Arthur Howland, II

Arthur Howland, Jr. was born about 1642 in Marshfield, Plymouth Colony, where his parents lived on and owned the land of 50 acres and some meadow on 2 November 1640, and he was the only male child born to Arthur Howland, Sr and his wife, Margaret.[32]

In 1664, he was called “Arthur Howland, Jun:” as he became a freeman of the town of Marshfield.[8] This was the first record of his name.

Before he was married to Elizabeth Prence in 1667, he was called “Arthur Howland, Junir” on March 1666/67 according to the New Plymouth Colony records.[1] This was the second record of his name.

When his three children were born and were recorded in the vital records of Marshfield, he called himself Arthur Howland, Jr between 1668 and 1672.

His name, Arthur Howland, Jr. became Arthur Howland, Sr. shortly after his son, Arthur Howland was born about 1674 or 1675 in honor of his father's name, Arthur Howland, Sr. (1590-1675) because his father died in 1675.

That's why he called himself Arthur Howland, Sr. of Marshfield according to the deed record in 1709/10.

Marriage

Governor Prence's actions toward Quakers took an ironic twist that can be appreciated by parents today. In 1667 Arthur Howland Jr., an ardent Quaker, was brought before the court. Thomas Prince's daughter and Arthur Howland, Jr. fell in love. The relationship blossomed and matrimony seemed inevitable. However, it was illegal and punishable by court sanction for couples to marry without parental consent. Thomas Prence urged Elizabeth to break off the relationship, but to no avail. He then used powers available to him as Governor.

On 5 March 1666/67, Arthur Howland, Junior was called into court (overseen by Governor Prence) and was fined 5 shillings[1] “for inveigling of Mistris Elizabeth Prence and makeing motion of marriage to her, and procecuting the same contrary to her parrents likeing, and without theire consent, and directly contrary to theire mind and will, was centanced to pay a fine of fiue pounds and to find surties for his good behauior, and in speciall that hee desist from the vse of any meanes to obtaine or retaine her affections aforesaid.”[2] Along with that fine was one more order, “The condition, that wheras the said Arther Howland hath disorderly and vnrighteously indeauored to obtaine the affections of Mistris Elizabeth Prence against the mind and will of her parents, if, therefore, the said Arther Howland shall for the future refraine and desist from the vse of any meanes to obtaine or retaine her affections as aforesaid, and appeer att the Court of his matie to be holden att Plymouth the first Tusday in July next, and in the mean time be of good behauior towards our sou lord the King and all his leich people and not depart the said Court without lycence; that then, etc."[3] On 2 July 1667, Arthur paid a fine and "did sollemly and seriously engage before this Court, that hee will wholly desist and and will neuer apply himselfe for the future, as formerly he hath done, to Mistris Elizabeth Prence in reference vnto marriage".[4][5] On 9 December 1667, Arthur and Elizabeth were married in Marshfield, Plymouth County, Plymouth Colony.[6][7]

Thus a reluctant Thomas Prence acquired a Quaker son-in-law, Quaker grandchildren, and innumerable Quaker in-laws of Henry Howland.

Life

In 1664, Arthur Howland, Jr. became the freeman of the town of Marshfield, Plymouth Colony.[8]

In 1684, Arthur Howland was one of the townsmen of Marshfield.[9]

Arthur Howland wrote a letter which is in the Pembroke Monthly Meeting records, describing his trials and is referred to as, "The Suffering of Arthur Howland". This details all he went through during his life as a committed Quaker.[10] Despite everything, Arthur served on a jury in 1680 and 1682 and raised a family.[11]

The Suffering of Arthur Howland

When his father, died in 1675, the son, continued the resistance. We shall let Mr. Howland speak for himself, as he does so eloquently. This letter he entitled, "The Sufferings of Arthur Howland." It was written in the Plymouth jail. [Edited for length and some spelling and grammar.]:[12]

About the beginning of 1679, the so called church of Marshfield because of some scruples that were on my conscience I did refrain from partaking with them in that which they call their sacrament of bread and wine took occasion to be offended with me ...

First they required me to come to the church meeting which I did at that time although I told them that I could not partake with them without sinning against my conscience. They told me if I did not promise them to partake with them and to come to their meeting they should proceed to their sentence of excommunication against me…

[Samuel Arnold told him he must appear at Church to answer charges.] ... I [Howland] said I think I shall not come. [Arnold] said why? I said because if I should come it was like he would require me to pull off my hat and stand before the church and seeing I did not believe that they had no ground from the scriptures for what they did it would be no better to me than bowing to an idol...

[Samuel Arnold] called me by my name and as he said delivered me to Satan when he had done that he charged all his church members that they should not eat or drink with me in common eating or drinking, then charged the neighbors of the town that they not carry ... to me. And for a close he prayed to his god that the devil might be set to work on me.

When they had thus accomplished there matters with me they then began with my wife, she being unsatisfied with their proceeding with me... They did implicitly persuade her not to eat or drink with me. Samuel Arnold several times positively urged her...

She withdrew from them and told them if they would not or could not produce some clear scripture rule for what they had done to her husband she could not partake with them in that which she thought was such an unchristian act without sinning against her conscience...

Notwithstanding their discussions with us and refusing to eat and drink with us in the 3 months of 1682... Samuel Arnold aforesaid same to our house and took away our pewter, scarse leaving us a convenient dish or flagon to eat our vittles in.

Again in the year 1684 the 22nd day of the 3 [rd] month, the constable with John Bourne... came to our house and made demand of 15 shilling and 3 pence for the said Arnold’s rate for preaching the year that was past and because I refused to pay it he ceased on my person to carry me to prison and on the 4th day of the fourth month following I was by the constable without any hearing at all put up in the common jail and am not allowed neither bread nor water or any thing to lie on but the floor, not anything to cover me with nor liberty to go with the jailor to any other house to get anything for my money to sustained nature now so much as fine by their order.

This is a true account of their proceedings with us to which we have and set our hands. Plymouth Gaole, this 6 day of the 4th Month, 1684.[13]

Arthur Howland Elizabeth Howland

On the first Tuesday of June 1689, "Arthur Howland, Junir" received and admitted as a freeman in Marshfield at the General Court held at Plymouth.[14] He got his status back finally after all the suffering and troubles with the court in Plymouth since 1667.

On 20 August 1695, Arthur Howland and his wife, Elizabeth were witnesses for Rebecca Howland, a widow and Samuel Collins’ wedding at Friends meetinghouse in Pembroke, Plymouth County, Massachusetts Bay.[15] Rebecca Howland was a widow of her first husband, Joseph Howland, the son of Henry Howland, Jr.

Children

1. Mary Howland, b: 22 Feb 1668 Marshfield, Plymouth County, Plymouth Colony;[16] m: Henry Goddard, 12 Aug 1693 Jamestown, Rhode Island.
2. Ebenezer Howland, b: 17 Dec 1671 Marshfield, Plymouth County, Plymouth Colony.[17]
3. Thomas Howland, b: 26 Sep 1672 Marshfield, Plymouth County, Plymouth Colony;[18] m: Mary _____.[19]  [Proven] [Confirmed from Howland DNA project at Family TreeDNA.] His yDNA haplogroup is R-A9703 → R-FT62874.
4. Arthur Howland, b: circa 1674 (possibly Marshfield, Plymouth County, Plymouth Colony).[19]
5. Prince Howland, b: 24 Mar 1685 Marshfield, Plymouth County, Plymouth Colony;[20] m: Deborah Barker on 13 Feb 1707 in Duxbury, Plymouth County, Province of Massachusetts Bay.[21] His widow m2: Benjamin Keen.
6. Elizabeth Howland, m: Robert Saunders on "4th month, 6th day, 1701" in Jamestown, Rhode Island.[23]
7. Hannah Howland, m: John Smith.[24] The births of the first three children were preserved together on one page in the original record book in Marshfield, Plymouth County, Massachusetts Bay.[25] However, the last four children could have been recorded later together somewhere on some already worn pages of the original record book in Marshfield; unfortunately, the births of the last four children were not preserved due to worn pages because the Marshfield town records were in a very dilapidated condition at that time.[26]

Deed Records

Deed of Arthur Howland, Sr. of Marshfield to Prince Howland of Duxborough, 29 June 1708. Acknowledged 15 March 1709/10. Recorded 16 March 1709/10, Plymouth County, Massachusetts Bay.

To all people to whom & these psents shall come Arthur Howland senr. of Marshfeild in ye County of Plymouth in New England yeoman sendeth greeting &c Know ye yt wh as my honoured mother Margaret Howland late of Marshfeild aforesd deceased by her last Will & Testament in Writing did devised & bequeathed unto her three grand Children & my Sons Namely Ebenezer Thomas & Arthur all yt her land wt in ye old feild so called wt ye orchard lying before ye same wth sd Land is bounded querterly wt ye Land of John Walker Notherly & easterly by ye ruins of an old house & Southerly by ye South River as by ye sd Will or Record may appear & whereas I have Lately much as sd of my Son Arthur above sd all his part of ye above sd feild & orchard both whch he holdeth in ye Right of my sd mother wt whch right he hath or may have to ye sd feild & orchard in ye right of ye sd Ebenezer his brother deceased intestate wherefore now further Know ye yt I ye sd Arthur Howland senr for & in consideration of ye Sum of Ten pounds Currant Money of New England aforesd. to me in hand at ye time of ensealing & delivery of these psents by my wel beloved son Prince Howland Duxborough in ye Comply aforesd well & truly paid wt wth sd Sum I acknowledge my self to be fully contented paid & satisfied and ye of & of every part & parcel yt of do clearly acquit exonerate & discharge ye sd Prence Howland my Son his heirs exectr. & admtr. & every of ym forever by these psents Have given granted bargained sold enfeofed made over & confirmed & by these psents for me & my heirs do fully freely clearly & absolutely give grant bargain Sell enfeofe make over & confirm unto him ye sd Prince Howland his heirs & assigns for ever all yt my aforesd purchased part of ye sd feild & orchard lying & being in Marshfeild aforesd wt ye rights priviledges & appurtenances to ye sd granted premises belonging or any ways appertaining To have & to hold ye sd feild & orchard wt ye appurtenances unto him ye sd Prince Howland his heirs & assign for ever to him & his alone pp use & behoof for ever In Testimony wh of I ye above named Arthur Howland senr Have now unto set my hand & seal on ye 29th day of June In ye year of our Lord One thousand and Seven hundred & eight 1708.

Arthur Howland [seal]

Signed Sealed & In ye psence of
[The R B mark of] Rebecca Sawyer
Arthur Howland, junr.

Memorandum • That ye 15th day of March Anno Domini 1709-10 the abovenamed Arthur Howland acknowledged ye above written Instrument to be his Act & deed before me ye Subscribed one of her Majesties Justices of peace for ye County of Plymth Nathaniel Thomas

Enter March ye 16th 1709/10 and recorded p Thos. Little regr.[27]

Probate Records

Will of Arthur Howland, Sr. of Marshfield. Signed 15 March 1720/21. Proved 16 May 1728, Plymouth County, Massachusetts Bay.

In the name of God Amen. To all People Greeting Know yea that I Arthur Howland Senr of the town of Mashfeild in the County of Plymouth in the Province Bay in New England being weak of Body but of disposing mind & memory Praised by God for the same do make this my will in manner and form as ffolloweth first I Bequeath my soul to God that gave it and beleiveing in his mercy through the lord Jesus Christ for the salvation thereof and my body to the Earth to be desently buried by my Executor hereafter named as he shall see meet and as for such Estate as the lord hath sent me I dispose of as ffolloweth

Item - conferm to my son Thomas Howland what I have already given him by Deed as also a certain peeice of medow commonly called the little cove with all my other lands that are not already disposed by Deed he paying five pounds in money to my grand Daughter Marcy Howland and further I give unto my son Thomas Howland all my Estate that I do give by this my will

Item - I confirm to my son Arthur Howland what I have already given him by Deed he proforming the conditions thereof

Item - I confirm to the heires of my son Prince Howland late of Marshfield Deceased what I have given him in his lifetime by Deed they proforming the conditions thereof

Item - I give my Daughter Mary Goddard twenty pounds in mony to be paid to her or her children or the survivers of them by my son Arter Howland I also give her my biggest brass kittle

Item - I give to my Daughter Elizabeth Sanders five pounds in money to be paid to her by the successors of my son Prince Howland

Item - I give to my Daughter hannah Smith fifteen pounds in money to be paid to her by the successors of my son prince Howland Deceased and i doe ordain my well beloved son Thomas howland to be the whole and sole Executor of this my last will and testament I witness where of I have here unto let my hand and seal this ffiftenth day of March 1720-21

Arthur Howland

Signed sealed in the present of us Gedeon Thomas Nicholas Carr John Holmes[28]

Administration on Estate of Arthur Howland, Sr., late of Marshfield, 16 May 1728.

Isaac Winslow, Esqr. duely appointed and commissioned to be Judge of the Probate of Wills and for the granting of Administration in the county of Plimouth within the Province of the Massachusetts bay in Newengland: To all unto whome these presents shall come Greeting: Know yee that on this sixteenth day of May In the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and twenty eight: Before me at Marshfield in the County aforesd. The Will of Arthur Howland Senr Late of Marshfield aforesd in the County aforesd. deceased to these presents annexed [haveing?] bin proved was approved and allowed who haveing while he lived and at the time of his death Goods Chattles Rights and Credits in the County aforesd and the Probate of the sd Will and power of commiting of Adminestration of all and Singular the Goods Chattles Rights and Credits of the sd deceased and also the hearing examining and allowing the accompts of the same by vertue thereof appertaineing unto me: The Administration of all and Singular the Goods Chattles Rights and Credits of the sd deceased and his Wills in any maner Concerning is hereby Commited unto Thomas Howland one of the sons of the sd deceased and Sole Executor in the same Will named Well and faithfully to Execute the sd Will and Adminester the Estate of the sd deceased according thereunto and to make a tru and perfect Inventory of all and Singular the Goods Chattles Rights and Credits of the sd deceased and to exhibit the same into the Registry of the Court of Probate for the County aforesd at or before the tenth day of June next ensuring and also to render a plain and tru accompt of of his sd Administration upon oath: In Testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and the seal of sd Court of Probate: Dated at Marshfield aforesd the day and year first above written
Isaac Winslow[29]

Inventory for Estate of Arthur Howland, Sr., late of Marshfield, 31 December 1726. Acknowledged 4 April 1727. Recorded 4 April 1727, Plymouth County, Massachusetts Bay.

Desemb 31 : 1726

An Inventary taken of the State of mr Arthur Houland Desesed

For his aparil and mony ... £03.17.00
Item to bead and furniture ... £09.11.00
Item to books ... £00.02.00
Item to houselstuf ... £02.00.06
Item to iron Cuberd & bedsted ... £01.10.00
Item to pots frienpan tongs and Slice ... £01.02.00
Item to warming pan tancourd and Chairs and table ... £00.17.00

Israel Thomas
Nathaniel Winslow
Samuel Thomas

April the 4: 1727
The above named Israell Thomas Nathaniell Winslow and Samuell Thomas made oath that the above written is a just and equall aprisement of the Estate of mr Arthur Howland Late of Marshfield in the County of Plimoth according to the best of their Judgment
Before Isaac Winslow Judge of Probate

Aprill the 4: 1727
Thomas Howland Executor named in the last Will and Testament of his father mr Arthur Howland aforesd did solemly declare and affirm that the above wretten is a true and perfect Inventory of the Estate of his sd father as far as is come to his knowledg and if more hereafter appears he will also give it in.
Before Isaac Winslow Judge of Probate[30]

Death

After Arthur Howland gave his deposition about his sufferings in 1684 and sold his land to his son, Prence Howland in 1708, he finally made his will on 15 March 1720/21. He died sometime before his estate inventory took place on 31 December 1726;[30] however, unfortunately, the record of his death was not preserved due to worn pages in the records of Marshfield.

However, the source for the death date on 15 December 1726 could not be found. It will be searched to find the source.

Arthur and Elizabeth Howland lived near the present fairgrounds and their family cemetery, though almost entirely vandalized at this time, lies alongside the outside of the fairgrounds fence [in Marshfield, Massachusetts].[31]

Sources

1. Shurtleff, Nathaniel B., ed. "Treasury Accounts", Records of the Colony of New Plymouth in New England: Printed by Order of the Legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts: Miscellaneous Records 1633-1689 v8; New York: AMS, 1968, p. 119; on Internet Archive; Boston Public Library 28 Apr 2008; web 02 July 2016.

2. Shurtleff, Nathaniel B., ed. "Plymouth Court Orders 1661-1668", Records of the Colony of New Plymouth in New England: Printed by Order of the Legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts: Miscellaneous Records. 1633-1689 v4; New York: AMS, 1968, p. 140; on Internet Archive; Boston Public Library 28 Apr 2008; web 02 July 2016.

3. Shurtleff, Nathaniel B., ed. "Plymouth Court Orders 1661-1668", Records of the Colony of New Plymouth in New England: Printed by Order of the Legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts: Miscellaneous Records 1633-1689 v4; New York: AMS, 1968, p. 141-142; on Internet Archive; Boston Public Library 28 Apr 2008; web 02 July 2016.

4. Shurtleff, Nathaniel B., ed. "Plymouth Court Orders 1661-1668", Records of the Colony of New Plymouth in New England: Printed by Order of the Legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts: Miscellaneous Records 1633-1689 v4; New York: AMS, 1968, p. 158-159; on Internet Archive; Boston Public Library 28 Apr 2008; web 02 July 2016.

5. Howland, Franklyn. "Section Second, Arthur Howland and His Descendants", A Brief Genealogical and Biographical History of Arthur, Henry, and John Howland and Their Descendants, of the United States and Canada: Together with an Account of the Efforts Made in England to Learn of Their English Ancestry, Etc, New Bedford, MA: Howland, 1885, p. 39; on Internet Archive; Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center 29 June 2009; web 02 July 2016.

6. New England Historic Genealogical Society. "Marriages from the Early Records of Marshfield, Mass.", The New England Historical and Genealogical Register v6 #4; Boston: Thomas Prince, 1852, p. 348; on Google Books; web 02 July 2016.

7. Bowman, George Ernest, ed. "A Receipt of Heirs of Gov. Thomas Prence", The Mayflower Descendant: A Magazine of Pilgrim Genealogy and History v33 July 1935 #3; Boston: Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants, reprint 1997, p. 98; on Google Books; web 02 July 2016.

8. Massachusetts, Town and Vital Records, 1620-1988 on Ancestry.com [database on-line] 2011; Original data: Town and City Clerks of Massachusetts; Massachusetts Vital and Town Records; "Marshfield Town Records", p. 215; Provo, UT: Holbrook Research Institute (Jay and Delene Holbrook).

9. ↑ Town and City Clerks of Massachusetts. Massachusetts Vital and Town Records. Provo, UT: Holbrook Research Institute (Jay and Delene Holbrook); "Town Records of Marshfield," p. 216. Ancestry.com. Massachusetts, Town and Vital Records, 1620-1988 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.

10. Howland, Franklyn. "Section Second. Arthur Howland and His Descendants." A Brief Genealogical and Biographical History of Arthur, Henry, and John Howland and Their Descendants, of the United States and Canada: Together with an Account of the Efforts Made in England to Learn of Their English Ancestry, Etc. New Bedford, Mass.: Howland, 1885, p. 40; on Internet Archive; Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center 29 June 2009; web 02 July 2016.

11. Shurtleff, Nathaniel B., ed. "Plymouth Records", Records of the Colony of New Plymouth in New England: Printed by Order of the Legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts: Plymouth Court Orders. 1678-1691 v6; New York: AMS, 1968, p. 99, 233, 255; on Internet Archive; Boston Public Library 28 Apr. 2008; web 02 July 2016.

12. Ashley, Linda R. In the Pilgrim Way: The First Congregational Church, Marshfield, Massachusetts 1640-2000; Marshfield, Mass: L.R. Ashley 2001, p. 19-20.

13. This would be June 1684, as the year began in March.

14.Shurtleff, Nathaniel B., ed. "Treasury Accounts", Records of the Colony of New Plymouth in New England: Printed by Order of the Legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts: Miscellaneous Records 1633-1689 v8 New York: AMS, 1968, p. 207; on Internet Archive; Boston Public Library 28 Apr 2008; web 02 July 2016.

15. Ancestry.com. Massachusetts, Town and Vital Records, 1620-1988 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011. Original data: Town and City Clerks of Massachusetts. Massachusetts Vital and Town Records. “Records of Slaves Granted Freedom, with Births, Marriages, and Deaths,” p. 60. Provo, UT: Holbrook Research Institute (Jay and Delene Holbrook).

16. Massachusetts, Town Clerk, Vital and Town Records 1626-2001 on FamilySearch database with images; Plymouth County, Marshfield, Births, Marriages, Deaths, Town Records 1645-1733; image#125 of 147; Marshfield town clerk office, Massachusetts; Text: "Mary ye daughter of Arthur Howland Junior: was Borne the 22 of february 1668".

17. Massachusetts, Town Clerk, Vital and Town Records 1626-2001 on FamilySearch database with images; Plymouth County, Marshfield, Births, Marriages, Deaths, Town Records 1645-1733; image#125 of 147; Marshfield town clerk office, Massachusetts. Text: "Ebenezer the sonne of Arthur Howland Junr: was Borne the 17 of December 1671".

18. Massachusetts, Town Clerk, Vital and Town Records 1626-2001 on FamilySearch database with images; Plymouth County, Marshfield, Births, Marriages, Deaths, Town Records 1645-1733; image#125 of 147; Marshfield town clerk office, Massachusetts. Text: "Thomas the sonne of Arthur Howland, Junr: was borne the 26 of September 1672".

19. Howland, F., p. 42.

20. "Colonial Families of the USA, 1607-1775" on Ancestry.com [database on-line] 2016. This collection was indexed by Ancestry World Archives Project contributors. Original data: Mackenzie, George Norbury and Nelson Osgood Rhoades, editors; Colonial Families of the United States of America: in Which is Given the History, Genealogy and Armorial Bearings of Colonial Families Who Settled in the American Colonies From the Time of the Settlement of Jamestown, 13th May, 1607, to the Battle of Lexington, 19th April, 1775; v5 p. 306; reprinted, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co. Inc. 1966, 1995.

21. Massachusetts: Vital Records 1621-1850 on AmericanAncestors.org online database by New England Historic Genealogical Society 2001-2016; Text: "Prince and Deborah Barker, Feb. 13, 1706-7, in Scituate. Intention not recorded. [Houlan of Marshfield, carpenter, s. Arthur of Marshfield and Deborah Barker, d. Robert, in Duxborough, C.R.4.]"

22. Massachusetts: Vital Records 1621-1850, on AmericanAncestors.org online database by New England Historic Genealogical Society 2001-2016; Text: "Houland, (see Howland), Prence of Duxborow, and Deborah Barker, Feb. 13, 1706-7. Intention not recorded."

23. Arnold, James N. Vital Record of Rhode Island: 1636-1850: First Series: Births, Marriages, and Deaths: a Family Register for the People v4 p10; "Jamestown." Providence, RI: Narragansett Historical Pub. Co.

24. Farnham, Charles William. "John Smith, the Miller, or Providence, Rhode Island, Some of His Descendants", Rhode Island History v21 #1 Jan 1962 p. 17.

25. Massachusetts, Town Clerk, Vital and Town Records 1626-2001 on FamilySearch database with images; Plymouth County, Marshfield, Births, Marriages, Deaths, Town Records 1645-1733, image#125 of 147; Marshfield town clerk office, Massachusetts.

26. Sherman, Robert M., and Ruth Wider Sherman. Vital Records of Marshfield, Massachusetts to the Year 1850. Wakefield, Rhode Island: Society of Mayflower Descendants 1969.

27. Massachusetts Land Records 1620-1986 on FamilySearch images; Plymouth County, Deeds Records, 1710-1711 v8 p44, image 392 of 504; Plymouth County courthouse and clerk office, Massachusetts.

28. Plymouth County, MA: Probate File Papers 1686-1881 on AmericanAncestors.org online database by New England Historic Genealogical Society 2015 (from records supplied by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Archives).

29. Massachusetts, Wills and Probate Records 1635-1991 on Ancestry.com [database on-line] 2015; original data: Massachusetts County, District and Probate Courts, Probate File Papers"; box#107193; case#10901.

30. Massachusetts, Wills and Probate Records 1635-1991 on Ancestry.com [database on-line] 2015; original data: Massachusetts County, District and Probate Courts; Probate File Papers; box#107193; case#10901.

31. Ashley, Linda R. In the Pilgrim Way: The First Congregational Church, Marshfield, Massachusetts 1640-2000. Marshfield, Mass: L. R. Ashley 2001 p. 20.

32. Johnson, Caleb H., Henry Howland of Fenstanton, Huntingdonshire: Father of Mayflower Passenger John Howland on PilgrimJohnHowlandSociety.org, 2016, p. 5.