowtow, intended no disrespect to the Emperor, and that furthermore, their tight trousers made it inconvenient for them to kneel. Sun also asserted that Englishmen were in such dire need of tea that they would not venture to open hostilities; that English ships were too large to sail into inland waters; and that an attack with fire would surely destroy their fleet. These reports pleased the Emperor and dispelled his worry about British reprisals. The same erroneous argument, that tea was essential to health in England, was used by Lin Tsê-hsü [q.%E2%80%AFv.] two decades later.

Late in 1816 Sun Yü-t'ing was transferred to Nanking as governor-general of Kiangsu, Kiangsi and Anhwei—a post he held for nearly nine years. In the meantime he was concurrently an Associate Grand Secretary (1821–24) and then a Grand Secretary (1824–25). In 1824 the Yellow River overflowed into Kiangsu, and Sun, for his "negligence", was deprived of all ranks but was allowed to retain his offices. Because floods delayed transport of rice to Peking by way of the Grand Canal, he was told to find ways of hastening traffic on this waterway. By the autumn of 1825 transport by this route was feasible, but an edict had already been issued to have him cashiered. Thereafter he lived at his home in Tsining for nine years. In 1834 he was given the rank of a fourth grade official to celebrate the sixtieth anniversary of his becoming a chü-jên, but he died that year.

Sun Yü-t'ing left a collection of works, entitled 延釐堂集 Yen-hsi t'ang chi, 8 chüan, printed in 1872, which includes his memorials in 4 chüan, his poems in 2 chüan, his miscellaneous prose works in 1 chüan, and a work about salt administration, 鹽法隅說 Yen-fa yü-shuo, in 1 chüan. He wrote his autobiography, entitled Sun Yü-t'ing tzŭ-ting nien-p'u (自訂年譜), which was printed in 1834. He served from 1778 to 1780 as a collator for the compilation of the Ssŭ-k'u ch'üan-shu (see under Chi Yün), and as a compiler in the State Historiographer's Office (1782–86). In the latter capacity he served as one of the supervisors for the compilation of the early history of the Manchus, entitled (皇清)開國方略 (Huang-Ch'ing) K'ai-kuo fang-lüeh, 32 + 1 chüan, which was commissioned in 1774, completed in 1786, and printed in 1789. This work was translated into German by Erich Hauer under the same title, with notes, and printed in 1926.

The eldest son of Sun Yü-t'ing, named Sun Shan-pao 孫善寶 (T. 楚珍, d. 1853), was a chü-jên of 1807 who served as governor of Kiangsu from 1843 to 1845. He assumed office just after the Treaty of Nanking was concluded and did much to reconstruct Kiangsu after the First Anglo-Chinese War. The third son, named Sun Jui-chên 孫瑞珍 (T. 儲英, H. 符卿, a chin-shih of 1823, d. 1858), served as president of the Board of Revenue from 1850 to 1854, at a time when the national treasury was exhausted by expenditures for war. He served for many years as tutor in the Palace School for Princes and in 1852 became chief tutor. In that year he and Tsai-ch'üan [q.%E2%80%AFv.] led other officials in contributing silver to the national treasury. He was canonized as Wên-ting 文定.

A Son of Sun Jui-chên, named Sun Yi-wên 孫毓汶 (T. 滙溪, H. 萊山, d. 1899), was a chin-shih of 1856 who rose to be president of the Board of War (1894–96). He was a Grand Councilor after 1884 and a member of the Office of Foreign Affairs after 1885. In the politics of those days he sided with I-huan [q.%E2%80%AFv.] and Shih-to (see under Chao-lien) in opposition to I-hsin [q.%E2%80%AFv.]. Being an intimate friend of Li Hung-chang [q.%E2%80%AFv.], he advocated ratification of the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895 when many courtiers opposed a peace on such humiliating terms. He is regarded as one of the officials responsible for the corrupt practices in government after 1884. He retired in 1896 and after his death was canonized as Wên-k'o 文恪.

In addition to these descendants, Sun Yü-t'ing had a grandson, Sun Yü-kuei 孫毓淮 (T. 犀源, H. 梧江, d. ca. 1856), who was chuang-yüan (chin-shih with the highest honors) of 1844. A great-grandson, Sun Chi 孫楫 (T. 濟川, H. 駕航), was a chin-shih of 1852 and also a member of the Hanlin Academy.

[1/372/1a; 3/36/1a; 7/21/10a; 1/442/4a; 2/62/45b; 濟寧直隸州續志 Tsining chih-li-chou hsü-chih (1927), passim.]

Fang Chao-ying

《清史稿》卷366

孫玉庭，字寄圃，山東濟寧人。乾隆四十年進士，選庶吉士，授檢討。五十一年，出為山西河東道，父憂去，服闋，補廣西鹽法道。嘉慶初，就遷按察使，歷湖南、安徽、湖北布政使，舉發道員胡齊崙侵冒軍需，詔嘉之。七年，擢廣西巡撫，調廣東。安南國王阮光纘為農耐、阮福映所逼，叩關乞內避，命玉庭馳赴廣西察辦。福映已滅光纘，遣使納款，玉庭疏陳其恭順，請受之。尋福映請改國名曰南越，仁宗疑之。玉庭言：「不可以語言文字阻外夷嚮化之心。其先有古越裳地，繼併安南。若改號越南，亦與中國南粵舊名有別。」乃報可。廣東海盜日橫，玉庭議防急於剿，請增兵嚴守口岸，禁淡水米糧出海以制之。尋調廣西，十年，復調廣東。時總督那彥成專意招撫，玉庭意不合，疏陳其弊，謂：「盜非悔罪，特為貪利而來。官吏貪功，不惜重金為市。陽避盜名，陰攖盜實。廢法斂怨，莫此為尤。」上韙其言，那彥成由是獲罪。十三年，英吉利兵船入澳門，總督吳熊光但停貿易，未遣兵驅逐，上斥畏葸，罷熊光，調玉庭貴州。尋百齡至粵，追論熊光，且劾玉庭不以實入告，坐罷歸。已而予官編修，在文穎館行走。十五年，授雲南巡撫，兼署雲貴總督。調浙江。二十年，英吉利貢使不願行跪拜禮，廷議以其倔強，遣之。會玉庭入覲，面奏馭夷之道：「妄有干求，當折以天朝之法度；歸心恪順，不責以中國之儀文。」反覆開陳，上意乃解。二十一年，擢湖廣總督。未幾，調兩江。漕、鹽、河為江南要政，日臻疲累。玉庭久任封圻，治尚安靜，整頓江西、湖北引岸緝私，籌款生息，津貼屯丁，減省漕委，隨事為補苴之計，稍稍相安。宣宗即位，特加太子少保銜。時用尚書英和言，清查直省陋規，立以限制，下疆臣議久遠之法。玉庭疏言：「自古有治人無治法。果督撫兩司皆得人，則大法小廉，自不虞所屬苛取病民；非然者，雖立限制，仍同虛設，弊且滋甚。各省陋規，本干例禁。語云：『作法於涼，其弊猶貪。』禁人之取猶不能不取；若許之取，勢必益無顧忌。迨發覺治罪，民已大受其累。府、廳、州、縣祿入無多，向來不能不藉陋規為辦公之需，然未聞准其加取於民垂為令甲者，誠以自古無此制祿之經也。伏乞停止查辦，天下幸甚。」疏入，詔褒其不媿大臣之言。道光元年，授協辦大學士，仍留總督任。是年入覲，與玉瀾堂十五老臣宴。帝詢淮鹽疏銷之策，玉庭言：「漢口為淮南售鹽總岸，向來船到隨時交易，是以暢銷。自乾隆中立封輪法，挨次輪售，私鹽乘間侵越。」因臚陳六害，請復舊章，從之。又言漕糧浮收不能禁革，不如明與八折為便。御史王家相奏言事類加賦，侍郎姚文田、湯金釗亦論之，事遂寢。然州縣困於丁費，浮收仍難禁絕，胥吏上下其手，專累良懦，因玉庭議不行，疆臣不敢復請；至同治初，始定漕耗，卒如玉庭議。四年，拜體仁閣大學士，留任如故。會高家堰決，河督張文浩遣戍，部議玉庭革職，詔念前勞，寬之，留任。尋復以借黃濟運無效，褫職，予編修休致。戶部復劾其不行海運，而河病運阻，責償滯漕剝運費十之七，命留濬運河。工竣，回籍。十四年，重宴鹿鳴，加四品頂戴。尋卒，年八十有三。子善寶，以舉人廕生授刑部員外郎，官至江蘇巡撫；瑞珍，道光三年進士，由翰林官至戶部尚書，諡文定。孫毓溎，道光二十四年一甲一名進士，官至浙江按察使；毓汶亦以一甲二名進士，官至兵部尚書，自有傳。曾孫楫，咸豐二年進士，翰林院庶吉士，官至順天府尹。四世並歷清要，家門之盛，北方士族無與埒焉。