Richard Willstätter, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915

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Richard Martin Willstätter, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915

Hebrew: ריכרד מרטין וילשטטר, חתן פרס נובל בכימיה 1915
Birthdate:
Birthplace: Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Deutschland (Germany)
Death: August 03, 1942 (69)
Muralto, Ticino, Svizzera (Switzerland) (heart attack)
Immediate Family:

Son of Max Willstaetter and Sophie Willstaetter
Husband of Sophie Willstätter
Father of Ludwig Willstätter and Margarete Willstätter Bruch
Brother of Alfred Willstätter

Occupation: Organic Chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1915, Professor
Managed by: Yigal Burstein
Last Updated:

About Richard Willstätter, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915

Richard Martin Willstätter (13 August 1872 – 3 August 1942) was a German organic chemist whose study of the structure of plant pigments, chlorophyll included, won him the 1915 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Willstätter invented paper chromatography independently of Mikhail Tsvet.

Biography

Willstätter was born in to a Jewish family in Karlsruhe. He went to school there and, when his family moved, he attended the Technical School in Nuremberg. At age 18 he entered the University of Munich to study science and stayed for the next fifteen years. He was in the Department of Chemistry, first as a student of Adolf von Baeyer -- he received his doctorate in 1894 - then as a faculty member. His doctoral thesis was on the structure of cocaine. Willstätter continued his research into other alkaloids and synthesized several of them. In 1896 he was named Lecturer and in 1902 Professor extraordinarius (professor without a chair).

In 1905 he left Munich to become professor at the ETH Zürich and there he worked on the plant pigment chlorophyll. He determined its structure.

In 1912 he became professor of chemistry at the University of Berlin and director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, studying the structure of pigments of flowers and fruits.

In 1916 he returned to Munich as the successor to his mentor Baeyer. During the 1920s Willstätter investigated the mechanisms of enzyme reactions and did much to establish that enzymes are chemical substances, not biological organisms.

In 1924 Willstätter's career came to "a tragic end when, as a gesture against increasing antisemitism, he announced his retirement." According to his Nobel biography: "Expressions of confidence by the Faculty, by his students and by the Minister failed to shake the fifty-three year old scientist in his decision to resign. He lived on in retirement in Munich....Dazzling offers both at home and abroad were alike rejected by him."

In 1938 Willstätter emigrated to Switzerland. He spent the last three years of his life there in Muralto near Locarno writing his autobiography. He died of a heart attack in 1942.

Willstätter's autobiography, Aus meinem Leben, was not published in German until 1949. It was translated into English as From My Life in 1965.

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Richard Martin Willstätter was born in Karlsruhe in Baden on August 13, 1872, and went to school first in his home town and then, when his parents moved house, at the Technical School in Nuremberg. When he was 18 he went to the University of Munich where he studied Science, entered the Department of Chemistry under Baeyer and stayed there for the following fifteen years, first as a student, from 1896 as a lecturer - pursuing his scientific work independently - until in early 1902 he became J. Thiele's successor as Extraordinary Professor.

As a young man he studied principally the structure and synthesis of plant alkaloids such as atropine and cocaine. In this, as in his later work on quinone and quinone type compounds which are the basis of many dyestuffs, he sought to acquire skill in chemical methods in order to prepare himself for the extensive and more difficult work of investigating plant and animal pigments. For this undertaking the working facilities which the Munich laboratory afforded him were too limited and he was glad to accept the first offer of a Professorial Chair which he received in the summer of 1905. It was thus that he came to Zurich to the Federal Technical College.

These seven years in Switzerland were for him the best and most significant. But while research and teaching brought him great satisfaction, at the same time he suffered personal misfortune and soon became lonely. He enjoyed his work in Zurich so much that he did not think of those years as a waiting period until he was called back to Germany in 1912. For the Jubilee of the University of Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm had established a Society for the Promotion of Scientific Knowledge and this body had founded an Institute of Chemistry in Berlin/Dahlem. He was offered a Research Laboratory here in conjunction with an honorary professorship at the University of Berlin.

In the two short years before the outbreak of the first World War he was able with a team of collaborators to round off his investigations into chlorophyll and, in connexion with that, to complete some work on haemoglobin and, in rapid succession, to carry out his studies of anthocyanes, the colouring matter of flowers and fruits. These investigations into plant pigments, especially the work on chlorophyll, were honoured by the award of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1915), just at the time when he had decided to accept a call to the University of Munich and again, as successor to his old teacher Adolf von Baeyer, take an active part in university teaching; for, as things were then, the even tenour of scientific life at Dahlem was gone.

In the period that followed Willstätter continued on lines of fundamental importance, and his brilliant and fruitful work is regarded today as a pioneering achievement. The investigations into photosynthesis and into the nature and activity of the enzymes were precursory of modern Biochemistry. At that time the method so far developed of concentrating enzymes through adsorption did not make it possible to attain to the crystallized enzymes. In this connexion, Willstätter carried out important studies of adsorbents, metal hydroxides, hydrogels and silicic acids. In addition he was quick to give his attention also to problems of theoretical chemistry. Thus he achieved the first synthesis of cyclo-octatetraene, and went on to compare it with benzene; so also he set up experiments to produce cyclobutadiene.

Willstätter's career came to a tragic end when, as a gesture against increasing antisemitism, he announced his retirement in 1924. Expressions of confidence by the Faculty, by his students and by the Minister failed to shake the fifty-three year old scientist in his decision to resign. He lived on in retirement in Munich, maintaining contact only with those of his pupils who remained in the Institute and with his successor, Heinrich Wieland, whom he had nominated. Dazzling offers both at home and abroad were alike rejected by him. In 1938 he fled from the Gestapo with the help of his pupil A. Stoll and managed to emigrate to Switzerland, losing all but a meagre part of his belongings.

Willstätter was married to Sophie Leser, the daughter of a Heidelberg University professor. They had one son, Ludwig, and one daughter, Ida Margarete.

The old man passed the last three years of his life in Muroalto near Locarno writing his Biography (Aus meinem Leben, edited by A. Stoll, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1949; English edition From my Life, Benjamin, New York, 1965) until he died on 3rd August, 1942, of a heart attack.

In 1956 a memorial to Richard Willstätter was unveiled in Muroalto.

In an epilogue written by A. Stoll to Willstätter's Biography the list of honours and distinctions accorded to this great scholar in every part of the civilized world alone occupies no less than three pages.

From Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1966

About Richard Willstätter, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915 (עברית)

ריכרד מרטין וילשטֶטר (13 באוגוסט 1872 - 3 באוגוסט 1942) היה כימאי אורגני יהודי גרמני, חתן פרס נובל לכימיה לשנת 1915 "על עבודתו בנושא הפיגמנטים הצמחיים", ביניהם כלורופיל. וילשטטר גם המציא את הכרומטוגרפיה על נייר (אנ'), במקביל למיכאיל צבט.

קורות חיים

וילשטטר נולד בקארלסרוהה בבאדן, במשפחה יהודית. אביו היה סוחר בדים. תחילה התחנך שם, וכאשר משפחתו עברה, למד בבית הספר הטכני של נורמברג. בגיל 18 נרשם לאוניברסיטת מינכן ללימודי מדע, ושם נשאר במשך 15 השנים הבאות. הוא למד במחלקה לכימיה, תחילה כסטודנט של אדולף פון באייר, ולאחר קבלת תואר דוקטור, בשנת 1894, כחבר סגל. עבודת הדוקטורט שלו הייתה בנושא מבנה הקוקאין. וילשטטר המשיך בחקר המבנה של אלקלואידים אחרים, וסינתז כמה מהם. ב-1896 קיבל משרת מרצה, וב-1902 תפקיד פרופסור אקסטראורדינרוס (פרופסור ללא קתדרה).

ב-1905 עזב את מינכן והיה לפרופסור במכון הטכנולוגי של ציריך, שם עבד על הפיגמנט הצמחי כלורופיל, והצליח לקבוע את מבנהו. ב-1912 קיבל תפקיד פרופסור לכימיה באוניברסיטת ברלין, ומנהל מכון הקיסר וילהלם, שם חקר פיגמנטים של פרחים ופירות. תגליתו הראתה שכלורופיל מורכב מכלורופיל A ומכלורופיל B. בשנות מלחמת העולם הראשונה, עסק וילשטטר, בשיתוף פעולה ביחד עם חתני פרס נובל, פריץ הבר וג'יימס פרנק בלוחמה כימית. חלקו העיקרי היה בפיתוח מסכות יעילות אשר נועדו לכוחות הגרמניים. קבוצת המחקר שלו פיתחה מסנן בעל שלוש שכבות שסופג את הגזים הרעילים. 30 מיליון מסכות כאלה יוצרו בגרמניה ב-1917. על המצאה זו הוא קבל את פרס הכסף דרגה שנייה וילשטטר אף תיעד ביומנו את ניסוי השטח הראשון בו כיסו פריץ הבר ועוזריו ב 22 באפריל 1915 שטח של כחמישה קמ"ר בענני גז כלור, מעל החפירות הצרפתיות בסמוך לעיר איפּר. הכוחות הגרמניים, שלבשו את מסכות הגז, הצליחו להתקדם לתוך הענן ולהזיז את קו הגבול בכמה עשרות מטרים, תוך שהם חולפים על פני חיילים גוססים פצועים וחנוקים אשר קצף רירי צהוב בקע מפיותיהם.

ב-1916 חזר למינכן בתור ממשיכו של מורהו, באייר. במהלך שנות ה-20 חקר מנגנוני תגובה אנזימטיים, וסייע רבות לביסוס הטענה כי אנזימים הם חומרים כימיים, ולא יצורים חיים.

ב-1924 הגיעה הקריירה של וילשטטר ל"סוף טרגי, כאשר כמחווה נגד האנטישמיות הגוברת, הכריז על פרישתו. לפי הביוגרפיה שלו באתר קרן פרס נובל: "ביטויי אמון מצד הצוות, הסטודנטים והשר לא הצליחו לנער את המדען בן ה-53 מהחלטתו להתפטר. הוא חי מגמלת הפרישה שלו במינכן... הצעות מסחררות מבית ומחו"ל נדחו על ידו."

בשנת 1932 זכה במדליית דייווי, פרס בריטי יוקרתי. ב-1938 נמלט וילשטטר מאימת הגסטאפו והגיע לשווייץ. הוא בילה את שנותיו האחרונות במורואלטו ליד לוקרנו, בכתיבת האוטוביוגרפיה שלו ומת מהתקף לב ב-1942.

האוטוביוגרפיה, Aus meinem Leben, פורסמה בגרמנית רק ב-1949. היא תורגמה גם לאנגלית תחת השם "From My Life", בשנת 1965. (Richard Willstätter: Aus meinem Leben, edited by A. Stoll, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1949; English edition: From My Life, Benjamin, New York, 1965).

פרסים

  • פרס פאראדיי (1927)
  • מסדר ההצטיינות במדעים ואמנויות
  • פרס נובל לכימיה (1915)
  • פרס וילארד גיבס
  • מסדר מקסימיליאן הבווארי למדעים ואמנויות (1925)
  • מדליית הזהב ע״ש אדולף פון באייר (1914)
  • דוקטור לשם כבוד מאוניברסיטת מנצ'סטר
  • מדליית דייווי (1932)
  • דוקטור לשם כבוד מהמכון הטכנולוגי של ציריך
  • חבר זר של החברה המלכותית
  • דוקטור לשם כבוד מאוניברסיטת גתה בפרנקפורט

. https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%95...

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Richard Willstätter, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915's Timeline

1872
August 13, 1872
Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Deutschland (Germany)
1904
October 15, 1904
München
1906
April 9, 1906
Zürich, Zürich District, Zurich, Switzerland
1942
August 3, 1942
Age 69
Muralto, Ticino, Svizzera (Switzerland)
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