Chen Hongmou 陳宏謀

Ch'ên Hung-mou 陳宏謀 (T. 汝咨 H. 榕門), Oct. 10, 1696-1771, July 14, official and educator, was a native of Lin-kuei, Kwangsi, where his family migrated from Ch'ên-chou, Hunan, at the end of the Ming period. He became a hsiu-ts'ai at twenty sui, and five years later enrolled in the Hua-chang Academy 華常書院. He was interested in Sung philosophy, and as a student of public affairs was an ardent reader of the Peking Gazette 京报. In 1723 he passed first in the provincial examination. The same year he became a chin-shih, and a bachelor in the Hanlin Academy with appointment as corrector in 1724. In 1726 he became a department director in the Board of Civil Office. Three years later, having been given the concurrent position of a censor, he was appointed prefect of Yangchow, and thus started a long career of service in the provinces. When, in 1731, his father died, such was his usefulness that he was ordered to remain in office during the period of mourning. The same year he was promoted to the rank of intendant of couriers and of salt in Kiangsu and Anhwei. When his mother died, in 1732, he was again ordered to remain in office. Finally he succeeded in obtaining leave to return to his home in Kwangsi to bury his parents. In 1733 he was made financial commissioner of Yunnan, a post he held for four years.

In a memorial of 1737 he begged that the taxes on newly cultivated land in his native province be abolished. This met with disfavor and he was lowered three grades in official rank. In 1738, however, he was appointed river intendant of Tientsin and Ho-chien prefectures. During two years he widened river-ways, built roads, and engaged in philanthropic enterprises. In 1740 he was promoted to the position of provincial judge of Kiangsu. Thereafter, until 1758, he served as governor of the following provinces: Kiangsi 1741-43; Shênsi 1743-46; Hupei 1746-48; Shênsi 1748-51; Honan 1751-52; Fukien 1752-54; Shênsi 175455; Hunan 1755-56; Shênsi 1756-57; Kiangsu 1757-58. Early in 1758 he was made governor-general of Kwangtung and Kwangsi, an extraordinary appointment because, as a native of Kwangsi, he was not, according to the law of the time, eligible to a position in his native province above the rank of director of schools. After a few months in Kwangtung he was again made governor of Kiangsu. In 1762 he was transferred to Hunan. The following year he returned to the capital as president of the Board of Civil Office. In 1764 he became an assistant Grand Secretary; in 1767 a Grand Secretary. In 1769 he was attacked by illness. Two years later he retired, was granted the honorary title of Grand Tutor of the Heir Apparent, and was presented with a hat and robe by the emperor. The same year, while travelling south on the Grand Canal, he died at Han-chuang, Shantung. By imperial decree his name was celebrated in the Temple of Eminent Statesmen, and he was canonized as Wên-kung 文恭.

He distinguished himself as a local official, and later he and Yin-chi-shan [q.v.] were regarded as the ablest governors of their day. Ch'ên's work in public education is noteworthy. He established more than six hundred and fifty free schools while in Yunnan, and paid particular attention to the education of the Miao tribes in that province. The Miao were also a problem in his native province. He contributed funds for the printing of elementary text-books and distributed them among these schools. Because of his efforts in behalf of the Miao and of barbarian peoples on the borders, many individuals of these groups became able to read and even to take literary degrees.

Ch'ên compiled five treatises on moral and educational subjects, under the collective title 五種遺規 Wu-chung i-kuei. They are: the Hsün-su (訓俗) i-kuei, 4 chüan, about community life; the Yang-chêng (養正) i-kuei, 3 chüan, about the education of youth; the Chiao-nü (教女) i-kuei, 3 chüan, about rules for the education of women; and the Ts'ung-chêng (從政) i-kuei, 2 chüan; and 在官法戒錄 Tsai-kuan fa-chieh lu, 4 chüan, about morals in official life. The dates of the prefaces range from 1739 to 1743. The works themselves are collections of abstracts or quotations from different works by scholars and sages of former days. The comments of Ch'ên Hung-mou about some of these passages are translated by Evan Morgan (see bibliography). While in Hunan Ch'ên sponsored the compilation of the Hunan t'ung-chih, 174 chüan, published in 1757. His collected works, in 61 chüan, were printed under the title 培遠堂偶存稿 P'ei-yüan t'ang ou-ts'un kao. In Wylie's Notes on Chinese Literature (p. 223), reference is made to an edition by Ch'ên of a collection of legends of Taoist and a few Buddhist saints.

A great-great-grandson of Ch'ên Hung-mou, named Ch'ên Chi-ch'ang 陳繼昌 (T. 哲臣 H. 蓮史), attained the highest examination honors known as san-yüan, in 1820 (see under Ch'ien Ch'i).

[1/313/8b; 2/18/37b; 3/20/la; Morgan, Evan, A Guide to Wenli Styles and Chinese , pp. 150, 164, 168, 194 ff.; Ch'ên Chung-k'o, 陳鐘珂, Hsien Wên-kung kung nien-p'u; Kwangsi t'ung-chih 260/14b; Lin-kuei hsien-chih 29/10a.]

RUFUS O. SUTER

《清史稿》卷307

陳宏謀，字汝咨，廣西臨桂人。為諸生，即留心時事，聞有邸報至，必借觀之。自題座右，謂「必為世上不可少之人，為世人不能作之事。」雍正元年恩科，世所謂春鄉秋會。宏謀舉鄉試第一，成進士，改庶吉士，授檢討。四年，授吏部郎中。七年，考選浙江道御史，仍兼郎中。監生舊有考職，多以人代。世宗知其弊，令自首，而州縣吏藉察訪為民擾。宏謀疏請禁將來，寬既往。召見，徵詰再三，申論甚晰，乃允其奏，以是知其能。授揚州知府，仍帶御史銜，得便宜奏事。丁父憂，上官留之，辭，不許。遷江南驛鹽道，仍帶御史銜，攝安徽布政使。又丁母憂，命留任，因乞假歸葬。

十一年，擢雲南布政使。初，廣西巡撫金鉷奏令廢員墾田報部，以額稅抵銀得復官，報墾三十餘萬畝。宏謀奏言：「此曹急於復官，止就各州縣求有餘熟田，量給工本，即作新墾。田不增而賦日重，民甚病之，請罷前例。」上命雲南廣西總督尹繼善察實，尹繼善請將虛墾地畝冒領工本覈實追繳。乾隆元年，部議再敕兩廣總督鄂彌達會鉷詳勘。宏謀劾鉷欺公累民，開捐報墾不下二十餘萬畝，實未墾成一畝，請盡數豁除。時鉷內遷刑部侍郎，具疏辨。上命鄂彌達會巡撫楊超曾確勘。二年，宏謀復密疏極論其事。高宗責「宏謀不待議覆，又為是瀆奏。粵人屢陳粵事，恐啟鄉紳挾持朝議之漸」。交部議，降調。尋鄂彌達等會奏，報墾田畝多不實，請分別減豁。鉷以下降黜有差。

三年，授宏謀直隸天津道。五年，遷江蘇按察使。六年，遷江寧布政使，甫到官，擢甘肅巡撫，未行，調江西。九年，調陝西。十一年，復調回江西。尋又調湖北。十二年，川陝總督慶復劾宏謀在陝西愛憎任情，好自作聰明，不持政體。部議奪官，上命留任。未幾，復調陝西。上諭曰：「此汝駕輕就熟之地，當秉公持重，毋立異，毋沽名。能去此結習，尚可造就也。」署陝甘總督。十五年，加兵部侍郎。其冬，河決陽武。調河南巡撫。十七年，調福建。十九年，復調陝西。二十年，調甘肅。再調湖南，疏劾布政使楊灝侵扣穀價。上嘉其不瞻徇，論灝罪如律。二十一年，又調陝西。

二十二年，調江蘇。入覲，上詢及各省水災，奏言皆因上游為眾水所匯，而下游無所歸宿，當通局籌辦。上以所言中肯綮，命自河南赴江蘇循途察勘。十二月，遷兩廣總督，諭曰：「宏謀籍廣西，但久任封疆，朕所深信。且總督節制兩省，專駐廣東，不必迴避。」二十三年，命以總督銜仍管江蘇巡撫，加太子少傅。二十四年，坐督兩廣時請增撥鹽商帑本，上責「宏謀巿恩沽名，痼習未改」。下部議奪官，命仍留任。又以督屬捕蝗不力，奪總督銜，仍留巡撫任。二十六年，又以失察滸墅關侵漁舞弊，議罷任，詔原之，諭責「宏謀模棱之習，一成不變」。調撫湖南。二十八年，遷兵部尚書，署湖廣總督，仍兼巡撫。召入京，授吏部尚書，加太子太保。

宏謀外任三十餘年，歷行省十有二，歷任二十有一。蒞官無久暫，必究人心風俗之得失，及民間利病當興革者，分條鉤考，次第舉行。諸州縣村莊河道，繪圖懸於壁，環復審視，興作皆就理。察吏甚嚴，然所劾必擇其尤不肖者一二人，使足怵眾而止。學以不欺為本，與人言政，輒引之於學，謂：「仕即學也，盡吾心焉而已。」故所施各當，人咸安之。 在揚州值水災，奏請遣送飢民回籍，官給口糧，得補入賑冊，報可。鹽政令淮商於稅額外歲輸銀助國用，自雍正元年始，積數千萬，率以空數報部。及部檄移取，始追徵，實陰虧正課，宏謀奏停之。

在雲南，方用兵倮夷，運糧苦道遠，改轉搬遞運，民便之。增銅廠工本，聽民得鬻餘銅，民爭趨之。更鑿新礦，銅日盛，遂罷購洋銅。立義學七百餘所，令苗民得就學，教之書。刻孝經、小學及所輯綱鑑、大學衍義，分布各屬。其後邊人及苗民多能讀書取科第，宏謀之教也。

在天津，屢乘小舟咨訪水利，得放淤法，水漲挾沙行，導之從隄左入、隄右出。如是者數四，沙沉土高，滄、景諸州悉成沃壤。按察江蘇，設弭盜之法，重誣良之令，嚴禁淹親柩及火葬者。

在江西，歲饑，告糴於湖廣。發帑繕城垣，築堰埭，修圩隄閘壩，以工代賑。南昌城南羅絲港為贛水所趨，善衝突，建石隄捍之。左蠡朱磯當眾水之衝，亦築隄百丈，水患以平。又以錢貴，奏請俟雲南銅解京過九江，留五十五萬五千斤，開爐鼓鑄；並以舊設爐六，請增爐四：詔並許之。又以倉儲多虧缺，請令民捐監，於本省收穀，以一年為限。限滿，上命再收一年。又以民俗尚氣好訐訟，請令各道按行所屬州縣，察有司，自理詞訟，毋使延閣滋累。上命實力督率，毋徒為具文。

在陝西，募江、浙善育蠶者導民蠶，久之利漸著。高原恆苦旱，勸民種山薯及雜樹，鑿井二萬八千有奇，造水車，教民用以灌溉。陝西無水道，惟商州龍駒寨通漢江，灘險僅行小舟。宏謀令疏鑿，行旅便之。又以陝西各屬常平倉多空廒，亦令以捐監納穀。並請開爐鑄錢，如江西例。戶部撥運洋銅，鑄罄，採雲南銅應用，錢價以平。請修文、武、成、康四王及周公、太公陵墓，即以陵墓外餘地召租得息，歲葺治。皆下部議行。

在河南，請修太行隄。又以歸德地窪下，議疏商丘豐樂河、古宋河，夏邑響河，永城巴溝河，民力不勝，請發帑濬治。 既至福建，歲歉米貴，內地仰食臺灣，而商舶載米有定額，奏弛其禁以便民。又疏言福建民囂競多訟，立限月為稽覈，以已未結案件多寡，課州縣吏勤惰。又言福建地狹民稠，多出海為商，年久例不准回籍。請令察實內地良民或已死而妻妾子女願還里者，不論年例，許其回籍，從之。

在湖南，禁洞庭濱湖民壅水為田，以寬湖流，使水不為患，歲大熟。江南災，奏運倉穀二十萬石濟之，仍買民穀還倉。 再至陝西，聞甘肅軍需缺錢，撥局錢二百萬貫濟餉，上嘉其得大臣任事體。疏請興關外水利，濬赤金、靖逆、柳溝、安西、沙州諸地泉源，上命後政議行。又以準噶爾既內附，請定互巿地，以茶易馬充軍用，詔從之。

其治南河，大要因其故道，開通淤淺，俾暢流入海。督民治溝洫，引水由支達幹，時其蓄洩。徐、海諸州多棄地，遇雨輒淫溢，課民開溝，即以土築圩，多設涵洞為旱潦備；低地則令種蘆葦，薄其賦。其在江蘇，尤專意水利，疏丁家溝，展金灣壩，濬徐六涇白茆口，洩太湖水，築崇明土塘禦海潮，開各屬城河。又疏言：「蘇州向設普濟、育嬰、廣仁、錫類諸堂，收養煢獨老病，並及棄嬰。請將通州、崇明濱海淤灘，除附近民業著聽升科，餘撥入堂。又通州、崇明界新漲玉心洲，兩地民互爭，請併撥入，以息爭競。」上諭曰：「不但一舉而數善備，汝亦因此得名也。」

及督湖廣，疏言：「洞庭湖濱居民多築圍墾田，與水爭地，請多掘水口，使私圍盡成廢壤，自不敢再築。」上諭曰：「宏謀此舉，不為煦嫗小惠，得封疆之體。」

逮入長吏部，疏言：「文武官弁，均有捕盜之責。乃州縣捕役，平時豢盜，營兵捕得，就讞時任其狡展，或且為之開脫。嗣後應令原獲營員會訊。」上嘉其所見切中事理。又疏言：「河工辦料，應令管河各道親驗加結。失事例應文武分償，而參游例不及，應酌改畫一。」下河督議行。又言：「匿名揭帖，循例當抵罪，所告款內有無虛實，仍應按治。則宵小不得逞奸，有司亦知所警。」上亦韙之。

二十九年，命協辦大學士。三十二年，授東閣大學士，兼工部尚書。三十四年，以病請告，迭諭慰留。三十六年春，病甚，允致仕，加太子太傅，食俸如故。賜御用冠服，命其孫刑部主事蘭森侍歸。詔所經處有司在二十里內料理護行。上東巡，覲天津行在，賜詩寵其行。六月，行至兗州韓莊，卒於舟次，年七十六。命祀賢良祠，賜祭葬，諡文恭。 宏謀早歲刻苦自勵，治宋五子之學，宗薛瑄、高攀龍，內行修飭。及入仕，本所學以為設施。蒞政必計久遠，規模宏大，措置審詳。嘗言：「是非度之於己，毀譽聽之於人，得失安之於數。」輯古今嘉言懿行，為五種遺規，尚名教，厚風俗，親切而詳備。奏疏文檄，亦多為世所誦。曾孫繼昌，字蓮史。嘉慶二十四年鄉試，二十五年會試、廷試，俱第一，授修撰。歷官至江西布政使。