About the Mesenbring / Mesenbrink surname:
https://www.geni.com/projects/Mesenbring-Mesenbrink-family-project/4490711

Birth / Baptism record in Basse (Hanover region)

Thanks to kari, a forum user on Archion.de, a German genealogical records site, we have found a match for Conrad's birth record (see attached pdf in sources tab). Here is my transcription:

6.
Mesenbrink
m. (male?) 4. (?)
?.b. (geb.?) 26 Jan
-
Basse
-
Conrad Heinrich Ludowig Mesen-
brink, eheliche sohn des (legitimate son of) vollmeyers (farmers) in Basse
Johann Hinrich Conrad Mesenbrink und der Henriette Ernestine geb. Schact, is ????h
geb?? den 26 Januar u? den 10 februar
getauft. g??t : Johann Heinrich Friedrich
Meyer, Johann Hinrich Mesenbrink, Heinrich
Conrad P?????s.

Passenger list in 1846

Immigrated to the U.S., listed on a passenger list on a ship named Barque Philadelphia ("barque" was a type of ship) departing from Bremen, Germany (a major port city) arriving in the city of Philadelphia on Oct. 2, 1846. There was likely a detailed record of Conrad's origin in the Bremen departure list, but the departure lists from this time period were destroyed.

The arrival list says he was age 24 and his profession was listed as "Farmer."

The record can be viewed here:
https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/8769/images/PAM425...
https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:K8CQ-1NS

It says that he shared 5 chests with Sophia Wresche and her two children, Maria and Christian. Sophia was apparently an older widow, and since it looks like they were traveling together, it's likely that Conrad had some kind of connection with them (perhaps they were family friends or relatives).

Christian apparently settled in Harmony, IL and was from Hanover: https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/65653992/christian-wresche
https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/L6GH-1WX

It is likely that he emigrated due to widespread crop failures in Hanover in the 1840s: https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/Hanover_(Hannover)_Emigration_...

Marriage Record

His marriage record in 1851 (Illinois) says he was from Passow, Hannover. However, the only place in Germany named Passow is in Brandenburg, not Hannover. His wife was from Stökse, a village in Hannover.

Pioneers of the Minnesota Valley

Conrad's son Otto has a short bio in a book about pioneers of the Minnesota Valley. According to that bio, Conrad and his family moved to Benton in 1858 and purchased a farm of 160 acres. After Conrad's death, Otto took over the farm.
https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t25b0pj94?urlappend=%3B...

Gravestone

https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/62250301/conrad-mesenbring?_gl=....

Gravestone says:

"gest. 15 0ct. 1880,
alter 58 jahre und 9 monat"

Which means:

"died 15 0ct. 1880,
age 58 years and 9 months"

So that would mean he was born in January of 1822. This matches his birth record in the Basse church book.