Chen Shouqi 陳壽祺

Ch'ên Shou-ch'i 陳壽祺 (T. 恭甫 H. 梅修, 左海, 隱屏山人), Apr. 1, 1771-1834, Mar. 29, scholar, was a native of Foochow, Fukien. His grandfather, Ch'ên Ch'i-lung 陳起龍 (T. 武桓, 1725-1804), was a scholar. His father, Ch'ên Ho-shu 陳鶴書 (T. 錫三, 1746-1810), was a teacher in many academies of Fukien province. At the age of fifteen (sui) Ch'ên Shou-ch'i studied the classics under Meng Ch'ao-jan [q.v.] who admired him and praised him as a future scholar. Taking his chin-shih degree in 1799, Ch'ên entered the Hanlin Academy as a bachelor and later was made a compiler. He became an intimate friend of Chang Hui-yen, Wang Yin-chih [qq.v.], Wu Tzŭ (see under Wu Hsi-ch'i), Pao Kuei-hsing 鮑桂星 (T. 雙五, 覺生 1764-1825), and other eminent contemporaries. When in 1801 he returned to Foochow to visit his parents he was invited by Juan Yüan [q.v.], governor-general of Chekiang province, to teach in the Fu-wên Academy (see under Ch'i Shao-nan) and the Ku-ching Ching-she (see under Juan Yüan) in Hangchow. There he helped Juan compile a coastal gazetteer of the Hai-ning district, entitled 海塘志 Hai-t'ang chih, and a thesaurus of classical phrases, entitled 經郛 Ching fu, which was never completed. In the winter of 1803 he went to Peking and in the following year served as assistant provincial examiner for Kwangtung, and for Honan (1807). In 1810 at the age of forty (sui) he retired, owing to his father's death, and refused thereafter to resume his official career. For ten years he lived the life of a teacher in the Ch'ing-yūan Academy 清源書院 at Ch'uan-chou. He purchased land to support the Academy, and established regulations that encouraged hard study. His mother died in 1822. In the following year and for eleven years thereafter he was a teacher in the Ao-fêng Academy 鼇峰書院 at Foochow. At the same time he sponsored many types of social relief such as the establishment of soup-kitchens for the poor and and an asylum for widows. He also repaired the Temple of Confucius and the examination halls. In 1824 he recommended that the tablet of Huang Tao-chou [q.v.] be entered in the Temple of Confucius and in the following year his request was granted. He also published, about the year 1830, the complete works of Huang Tao-chou, entitled Huang Chung-tuan kung ch'üan-chi (see under Huang Tao-chou), in 50 chüan, with a nien-p'u of Huang compiled by himself. He was chief editor of the general gazetter of Fukien, 福建通志 Fukien t'ung-chih, which was published in 1868 in 278 chüan with supplements, and died shortly after the work was completed. His library of more than 80,000 chüan he left to his son, Ch'ên Ch'iao-ts'ung 陳喬樅 (T. 樹滋, 樸園, 1809-1869), who edited many of his father's writings. Ch'ên Ch'iao-ts'ung took his chü-jen degree in 1825 at the age of seventeen (sui), but failed to qualify for a higher degree. During the years 1844-69 he was magistrate of various districts and prefectures in Kiangsi and died at Fu-chou (撫州), his last official post in that province.

During his sojourn in Peking Ch'ên Shou-ch'i developed an interest in one of the purposes of the School of Han Learning (see under Ku Yen-wu), namely, the restoration of ancient texts to the condition they were in before their alleged corruption by the Han scholars. Preliminary to this task, he produced the 尚書大傳定本 Shang-shu ta-chuan ting-pên, in 5 chüan, in which he attempted to reconstruct the Shangshu ta-chuan, a work of the first century B.C. which had been annotated by Chêng Hsüan (see under Chang Êe-ch'i), but which was lost after the Sung period. His 洪範五行傳輯本 Hung-fan wu-hsing chuan chi-pên, in 3 chüan, is a collection of extant fragments from a lost Han work, Hung-fan wu-hsing chüan, by means of which he hoped, as in the case of the former, to throw new light on the Classic of History. In a work entitled 五經異議疏證 Wu-ching i-i shu-ch'êng, printed in 1813, in 3 chüan, he almost completely restored the Wu-ching i-i, a study of the texts of the Five Classics made by Hsü Shen (see under Tuan Yü-ts'ai) but which, like the two above-mentioned works have also been lost since the Sung period.

Studies on the Odes, begun by Ch'ên Shou-ch'i, were carried to completion by Ch'ên Ch'iao-ts'ung. By 1825 the latter had concluded a critical study in 4 chüan of the Mao (毛) text of the Odes, which he entitled 毛詩鄭箋改字說 Mao shih Chêng chien kai-tzŭ shuo and in which he reached the conclusion that the so-called Mao text had been revised and emended by Chêng Hsüan. After the death of his father, Ch'ên Ch'iao-ts'ung brought to completion the following three studies of the Ch'i (齊), Lu (魯) and Han (韓) texts of the Odes from fragments preserved since their disappearance about the fifth century A. D.: 魯詩遺說考 Lu-shih i-shuo k'ao, completed in 1840, in 5 chüan; Han-shih i-shuo k'ao, completed in 1840, in 5 chüan; and Ch'i-shih i-shuo k'ao, completed in 1842 in 4 chüan. His conclusions are summarized in the Lu, Ch'i, Han, Mao Ssŭ-chia shih i-wên k'ao (四家詩異文考) completed in 5 chüan in 1843. By 1846 he had brought together extant fragments from the ancient apocryphal work on the Odes, known as 詩緯 Shih-wei, which, being proscribed after the Sung dynasty, had for the most part disappeared. These fragments he published under the title Shih-wei shu-chêng (疏證), in 4 chüan. In a work entitled 今文尚書遺說考 Chin-wên shang-shu i-shuo k'ao, 39 chüan, he collated the recognized chin-wên 今文 texts of the Classic of History, and so brought together in one work most of the conclusions of the critical scholars of the preceding two centuries. The collected works of Ch'ên Shou-ch'i, containing ten items, first appeared under the title 左海全集 Tso-hai ch'üan-chi. Ten other items by Ch'ên Ch'iao-ts'ung were later added and these usually appear under the title 小琅嬛館叢書 Hsiao lang-hsüan kuan ts'ung-shu. The original printing-blocks of both collections were destroyed during the Taiping Rebellion, but the work was reprinted in Foochow in 1882, Another collection of sixteen items has the title 侯官陳氏所著書 Hou-kuan Ch'ên-shih so-chu shu, which included a collection of prose works by Ch'ên Shou-ch'i, entitled Tso-hai wên-chi (文集) in 10 chüan, and his collected verse, 絳跗草堂詩集 Chiang-fu Ts'ao-t'ang shih-chi, in 6 chüan. Most of the classical studies of both father and son were reproduced in the Huang Ch'ing ching-chieh (see under Juan Yüan) and its continuation.

[ 1/488/5a; 2/69/15b; 4/51/13a; 5/74/22b; 閩賢事略初稿 Min-hsien shih-lüeh ch'u kao (1935) pp. 190-195; 清華週刊 Ch'ing-hua Weekly, vol. XXVI, no. 5 (192G); Tso-hai wên-chi, 1/1a, 9/12a, 10/23a, 26a; Fukien t'ung-chih (1922), Julin-chuan 5/24b, 26b, i-wên-chih; ts'ung-shu 4b; Wu Shou-li 吳守禮, 陳恭甫先生父子年譜 Ch'ên Kung-fu Hsien-shêng fu-tzŭ nien-p'u (1937)]

Y. M. CHIN

HIROMU MOMOSE

《清史稿》卷482 儒林二

陳壽祺，字恭甫，閩縣人。少能文。年十八，臺灣平，撰上福康安百韻詩並序，沉博絕麗，傳誦一時。嘉慶四年成進士，選翰林院庶吉士，散館授編修。尋告歸，性至孝，不忍言仕，家貧無​​食，父命之入都。九年，充廣東鄉試副考官。十二年，充河南鄉試副考官。十四年，充會試同考官，京察一等，記名御史。壽祺以不得迎養二親，常愀然不樂。將告歸矣，俄聞父歿，慟幾絕，奔歸。服除，乞養母，母歿，終喪。年五十三，有密薦於朝者，卒不出。

壽祺會試出朱珪、阮元門，乃專為漢儒之學，又及見錢大昕、段玉裁、王念孫、程瑤田諸人，故學益精博。解經得兩漢大義，每舉一義，輒有折衷。

兩漢經師莫先於伏生，莫備於許氏、鄭氏，壽祺闡明遺書，著尚書大傳箋三卷、序錄一卷、訂誤一卷，附漢書五行志，綴以他書所引劉氏五行傳論三卷。序曰：「伏生大傳，條撰大義，因經屬恉，其文辭爾雅深厚，最近大小戴記七十子之徒所說，非漢諸儒傳訓之所能及也。康成百世儒宗，獨注大傳，其釋三禮，每援引之。及注古文尚書，洪範五事，康誥孟侯，文王伐崇、愬耆之歲，周公克殷、踐奄之年，咸據大傳以明事，豈非閎識博通信舊聞者哉？且夫伏生之學，尤善於禮，其言巡狩、朝覲、郊屍、迎日、廟祭、族燕、門塾、學校、養老、擇射、貢士、考績、郊遂、採地、房堂、路寢之制，後夫人入禦，太子迎問諸侯之法，三正之統，五服之色，七始之素，八伯之樂，皆唐、虞、三代遺文，往往六經所不備，諸子百家所不詳。今其書散逸，十無四五，尤可寶重。宋朱子與勉齋黃氏纂儀禮經傳通解，攟摭大傳獨詳，蓋有裨禮學不虛也。五行傳者，自夏侯始昌，至劉氏父子傳之，皆善推福著天人之應。漢儒治經，莫不明像數陰陽，以窮極性命。故易有孟、京卦氣之候，詩有翼奉五際之要，春秋有公羊災異之條，書有夏侯、劉氏、許商、李尋洪範之論。班固本大傳，攬仲舒，別向、歆，以傳春秋，告往知來，王事之表，不可廢也。是以錄漢書五行志附於後，以備一家之學雲。」

又著五經異義疏證三卷，左海經辨二卷，左海文集十卷，左海駢體文二卷，絳趺堂詩集六卷，東越儒林文苑後傳二卷，東觀存藁一卷。

壽祺歸後，阮元延課詁經精捨生徒。元纂群經古義為經郛，壽祺為撰條例，明所以原本訓辭、會通典禮、存家法而析異同之意。後主泉州清源書院十年，主鼇峰書院十一年，與諸生言修身勵學，教以經術，作義利辨、知恥說、科舉論以示學者。規約整肅，士初苦之，久乃悅服。家居與諸當事書，於桑梓利弊，蒿目痗心，雖觸忌諱無所隱。明儒黃道周孤忠絕學，壽祺搜輯遺文，為之刊行。又具呈大吏，乞疏請從祀孔廟，議上，如所請。道光十四年，卒，年六十四。

子喬樅，字樸園。道光五年舉人，二十四年，以大挑知縣分發江西。歷官分宜、弋陽、德化、南城諸縣，署袁州、臨江、撫州知府。以經術飾吏治，居官有聲。同治七年，卒於官，年六十一。初，壽祺以鄭注禮記多改讀，又嘗鉤考齊、魯、韓三家詩佚文、佚義與毛氏異同者，輯而未就。病革，謂喬樅曰：「爾好漢學，治經知師法，他日能成吾志，九原無憾矣！」喬樅乃繹舊聞，勒為定本，成禮記鄭讀考六卷，三家詩遺說考十五卷。又著齊詩翼氏學疏證二卷，詩緯集證四卷。謂齊詩之學，宗旨有三：曰四始，曰五際，曰六情。皆以明天地陰陽終始之理，考人事盛衰得失之原，言王道治亂安危之故。齊先亡，最為寡證，獨翼奉存其百一，且其說多出詩緯，察躔象，推歷數，徵休咎，蓋齊學所本也。詩緯亡而齊詩遂為絕學矣。又著今文尚書經說考三十四卷，歐陽夏侯經說考一卷。謂：「二十九篇今文具存，十六篇既無今文可考，遂莫能盡通其義。凡古文易、書、詩、禮、論語、孝經所以傳，悉由今文為之先驅，今文所無輒廢。向微伏生，則萬古長夜矣。歐陽、大小夏侯各守師法，苟能得其單辭片義，以尋千百年不傳之緒，則今文之維持聖經於不墜者，豈淺尟哉！」又有詩經四家異文考五卷，毛詩鄭箋改字說四卷，禮堂經說二卷，最後為尚書說。時宿學漸蕪，考據家為世訾謷，獨湘鄉曾國籓見其書以為可傳。自元和惠氏、高郵王氏外，惟喬樅能修世業，張大其家法。

壽祺同里治古學者，有謝震、何治運。

震，原名在震，字甸男，侯官人。乾隆五十四年舉人，官順昌學教諭。震嘗與閩縣林一桂、甌寧萬世美俱精三禮，震尤篤學嗜古。然齗齗持漢學，好排擊宋儒鑿空逃虛之說。壽祺與震同舉鄉試，少震六歲，視為畏友。震重氣誼，有志用世，而不遇於時，年四十卒。弟子輯其遺著，有禮案二卷，精覈勝敖氏。又有四書小箋一卷，四聖年譜一卷。工詩，有櫻桃軒詩集二卷。

治運，字支阝海，閩縣人。嘉慶十二年舉人。洽聞彊識，篤志漢學。粵督阮元嘗聘纂廣東通志。後遊浙中，巡撫陳若霖為鋟其經解及論辨文字四卷，名何氏學。道光元年，卒，年四十七。治運與壽祺友，及卒，壽祺以謂無與為質，不獲以輔成其學也。

孫經世，字濟侯，惠安人。壽祺弟子。壽祺課士不一格，遊其門者，若仙遊王捷南之詩、禮、春秋、諸史，晉江杜彥士之小學，惠安陳金城之漢易，將樂梁文之性理，建安丁汝恭、德化賴其煐、建陽張際亮之詩、古文辭，皆足名家。而經世學成蚤世，世以儒林推之。經世少喜讀近思錄，後沉研經義，謂不通經學，無以為理學；不明訓詁，無以通經；不知聲音文字之原，無以明訓詁。著說文會通十六卷，爾雅音疏六卷，釋文辨證十四卷，韻學溯源四卷，十三經正讀定本八十卷，經傳釋辭續編八卷。又著春秋例辨八卷，孝經說二卷，夏小正說一卷，詩韻訂二卷，惕齋經說六卷，讀經校語四卷。

柯蘅，膠州人。從壽祺受許、鄭之學，嘗以史、漢諸表為紀、傳之綱領，而譌誤舛奪，最為難治，乃條而理之，著漢書七表校補二十卷。為例十：一曰辨事誤，二曰辨文字誤，三曰辨注誤，四曰辨諸家考證之誤，五曰以本書證本書之誤，六曰史、漢互證而知其誤，七曰漢書、荀紀互證而知其誤，八曰漢書、水經註互證而知其誤，九曰據紀、傳以補表之闕，十曰據今地以證表之誤。鉤稽隱賾，凡前人之說，皆取而辨其是非，至前人未及者，又得二三十事，亦專門之學也。尤長於詩，著有聲詩闡微二卷，舊雨草堂詩集四卷，其說經、說史之作，門人集為舊雨草堂札記。