施琅 (琢公)

SHIH Lang 施琅 (T. 鄭侯, H. 琢公), 1621–1696, Apr., Ming-Ch'ing admiral, was a native of Chin-chiang, Fukien. Being of distinguished lineage, he early displayed self-confidence. He studied military strategy and knew how to take advantage of wind and tide. In the troubled times at the close of the Ming dynasty he fought in local campaigns without gaining recognition and then led Chêng Chih-lung's left vanguard. The latter's son, Chêng Ch'êng-kung, became jealous of Shih Lang's popularity, imprisoned his family and confined him to his ship. He contrived to escape and surrendered to the Ch'ing regime in 1646. His father, younger brother, son, and nephew were killed by Chêng Ch'êng-kung. Shih Lang was well received by the Manchus. He accompanied Prince Jidu in 1656 on his expedition against Fukien and attained the rank of assistant brigade-general. In the campaign of 1663 against the Chêng insurgents he utilized Dutch ships and men to follow up the Manchu victories. In 1668 he submitted a plan to drive the rebels from Taiwan and the Pescadores. He was called to Peking to present it personally but the proposal was shelved and he was given a post in the Imperial Bodyguard and attached to the Chinese Bordered Yellow Banner.

In 1681 Li Kuang-ti again proposed the subjugation of the islands and Shih Lang was made commander-in-chief of naval forces in Fukien. On July 8, 1683, after extensive preparation in training men and constructing ships he led a force of 300 warships and 20,000 crack troops out of T'ung-shan, Fukien, and on July 16–17 won a brilliant victory over Liu Kuo-hsüan, who was holding the Pescadores for Chêng K'o-shuang (for both see under Chêng Ching). On September 5 Shih received Chêng K'oshuang's offer to surrender. On October 3 he reached Taiwan and formally obtained the capitulation of Liu and Chêng, thus terminating the resistance of the Chêng family which had extended through four generations. He was made Ching-hai chiang-chün 靖海將軍 and given the hereditary rank of marquis. At his own request he was specially granted the privilege of wearing the honorary peacock feather.

Shih Lang continued at his post in Fukien and used his influence to secure the retention and reorganization of the Pescadores and Taiwan, considerate treatment for the surrendered leaders and troops, and regulation of foreign trade which began to be resumed after the coast and islands were pacified. He was charged with arrogance, but in 1688 the Emperor received him in audience, allowed him, on account of his age, to sit in the Imperial presence, and reiterated his confidence in him. He returned to Fukien and continued in office until his death in 1696 at the age of seventy-six (sui). He was given the posthumous name of Hsiang-chuang 襄壯, the title of Junior Tutor to the Heir Apparent, and in 1732 his name was entered for worship in the Temple of Eminent Statesmen. His youngest son, Shih Shih-fan 施世范, succeeded to the hereditary rank of Marquis Ching-hai which was handed down to the end of the dynasty.

Other sons of Shih Lang—namely, Shih Shih-lun and Shih Shih-p'iao—achieved distinction, the former as a civil official and the latter as an admiral. They and their father were granted the special privilege of burial in the ancestral cemetery in their home district, instead of near Peking as was the case with other Bannermen.

Shih Lang's memorials were brought together under the title, Ching-hai chi (記), and printed by Shih Shih-lun shortly after Shih Lang's death.

[1/266/5a; 2/9/12b; 3/276/7a; 4/15/12a; 7/11/13b; Ching-hai chi; (Hsin-hsiu) Taiwan-fu chih (1763); Haenisch, E., "Bruchstücke aus der Geschichte Chinas unter der Mandschu-dynastie", T'oung Pao, XIV, 76–77; T'oung Pao, 1913, p. 96; China Review, vol. IX, 1880–81, pp. 276–79; Fukien t'ung-chih (1871) 88/45b.]

Earl Swisher

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施琅，字琢公，福建晉江人。初為明總兵鄭芝龍部下左衝鋒。順治三年，師定福建，琅從芝龍降。從征廣東，戡定順德、東莞、三水、新寧諸縣。芝龍歸京師，其子成功竄踞海島，招琅，不從。成功執琅，並縶其家屬。琅以計得脫，父大宣、弟顯及子姪皆為成功所殺。十三年，從定遠大將軍世子濟度擊敗成功於福州，授同安副將。十六年，成功據臺灣，就擢琅同安總兵。

康熙元年，遷水師提督。時成功已死，其子錦率眾欲犯海澄，琅遣守備汪明等率舟師禦之海門，斬其將林維，獲戰船、軍械。未幾，靖南王耿繼茂、總督李率泰等攻克厦門，敵驚潰，琅募荷蘭國水兵，以夾板船要擊，斬級千餘，乘勝取浯嶼、金門二島。敘功，加右都督。三年，加靖海將軍。七年，琅密陳錦負嵎海上，宜急攻之。召詣京師，上詢方略，琅言：「賊兵不滿數萬，戰船不過數百，錦智勇俱無。若先取澎湖以扼其吭，賊勢立絀；倘復負固，則重師泊臺灣港口，而別以奇兵分襲南路打狗港及北路文港海翁堀。賊分則力薄，合則勢蹙，臺灣計日可平。」事下部議，寢其奏。因裁水師提督，授琅內大臣，隸鑲黃旗漢軍。

二十年，錦死，子克塽幼，諸將劉國軒、馮錫範用事。內閣學士李光地奏臺灣可取狀，因薦琅習海上事，上復授琅福建水師提督，加太子少保，諭相機進取。琅至軍，疏言：「賊船久泊澎湖，悉力固守。冬春之際，颶風時發，我舟驟難過洋。臣今練習水師，又遣間諜通臣舊時部曲，使為內應。俟風便，可獲全勝。」二十一年，給事中孫蕙疏言宜緩征臺灣。七月，彗星見，戶部尚書梁清標復以為言，詔暫緩進剿。琅疏言：「臣已簡水師精兵二萬、戰船三百，足破滅海賊。請趣督撫治糧餉，但遇風利，即可進行，並請調陸路官兵協剿。」詔從之。

二十二年六月，琅自桐山攻克花嶼、猫嶼、草嶼，乘南風進泊八罩。國軒踞澎湖，緣岸築短牆，置腰銃，環二十餘里為壁壘。琅遣遊擊藍理以鳥船進攻，敵舟乘潮四合。琅乘樓船突入賊陣，流矢傷目，血溢於帕，督戰不少卻，總兵吳英繼之，斬級三千，克虎井、桶盤二嶼。旋以百船分列東西，遣總兵陳蟒、魏明、董義、康玉率兵東指雞籠峪、四角山，西指牛心灣，分賊勢。琅自督五十六船分八隊，以八十船繼後，揚帆直進。敵悉眾拒戰，總兵林賢、朱天貴先入陣，天貴戰死。將士奮勇衷擊，自辰至申，焚敵艦百餘，溺死無算，遂取澎湖，國軒遁歸臺灣。克塽大驚，遣使詣軍前乞降，琅疏陳，上許之。八月，琅統兵入鹿耳門，至臺灣。克塽率屬薙髮，迎於水次，繳延平王金印。臺灣平，自海道報捷。疏至，正中秋，上賦詩旌琅功，復授靖海將軍，封靖海侯，世襲罔替，賜御用袍及諸服物。琅疏辭侯封，乞得如內大臣例賜花翎，部議謂非例，上命毋辭，並如其請賜花翎。

遣侍郎蘇拜至福建，與督撫及琅議善後事。有言宜遷其人、棄其地者，琅疏言：「明季設澎水標於金門，出汛至澎湖而止。臺灣原屬化外，土番雜處，未入版圖。然其時中國之民潛往生聚，已不下萬人。鄭芝龍為海寇，據為巢穴。及崇禎元年，芝龍就撫，借與紅毛為互市之所。紅毛聯結土番，招納內地民，漸作邊患。至順治十八年，鄭成功盤踞其地，糾集亡命，荼毒海疆。傳及其孫克塽，積數十年。一旦納土歸命，善後之計，尤宜周詳。若棄其地、遷其人，以有限之船，渡無限之民，非閱數年，難以報竣。倘渡載不盡，竄匿山谷，所謂藉寇兵而齎盜糧也。且此地原為紅毛所有，乘隙復踞，必竊窺內地，鼓惑人心。重以夾板船之精堅，海外無敵，沿海諸省，斷難安然無虞。至時復勤師遠征，恐未易見效。如僅守澎湖，則孤懸汪洋之中，土地單薄，遠隔金門、厦門，豈不受制於彼，而能一朝居哉？臣思海氛既靖，汰內地溢設之官兵，分防兩處：臺灣設總兵一、水師副將一、陸營參將二、兵八千；澎湖設水師副將一、兵二千。初無添兵增餉之費，已足固守。其總兵、副將、參、遊等官，定以二三年轉陞內地。其地正賦雜糧，暫行蠲豁。駐兵現給全餉，三年後開徵濟用，即不盡資內地轉輸。蓋籌天下形勢，必期萬全，臺灣雖在外島，關四省要害，斷不可棄。並繪圖以進。」疏入，下議政王大臣等議，仍未決。上召詢廷臣，大學士李霨奏應如琅請。尋蘇拜等疏亦用琅議，並設縣三、府一、巡道一，上命允行。

琅又疏請克塽納土歸誠，應攜族屬與劉國軒、馮錫範及明裔朱桓等俱詣京師，詔授克塽公銜，國軒、錫範伯銜，俱隸上三旗，餘職官及桓等於近省安插墾荒。復疏請申嚴海禁，稽核貿易商船，命如所議。

二十七年，入覲，溫旨慰勞，賞賚優渥。上諭琅曰：「爾前為內大臣十有三年，當時尚有輕爾者。惟朕深知爾，待爾甚厚。後三逆平定，惟海寇潛據臺灣為福建害，欲除此寇，非爾不可。朕特加擢用，爾能不負任使，舉六十年難靖之寇，殄滅無餘。或有言爾恃功驕傲，朕令爾來京。又有言當留勿遣者，朕思寇亂之際，尚用爾勿疑，況天下已平，反疑而勿遣耶？今命爾復任，宜益加敬慎，以保功名。」琅奏謝，言：「臣年力已衰，懼勿勝封疆之重。」上曰：「將尚智不尚力。朕用爾亦智耳，豈在手足之力哉？」命還任。三十五年，卒於官，年七十六，贈太子少傅，賜祭葬，諡襄壯。

琅治軍嚴整，通陣法。尤善水戰，諳海中風候。將出師，值光地請急歸，問琅曰：「眾皆言南風不利，今乃刻六月出師，何也？」琅曰：「北風日夜猛。今攻澎湖，未能一戰克。風起舟散，將何以戰？夏至前後二十餘日，風微，夜尤靜，可聚泊大洋。觀釁而動，不過七日，舉之必矣。即偶有颶風，此則天意，非人慮所及。鄭氏將劉國軒最驍，以他將守澎湖，雖敗，彼必再戰。今以國軒守，敗則膽落，臺灣可不戰而下。」及戰，雲起東南，國軒望見，謂颶作，喜甚。俄，雷聲殷殷，國軒推案起曰：「天命矣！今且敗。」人謂琅必報父仇，將致毒於鄭氏。琅曰：「絕島新附，一有誅戮，恐人情反側。吾所以銜恤茹痛者，為國事重，不敢顧私也。」子世綸、世驃，自有傳；世范，襲爵。