Deng Tingzhen 鄧廷楨

TÊNG T'ing-chên 鄧廷楨 (T. 維周, H. 嶰筠), Jan. 26, 1776–1846, Apr. 15, official, was a native of Nanking. His family came originally from Shou-chou, Anhwei. The ancestor who first settled in Nanking was Têng Hsü 鄧旭 (T. 元昭, chin-shih of 1647) who rose from a Hanlin corrector to intendant of the T'ao-Min Circuit in Kansu (1656–57). Têng T'ing-chên became a chü-jên in 1798 and a chin-shih in 1801, followed by appointment to the Hanlin Academy. After officiating in various capacities in the capital, he was appointed in 1810 prefect of Taiwan (Formosa). Before he set out for that post however, Chiang Yu-hsien 蔣攸銛 (T. 穎芳, H. 礪堂, 1766–1830, chin-shih of 1781), then governor of Chekiang, asked that Têng be retained for service in that province. Hence, later in the same year, he became prefect of Ningpo. His mother died in 1812. When the customary period of mourning was ended (1814) he was appointed prefect of Sian, Shensi. Though transferred in 1815 to be prefect, first of Yen-an and then of Yü-lin (both in Shensi), he returned to Sian in 1817. As prefect of Sian he made some judicial decisions which won for him high praise as an administrator. In 1820 he was promoted to be judicial commissioner of Hupeh in which capacity he obtained permission to abolish taxes on land that had been devastated by the Yangtze River. In the following year (1821) he was made financial commissioner of Kiangsi, but in 1822, owing to a blunder committed as prefect of Sian, he was dismissed from office. However, in 1823, he was befriended by Chiang Yu-hsien, then viceroy of Chihli, and early in the following year was appointed intendant of the T'ung-Yung Circuit in that province. Late in 1824 he became judicial commissioner of Shensi. After serving as financial commissioner, and then as acting governor of Shensi (1825), he was made governor of Anhwei (1826)—a post he retained for more than nine years. It was during his tenure there that the general history of that province, entitled Anhwei t'ung-chih, was completed. This work, in 260 сhüan, was begun in 1825 under T'ao Chu [q.v.], was presented to the throne in 1829, and soon after was printed. Owing to his good record as governor of Anhwei, Têng was in 1835 promoted to be governor-general of Liang-Kuang (Kwangtung and Kwangsi). Canton being then the trading port with the Western nations, and also the center of pressing foreign problems relating to the opium traffic, his new post was as difficult as it was important.

Upon assuming office in February 1836, Têng T'ing-chên memorialized on the need for strengthening the coast defenses of Kwangtung. After Captain Charles Elliot (see under Lin Tsê-hsü) was appointed Superintendent of Trade he addressed a communication to Têng, late in 1836, notifying him of the appointment and requesting a passport from Macao to Canton. Têng noticed that in the communication Elliot referred to himself, not as taipan 大班 (the term previously used for the responsible head of each nation's mercantile community) but as yüan-chih 遠職, a term more nearly indicating Elliot's new status. In transferring Elliot's request to the throne Têng reported on the alteration in language but, assuming that the change was immaterial, advised that Elliot be permitted to proceed on the terms previously granted to taipans. The request was sanctioned.

In 1838 Lin Tsê-hsü [q.v.] was appointed Imperial Commissioner to Kwangtung with a view to solving the opium problem. Têng and Lin co-operated well on this matter, and the two became close friends. Early in 1840 Têng was made governor-general of Min-Chê (Fukien and Chekiang) at a time when the coast of Fukien was threatened by the British, who on July 5, 1840, took Tinghai on Chusan Island off the coast of Chekiang. About the same time Amoy was bombarded by a British ship. Têng made his headquarters at Ch'üan-chou, Fukien, where he raised new forces to bolster the defense of Amoy. Before long both he and Lin were dismissed from their posts on grounds of incompetency—both being blamed for the unhappy outcome of the opium question which had involved the nation in a war with England (see under Ch'i-shan). In the following year (1841) both Têng and Lin were sentenced to exile in Ili. Though Lin was first detained for river conservancy work in Honan, Têng set out for Chinese Turkestan soon after the sentence. Having gone into exile earlier than Lin, he also returned before the latter. In the summer of 1843 he was pardoned, and early in 1844 was made financial commissioner of Kansu, in special charge of colonization work. Promoted to governor of Shensi in 1845, he died at his post in 1846.

Têng T'ing-chên was a student of phonetics and also a poet. A collection of his works, entitled 雙硯齋集 Shuang-yen chai chi, printed in 1922 by his great-grandson, Têng Pang-shu 鄧邦述 (T. 正闇, H. 孝先, chin-shih in 1898), contains: 6 chüan of miscellaneous notes, entitled Shuang-yen chai pi-chi (筆記); two works on phonetics, entitled 詩雙聲疊韻譜 Shih shuang-shêng tieh-yün p'u, and Hsü-shih Shuo-wên (許氏說文) shuang-shêng tieh-yün p'u; 16 chüan of verse, entitled Shuang-yen chai shih-ch'ao (詩鈔); and 2 chüan of tz'ŭ or poems in irregular meter, entitled Shuang-yen chai tz'ŭ-ch'ao (詞鈔). Appended to it are two collections of verse by two of his grandsons: 晴花暖玉詞 Ch'ing-hua nuan-yü tz'ŭ, by Têng Chia-chên 鄧嘉縝 (T. 季垂, 1845–1916, chü-jên of 1875); and 空一切盦詞 K'ung-i-ch'ieh an tz'ŭ, by Têng Chia-ch'un 鄧嘉純 (T. 笏臣, chin-shih of 1880).

Têng T'ing-chên's ancestor, Têng Hsü (see above), had a large collection of books which seems not to have been well cared for by his descendants—what was left of it was destroyed during the Taiping Rebellion. The abovementioned Têng Pang-shu, who rose from a Hanlin compiler to commissioner of civil affairs of Kirin (1910–11), made a considerable collection of rare books which was purchased by the Academia Sinica (中央研究院) in 1927. In 1929 he published two catalogues of the rare books he had once possessed. These catalogues, entitled 羣碧樓善本書目 Ch'ün-pi lou shan-pên shu-mu, 6 chüan, and Han-sou shan-fang yü-ts'un (寒瘦山房鬻存) shan-pên shu-mu, 7 chüan, contain valuable bibliographical notes.

The eldest son of Têng T'ing-chên, named Têng Êr-hêng 鄧爾恆 (T. 子久, chin-shih of 1833, d. 1861), served as an official in Yunnan from 1848 to 1860. Late in 1860 he was appointed governor of Kweichow and early in 1861 he was transferred to Shensi. He was murdered at Ch'ü-ching on his way back from Yunnan and was canonized as Wên-k'o 文恪. Têng T'ing-chên’s fourth Son, Têng Êr-chin 鄧爾晉 (T. 子楚, pa-kung of 1849, d. 1860), lost his life fighting the Taipings while serving on the secretarial staff in the Great Camp of Kiangnan (see under Hsiang Jung).

[1/375/4a; 2/38/11b; 2/44/49b; 3/199/11a; 5/23/23b; 江寧府志 Chiang-ning fu-chih (1881) 14/2/7a; Ch'ou-pan I-wu shih-mo, Tao-kuang ch'ao (see under I-hsin); Morse, H. B., The International Relations of the Chinese Empire, v. I (1910); Chin-ling t'ung-chuan (see bibl. under Ts'ên Yü-ying.]

Tu Lien-chê

《清史稿》卷316

鄧廷楨，字嶰筠，江蘇江寧人。嘉慶六年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。屢分校鄉、會試，稱得士。十五年，授臺灣遺缺知府，浙江巡撫蔣攸銛請留浙，補寧波。母憂歸，服闋，補陝西延安府，歷榆林、西安，以善折獄稱。平反韓城、南鄭冤獄，又全同州嫠婦母子，陝民歌頌，傳播京師。二十五年，超擢湖北按察使，權布政使。沿江民田歷年沉沒，而賦額仍在，為民累，悉請免之。道光元年，遷江西布政使。以前在西安失察渭南令故出縣民柳全璧殺人罪，罣誤，奪職。議戍軍臺，宣宗知其無私，特免遣戍，予七品銜，發直隸委用。尋授通永道。四年，擢陝西按察使，遷布政使。

六年，擢安徽巡撫。自嘉慶時，安徽多大獄，鳳、潁兩郡俗尤悍，常以兵定，責繳兵械，私藏尚多。廷楨乃立限，責成保長，逾限及私造者置之法。任吏皆得人，刁悍之風稍戢。舊例，潁州屬三人以上凶器傷人者，極邊煙瘴充軍，僉妻發配。廷楨疏言：「悍俗誠宜重懲，婦女顧名節，多自殘求免，或自盡傷生，情在可矜，請停其例。」遇水災，親乘舟勘賑。修復安豐塘、芍陂水門，濬鳳陽沫河，加築隄閘。嚴緝捕，屢獲劇盜。以獲南河掘隄首犯陳端，詔嘉獎。治皖十載，政尚安靜，境內大和。

十五年，擢兩廣總督。鴉片煙方盛行，漏銀出洋為大患。十六年，英吉利商人以躉船載煙，廷楨禁止不許進口，猶泊外洋，嚴旨驅逐。沿海奸民勾結，禁令猝難斷絕。廷楨與提督關天培整備海防，迭於大嶼山口、急水洋獲蟹艇，載銀鉅萬，盡數充賞，破獲囤煙私販。十八年，英船載屬番男婦五百餘人赴澳門居住，驅令回國。詔下禁煙議，疏言：「法行於豪貴，則小民易從；令嚴於中土，則外貨自絀。」十九年，林則徐奉命至廣東，廷楨與之同心協力，盡獲躉船積煙，焚之，嚴私販之罪；臨以兵威，屢戰皆捷，事詳則徐傳。奸民因失業，遍騰蜚語。廷楨疏陳，略曰：「臣緝懲鴉片，三載於茲。豪猾之徒，刑僇逋逃，身家既失，怨讟遂興。查檢為希旨，掩捕為貪功，偵伺為詭謀，推鞫為酷罰。誣以納賄，目以營私。譏建議為急於理財，訾新例為輕於改律，狂悖紛熒，無非為煙匪洩憤。」詔慰勉之。

調兩江、雲貴，皆未赴，閩防方急，遂調閩浙總督。購洋砲十四運閩，以閩洋無內港，砲臺建於海灘，沙浮不固，奏改為砲墩，囊沙堆築，外護以船。募水勇飾商船出洋巡緝。二十年三月，英船窺厦門，遣提督程恩高等迎敵於梅林澳，擊走之。奸民勾通出洋運煙，分責水陸師嚴緝，遇即攻擊，迭有殲擒。六月，敵船駛入厦門，求通貿易，阻之，遂開砲，來撲砲臺，參將陳勝元、守備陳光福奮擊，斃其前隊數人，發砲傷敵甚眾，乃遁。其分犯浙洋者，陷定海，廷楨率師赴剿，行次清風嶺，詔以閩防緊要，止其赴浙，遂駐兵泉州，招募練勇。疏言：「英船二十餘艘聚泊定海，內地師船恐難驟近，必改造堅大之船，多配砲火，間道而進，方能制勝。」

九月，詔以廷楨等在粵辦理不善，轉滋事端，與林則徐同奪職。二十一年，琦善撤沿海兵備，虎門失守，復追論廷楨久任兩廣，廢弛營務，與則徐同戍伊犂。二十三年，釋還。尋予三品頂戴，授甘肅布政使。議清查荒地，親往歷勘，由銀州東盡洮、隴，西極酒泉，得田一萬九千四百餘頃，又番貢地一千五百餘頃，寧夏馬廠地歸公一百餘頃，熟地升科，荒者招墾，詔嘉其勤，復二品頂戴。二十五年，擢陝西巡撫，署陝甘總督。番匪擾蒙部，遣兵邀擊於硫磺溝，平之。尋回任。二十六年，卒於官。

廷楨治行早為時稱，屢躓屢起，宣宗知之深，故卒用之。績學好士，幕府多名流，論學不輟。尤精於音韻之學，所著筆記、詩、詞並行世。子爾恆，亦官至陝西巡撫，自有傳。

當廷楨之去福建也，逾年，英兵復至，陷厦門，遂窺臺灣。總兵達洪阿偕臺灣道姚瑩屢卻之。及和議成，同獲譴。