Charles Emmanuel II, duke of Savoy

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_II,_Duke_of_Savoy

Charles Emmanuel II (Italian: Carlo Emanuele II di Savoia); 20 June 1634 – 12 June 1675) was the Duke of Savoy from 1638 to 1675[1] and under regency of his mother Christine of France until 1648.[2] He was also Marquis of Saluzzo, Count of Aosta, Geneva, Moriana and Nice, as well as claimant king of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia. At his death in 1675 his second wife Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours acted as Regent for their nine-year-old son.

Biography

He was born in Turin to Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy, and Christine of France.[1] His maternal grandparents were Henry IV of France and his second wife Marie de' Medici. In 1638 at the death of his older brother Francis Hyacinth, Duke of Savoy, Charles Emmanuel succeeded to the duchy of Savoy at the age of 4. His mother governed in his place, and even after reaching adulthood in 1648, he invited her to continue to rule.[2] Charles Emmanuel continued a life of pleasure, far away from the affairs of state.

He became notorious for his persecution of the Vaudois (Waldensians) culminating in the massacre of 1655, known as Piedmontese Easter. The massacre was so brutal that it prompted the English poet John Milton to write the sonnet On the Late Massacre in Piedmont. Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector, called for a general fast in England and proposed to send the British Navy if the massacre was not stopped while gathering funds for helping the Waldensians. Sir Samuel Morland was commissioned with that task. He later wrote The History of the Evangelical Churches of the Valleys of Piemont (1658). The 1655 massacre was only the beginning of a series of conflicts, the Savoyard–Waldensian wars (1655–1690), that saw Waldensian rebels use guerrilla warfare tactics against ducal military campaigns to enforce Roman Catholicism upon the entire population.

Only after the death of his mother in 1663, did he really assume power. He was not successful in gaining a passage to the sea at the expense of Genoa (Second Genoese–Savoyard War, 1672–1673),[3] and had difficulties in retaining the influence of his powerful neighbour France.

But he greatly improved commerce and wealth in the Duchy[citation needed], developing the port of Nice and building a road through the Alps towards France. He also reformed the army, which until then was mostly composed of mercenaries: he formed instead five Piedmontese regiments and recreated cavalry, as well as introducing uniforms. He also restored fortifications. He constructed many beautiful buildings in Turin[citation needed], for instance the Palazzo Reale.

He died on 12 June 1675, leaving his second wife as regent for his son.[4] He is buried at Turin Cathedral.

Marriages and issue {wiki ITA better}

Charles Emmanuel first met Marie Jeanne of Savoy in 1659 and fell in love with her. However, his mother disagreed with the pairing, and encouraged him to marry Françoise Madeleine d'Orléans, daughter of his maternal uncle Gaston, Duke of Orléans, the younger brother of his mother Christine Marie. They were married 3 April 1663.[5] The couple had no issue. His mother died at the end of 1663, and his first wife died at the start of 1664. This left him free to get married on 20 May 1665 to Marie Jeanne of Savoy.[6] They had one son:

• Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia, future King of Sicily and later Sardinia;[3] married Anne Marie d'Orléans and had issue; had illegitimate issue also; married Anna Teresa Canalis di Cumania in a morganatic marriage

Charles Emmanuel II also recognized five of his illegitimate children by three different mistresses.[7]

-https://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SAVOY.htm#VictorAmedeeIdied1637B

4. CHARLES EMMANUEL de Savoie (Turin 20 Jun 1634-Turin 12 Jun 1675). He succeeded his brother in 1638 as CHARLES EMMANUEL II Duke of Savoy, minor until 1648. Duke of Geneva, Baron de Faucigny et de Beaufort, Duc de Nemours 1665.

m firstly (by proxy Palais du Louvre, Paris 4 Mar 1663, in person Annecy 3 Apr 1663) FRANÇOISE MADELEINE d'Orléans Mademoiselle de Valois, daughter of GASTON de France Duc d'Orléans & his second wife Marguerite de Lorraine (Saint-Germain-en-Laye 13 Oct 1648-Turin 14 Jan 1664, bur Turin cathedral). She was later known as "la Colombina d'Amore".

m secondly (Turin 10 May 1665) as her second husband, MARIE JEANNE BAPTISTE de Savoie-Nemours, divorced wife of CHARLES LEOPOLD de Lorraine [later CHARLES V Duke of Lorraine], daughter of CHARLES AMEDEE de Savoie Duc de Nemours et d'Aumâle & his wife Elisabeth de Vendôme (Paris 11 Apr 1644-Turin 15 Mar 1724). Regent of Savoy 1675-1680.

Mistress (1): JEANNE MARIE de Trecesson, daughter of PAUL Comte de Trecasson & his wife Jeanne de Brue de la Rabalière. She was created Marchesa di Cavour.
Mistress (2): ---. The identity of Charles Emmanuel’s second mistress has not been ascertained.
Mistress (3): PIATTA ---, daughter of ---.

Charles Emmanuel II & his second wife had one child: 

• a) VICTOR AMEDEE FRANÇOIS (Turin 14 May 1666-Moncalieri 31 Oct 1732, bur Superga). He succeeded his father in 1675 as VICTOR AMEDEE II Duke of Savoy, minor until 1680. He was proclaimed King of Sicily 22 Sep 1713. He exchanged Sicily for Sardinia, and was proclaimed VITTORIO AMEDEO II King of Sardinia 2 Aug 1718. - KINGS OF SARDINIA.

 Charles Emmanuel II had three illegitimate children by Mistress (1):   

• b) CRISTINA IPPOLITA (-1730). m (1686) CARLO Besso Ferrero-Fieschi Principe di Masserano, son of --- (-8 Jan 1730).
• c) LUISA ADELAIDA (13 Oct 1662-9 Apr 1701). Nun at Aosta. She died of tuberculosis.
• d) GIUSEPPE de Trecesson (Turin 12 Jan 1664-1735/6). Abbot of Six and Lucedio.

*** Charles Emmanuel II had one illegitimate child by Mistress (2):  ***

• e) CARLO FRANCESCO AGOSTINO delle Lanze di Sali e di Vinovo (before 6 Jul 1677-Bologna 18 May 1749). Conte di Lanzo. m (1691) BARBARA di Piosacco, daughter of GIUSEPPE Conte di Piosacco & his wife --- (1675-5 Feb 1721). Carlo Francesco Agostino & his wife had two children:
  • i) GABRIELLA delle Lanze (-1726). m (1716) --- Conte Imperiale Saluzzo di Verzuolo, son of --- (1687-1758).
  • ii) VITTORIO AMEDEO delle Lanze (Turin 1 Sep 1712-Abbey San Benigno di Fruttuaria Jan 1784). Cardinal.
• f) CARLO (-after 1740). Governor of Sassari. di Sales.

  ---

 *** relations locked need a (C) to add

-https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Emanuele_II_di_Savoia#Matrimoni...