Kotromanić Erzsébet

Elizabeta Kotromanić (Elizabeth of Bosnia) (c.1339 - 1387)

En, Bs, Hu, Pl, Fr, It, La, Ru

• Elizabeta - Hrvatska enciklopedija, Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, Zagreb
• Bosansko-ugarski odnosi kroz prizmu braka Ludovika I Velikog i Elizabete, kćerke Stjepana II Kotromanića - Dženan Dautović

Elizabeta Kotromanić (1340 - 1387) je bila kćerka bosanskog bana, te brakom ugarsko-hrvatska i poljska kraljica.

Bila je kćerka bosanskog bana Stjepana II Kotromanića i poljske princeze Elizabete Pjast. Prema nekim historičarima, Elizabeta je bila jedino preživjelo dijete svojih roditelja, dok drugi vjeruju da je celjska grofica Katarina bila Elizabetina sestra. Stjepan II je odbio ponudu srpskog cara Dušana, koji je želio oženiti svoga sina Elizabetom, koja bi u miraz donijela bosansku teritoriju oko Huma. Poslana je na ugarski dvor kod kraljice Elizabete, majke ugarskog kralja, a nakon smrti kraljeve prve supruge Margarete, kraljica majka i Stjepan II aranžirali su brak između Ludovika I i Elizabete. Ugarska i poljska kraljica [uredi]

Kraljica Elizabeta na replici škrinje sv. Šimuna, čije je stvaranje naručila. Brak je sklopljen 20. juna 1353. godine i Stjepanu se pokazao kao koristan politički potez koji mu je povećao ugled među evropskim vladarima. Nakon sklapanja braka, međutim, otkriveno je da su kralj i kraljica rođaci u četvrtom koljenu preko jednog poljskog vojvode, zbog čega je papino odobrenje braka bilo neophodno za njegovu valjanost. Papa je izdao nalog za odobrenje braka i time priznao njegovu valjanost, uprkos tome što se protivio crkvenom zakonu. Elizabeta nikada nije bila okrunjena, kao što je bio običaj u Ugarskoj i Poljskoj. Potpuno se potčinila svojoj dominantnoj svekrvi i vjerovatno nije imala ni vlastite dvorjane sve dok Ludovik nije poslao svoju majku da upravlja Poljskom u njegovo ime. Ludovik i Elizabeta nisu imali djece prvih sedamnaest godina svoga braka, te se vjerovalo da je Elizabeta neplodna. Međutim, Elizabeta je 1370-ih rodila tri kćerke zaredom, od kojih je najstarija, Katarina (rođena 1370. godine), umrla s osam godina. Dvije mlađe kćerke koje su nadživjele roditelje bile su Marija (rođena 1371. godine) i Jadviga (rođena 1373. godine). Elizabeta i njene kćeri su predstavljene na škrinji svetog Šimuna, čiju je izradu naredila i finansirala sama Elizabeta. Kako nije uspjela mužu roditi muškog nasljednika, u to doba neophodnog, Ludovik se morao potruditi da osigura svojim kćerima nasljeđivanje njegovih kruna. Regent Ugarske [uredi]

Otmica "kralja" Marije i kraljice majke Elizabete. Nakon Ludovikove smrti 1382. godine Marija je postala kraljica Ugarske. Elizabeta je igrala ulogu regenta od trenutka ustoličenja njene desetogodišnje kćerke Marije pa do trenutka njene udaje. [1] Kada su Poljaci izrazili želju da prekinu personalnu uniju s Ugarima, Elizabeta je za poljskog monarha predložila svoju kćerku Jadvigu. Jadviga je bila izabrana, ali ju je majka zadržavala na svom dvoru dvije godine prije nego što je konačno bila primorana poslati je u Poljsku. Pregovarala je o Jadviginom braku, te posvojila njenog muža kako bi on imao nasljedna prava na poljsko prijestolje u slučaju Jadvigine smrti. Elizabetina starija kćerka se trebala udati za Žigmunda Luksemburškog. Elizabeta je znala da bi je Marijin brak sa Žigmundom koštao moći, pa je 1384. pokušala prekinuti njihove zaruke i kćer zaručiti za mlađeg sina francuskog kralja Karla V koji je prethodno bio zaručen za njenu najstariju kćer Katarinu. Njene planove je osujetio sam Žigmund, koji je 1385. godine došao u Ugarsku i oženio Mariju.

Elizabeta i Marija u zatvoreništvu. Nakon Žigmundovog odlaska iz Ugarske, 1386. godine, Elizabetina kćerka Marija je zbačena s prijestolja u korist Karla Dračkog. Elizabeta i Marija su bile prisiljene prisustvovati njegovoj krunidbi. [1] Međutim, samo sedam sedmica kasnije, Elizabeta je naručila ubistvo Karla Dračkog. [1] Iste godine, Elizabeta je s kćerkom odlučila krenuti u Hrvatsku, gdje su bile otete od strane moćnih plemića koji su željeli osvetiti smrt Karla Dračkog. Dvije kraljice su bile odvedene na obalu Jadrana, u Novigrad) blizu Zadra. Elizabeta je uspjela prokrijumčariti planove za oslobađanje sebe i svoje kćerke, ali oni su otkriveni i Elizabeta je 16. januara 1387. godine, na zahtjev Karlove udovice Margarete zadavljena pred očima svoje kćerke. Bila je tajno sahranjena u Crkvi svetog Krševana. Na treću godišnjicu smrti, njeno tijelo je prevezeno u Székesfehérvár. Nijedna od Elizabetinih kćeri nije iza sebe ostavila djecu, pa je njena linija izumrla smrću mlađe kćerke Jadvige. Nakon Elizabete, nijedna žena nije bila de facto vladar Ugarske sve do Marije Terezije.

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Elizabeth of Bosnia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Elizabeth of Bosnia (1340 – 1387) was the Queen consort of the Kingdom of Hungary and Poland. She was the second wife of Louis I of Hungary and served as regent for her daughter Mary.

Descent and early years

Elizabeth's father was Stephen II of Bosnia and Syrmia, the head of the Kotromanic dynasty and claimant to the Kingdom of Serbia. She descended from the Nemanjic dynasty too. Her mother was Elizabeth of Kujavia, a grandniece of Władysław I the Elbow-high.

Elisabeth of Poland, the mother of the Hungarian King had heard that Stephen II had a young daughter named Elizabeth, and she insisted immediately on bringing her to the Hungarian Court for fostering. Stephen was reluctant at first, but eventually dispatched Elizabeth. After three years of life in the Hungarian Court, Elizabeth fell in love with Louis, and the King's mother immediately invited Stephen II to Hungary and arranged a marriage so that Elizabeth could marry Louis. The first wife of Louis I had died earlier leaving Louis childless.

[edit]Queen consort

On 20 June 1353 Elizabeth married the Hungarian King, achieving a huge diplomatic success for her father. Her father became seriously ill and could not be present at the actual wedding.

It was discovered that Elizabeth and Louis were related in the fourth degree through a common ancestor, a Duke of Kujavia in Poland (some have also insinuated a link through a branch of the House of Nemanja). The Roman Catholic Church regarded the marriage to be within a prohibited degree of consanguinity and some ecclesiastics were tempted to curse the couple. Later in the same year Pope Innocent IV wrote to the Bishop in Zagreb granting a dispensation for the marriage and forgiving the sin.

Elizabeth gave birth to three or four daughters, but only two survived:

Mary (1371-1395)

Jadwiga (1373-1399)

Her eldest surviving daughter, Mary, was intended to inherit both her father's kingdoms, Hungary and Poland, or at least the Kingdom of Poland.

King Louis I arranged marriages for Mary and Jadwiga, but neither of his daughters married during his lifetime. Sigismund of Luxemburg, an heir of the Polish Kujavian dynasty and a member of Bohemian royal family, married Mary. William of Habsburg then was to marry her younger sister Jadwiga. However, after Sigismund was expelled by the Poles, where he had been living in Cracow since 1381, Jadwiga unexpectedly became Queen regnant of Poland, and instead married Jogaila of Lithuania by the Act of Kreva, where Elizabeth, as her daughter's guardian, was one party to the negotiations.

[edit]Queen dowager and regent

Mary became Queen regnant of Hungary as a ten-year-old child after her father's death in 1382. Queen Elizabeth, now queen dowager, acted as the regent from 1382 onwards on behalf of her daughter Mary, until her death in 1387. The Hungarian holdings were de facto ruled by Elizabeth, but the Poles discontinued her regency in Poland.

In Hungary, Elizabeth was helped by Palatine Miklós Garai, Nikola I Gorjanski Stariji.

Sigismund, his powerful brother king Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia and many noblemen of Hungary were opposed to Elizabeth and the Palatine. Some noblemen helped Maria's relative Charles of Durazzo, King of Naples to become briefly the King of Hungary in 1385. Elizabeth and Garai had Charles II assassinated in 1386. Charles's heir was his underage son Ladislas of Naples (d. 1414) who as an adult, attempted all his life to conquer Hungary, but despite some support in from interests in Hungary itself, did not succeed.

Magnates of Lesser Poland had been deeply dissatisfied by the family connection (1370-1382) with Hungary, and despite the decreed succession order, chose the nine-year-old Jadwiga of Hungary as monarch of Poland in 1384. After a couple of years, Jadviga was compelled to leave Hungary for Poland. Mary and her guardians never managed to govern Poland. Halych, the Ruthenian province recently (1340-1366) annexed by Poland, however was taken by Hungary, and only after several years did Poland recover it.

[edit]Death and aftermath

Elizabeth and Mary were captured in 1386 by powerful Horvat brothers, but probably on the orders of Mary's smart seventeen-year-old husband and co-ruler, Sigismund of Luxembourg. On the first anniversary of the death of Charles II, January 1387, Elizabeth was strangled before Mary's eyes. Mary bitterly accused squarely her husband of arranging the kidnapping and murder of her mother.

Mary reconciled with the Horvats and granted them estates in Slavonia and Northern Bosnia. Mary refused to live with Sigismund, due to the murder of her mother, therefore keeping a separate household.

In July 1387 Mary was rescued from that captivity by troops of Trvtko I of Bosnia (cousin and adopted brother of Elizabeth of Bosnia) and the Croatian noble family later known as Frankopan (who were relatives of the Garay (Gorjanskih) clan), main supporters of the Bosnian faction.

It has been claimed that Sigismund took revenge on the murderers of Elizabeth. The Horvats were murdered by Sigismund's men near their stronghold of Dobor.

Neither of Elizabeth's daughters left surviving children, so Elizabeth's progeny of Kotroman blood went extinct with the death of Jadwiga, the last surviving of them, in 1399.

Elizabeth of Bosnia

Elizabeth with her daughter Mary in captivity. Queen consort of Hungary Tenure 20 June 1353 – 10 September 1382 Queen consort of Poland Tenure 5 November 1370 – 10 September 1382

Spouse Louis I of Hungary DetailsIssue Catherine of Hungary Mary of Hungary Hedwig of Poland House House of Anjou-Hungary House of Kotromanić Father Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia Mother Elizabeth of Kuyavia Born c. 1339 Died 16 January 1387 Novigrad, Dalmatia Kingdom of Hungary (today's Croatia) Burial Székesfehérvár Basilica

Elizabeth of Bosnia (Bosnian: Elizabeta Kotromanić, Hungarian: Kotromanić Erzsébet, Polish: Elżbieta Bośniaczka) (c. 1339 – 16 January 1387) was Queen of Hungary from 1353 until 1382 and Queen of Poland from 1370 until 1382 as the second wife of King Louis the Great. After her tenure as queen consort, Elizabeth served as regent for her daughter Mary.

As queen consort, Elizabeth was overshadowed by her domineering mother-in-law. Later, as regent, Elizabeth was faced with several rebellions led by Croatian noblemen who wished to take advantage of Mary's insecure reign. Modern historians describe her as a formidable woman, while her contemporaries regarded her as an efficient, but ruthless politician who used political intrigues to protect her daughter's interests.[1] Elizabeth was murdered after being imprisoned by the rebels but she had succeeded in defending her daughter's rights.[2]

Born around 1339, Elizabeth was the daughter of Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia, the head of the House of Kotromanić.[3] Her mother was Elizabeth of Kuyavia, a member of the House of Piast[4] and grandniece of Władysław I the Elbow-high.[5] Her only sibling was Catherine, Countess of Cilli.[6]

Her father refused a proposal from Tsar Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia for her marriage to his son, as he was not willing to cede the territories which Dušan wanted to be Elizabeth's dowry. Those lands were surrendered to Elizabeth's husband by her cousin, Tvrtko I of Bosnia, in 1357.[7]

Elisabeth of Poland, the mother of the King of Hungary, had heard that Stephen II had a young daughter named Elizabeth, and she insisted immediately on bringing her to the Hungarian court for fostering. Stephen was reluctant at first, but eventually dispatched Elizabeth.[8] After three years of life in the Hungarian court, the queen mother invited Stephen II to Hungary and arranged a marriage between Elizabeth and Louis. The first wife of Louis I, Margaret of Bohemia, had died earlier leaving Louis childless.[9]

Marriage A replica of the Chest of Saint Simeon, commissioned by Queen Elizabeth in 1380. On the left, there is an image of Elizabeth and her daughters and on the right, there is an image of Elizabeth's father on his deathbed. Queen Elizabeth presenting the chest to St. Simeon, with her three daughters kneeling in front of her. On 20 June 1353, Elizabeth married the King of Hungary, achieving a huge diplomatic success for her father. However, her father became seriously ill and could not be present at the actual wedding, celebrated in Buda. It was discovered that Elizabeth and Louis were related in the fourth degree through a common ancestor, Duke Casimir I of Kuyavia.[note 1] The Roman Catholic Church regarded the marriage to be within a prohibited degree of consanguinity and some clergymen were tempted to anathematize the couple. Later in the same year Pope Innocent IV wrote to the bishop of Zagreb granting a dispensation for the marriage and forgiving the sin.[10]

In 1370, Louis became King of Poland too. Elizabeth, though Queen of Poland, was never crowned as such. She is one of only five queens of Poland who were never crowned.[11]

Elizabeth was never crowned Queen of Hungary either. She completely subjected herself to her controlling mother-in-law. The fact that the young queen's retinue included the same persons who had served the queen mother suggests that the former did not even have her own court.[9] Early in the marriage, Elizabeth was completely powerless. As she came from a region where high-ranking women significantly influenced the politics,[12] Elizabeth must have endured a long period of unhappiness until her mother-in-law was sent to govern Poland as regent.[9][13]

Elizabeth and Louis had no children for the first seventeen years of marriage. Elizabeth was considered barren and a succession crisis was expected to happen after Louis's death. For a couple of years, her niece and namesake, Elizabeth of Slavonia, was promoted as heiress presumptive. However, a daughter was born to Louis and Elizabeth in 1370, which secured the succession to some point. The daughter, named Catherine, was followed by two more daughters, Mary (born in 1371) and Hedwig (born in 1373).[14] Elizabeth and her daughters are represented on Saint Simeon's chest, whose creation Elizabeth commissioned.[15][16]

Catherine died aged eight and Elizabeth's second eldest daughter, Mary, was intended to inherit both her father's kingdoms, Hungary and Poland. Louis secured the succession rights of his daughters by granting the nobles Privilege of Koszyce. Elizabeth is known to have written a book for the education of her daughters. A copy of the book was sent to France in 1374. However, all copies have been lost.[17][18]

On 16 September 1382, Louis died. The next day, ten-year-old Mary was crowned "king"[note 2] of Hungary. Queen Elizabeth, now queen dowager, acted as regent from 1382 onwards on behalf of Mary. The Hungarian holdings were de facto ruled by Elizabeth, but the Poles discontinued her regency in Poland. In Hungary, Elizabeth was helped by Palatine Nicholas I Garay.[19]

However, a number of Croatian and Hungarian noblemen were opposed to Elizabeth's rule. The first to rise against her was John of Paližna, Ban of Croatia and the Prior of Vrana. He was mainly opposed to the centralizing policy which Elizabeth's husband had enforced. He hoped to regain local independence by rising against Elizabeth. Elizabeth's own first cousin, Tvrtko I of Bosnia, with whom she was raised, decided to take advantage of Louis' death and Elizabeth's unpopularity by trying to recover the Dalmatian lands he had lost to Louis in 1357. John asked Tvrtko for help but was ultimately defeated by Elizabeth's army and forced to flee to Bosnia.[19]

Although Louis had designated Mary as his successor in both Hungary and Poland, the Polish nobility were not willing to recognize Mary and her fiancé, Sigismund of Luxembourg, as their sovereigns. They wanted to end the personal union with Hungary.[20] Elizabeth proposed her youngest daughter Hedwig as Louis' successor in Poland. After two years' negotiations, Hedwig unexpectedly became sovereign of Poland, but Elizabeth was reluctant to let her leave and live in Poland. She delayed Hedwig's arrival, hoping to drive Sigismund out of Hungary by having him elected King of Poland.[21] Elizabeth finally allowed Hedwig to be taken to Poland, where she was crowned king in November 1384. Hedwig married Jogaila of Lithuania, as agreed in the Act of Kreva, where Elizabeth, as her daughter's guardian, was one party to the negotiations. Elizabeth was also requested to legally adopt Jogaila as her son, thus giving him right to retain the Crown of Poland in the event of Hedwig's death.[22][23]

Sigismund, his powerful brother King Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia and many noblemen of Hungary were opposed to the formidable Elizabeth and the Palatine. They, on the other hand, were not enthuasiastic about Sigismund reigning together with Mary. Both Sigismund and Mary's relative, Charles of Durazzo, the governor of Croatia-Dalmatia, who had gained the Crown of Naples by having his aunt Joan murdered, threatened to invade Hungary; the former intended to marry Mary and reign together with her, while the latter intended to depose Mary. Either way, Elizabeth would have lost her power. Thus, in 1384, Elizabeth started negotiating with King Charles V of France about the possibility of his son Louis marrying her daughter Mary, notwithstanding Mary's engagement to Sigismund. Louis had already been engaged to Elizabeth's eldest daughter Catherine and was expected to succeed to the throne of Hungary. If Elizabeth had made this proposal in 1378, after Catherine's death, the fact that the French king and the Hungarian king did not recognize the same pope would have represented a problem. However, Elizabeth was desperate in 1384 and was not willing to let the schism stand in the way of the negotiations. Pope Clement VII issued a dispensation which annulled Mary's betrothal to Sigismund and the proxy marriage was celebrated in April 1385. However, the marriage was not recognized by the Hungarian noblemen who adhered to Pope Urban VI.[24]

Four months after the proxy marriage, Sigismund invaded Hungary and had himself married to Mary by Demeter, Archbishop of Esztergom, regardless of Elizabeth's opposition and the proxy marriage. Elizabeth wanted to retaliate to the marriage by trying to deprive the archbishop of his see.[25]

Sigismund left Hungary and returned to Bohemia in the autumn of 1385. This time Elizabeth faced a much serious opposition than that of John of Paližna. John Horvat (co-ruler with his relative John of Paližna as Ban of Croatia), Ban of Mačva, and his brother Paul, Bishop of Zagreb, used Sigismund's absence and helped Charles of Durazzo become briefly King of Hungary in 1385, regardless of his wife Margaret's opposition.[2] Elizabeth and Mary were forced to attend his coronation.[2] Elizabeth feigned friendly feelings for her husband's kinsman while his retinue was at the court. After his supporters had returned to their homes, he was left defenceless.[26] Elizabeth acted quickly and invited Charles to visit Mary at one of her palaces. Upon his arrival there on 7 February 1386, Elizabeth had Charles stabbed in her apartments and in her presence. The attack took place 39 days after his coronation. Charles died at Visegrád on 24 February.[2][26] She managed to have the crown restored to her daughter and immediately rewarded those who helped her. She gave Jelenec Castle to Blaise Forgach, the Master of the Cupbearers, whose blow had mortally wounded Charles.[26]

Having Charles murdered did not help Elizabeth as much as she hoped it would. His heir was his underage son Ladislaus. Noblemen who had supported Charles immediately rose up in arms to support Ladislaus who would spend his entire adulthood attempting to conquer Hungary, but despite some support in Hungary itself, did not succeed. Rebellions against Elizabeth continued and were even supported by her first cousin, the King of Bosnia.[27][28]

Elizabeth believed that her daughter's monarchical dignity would help calm the opposition.[29] In 1386, accompanied by Garay, she set out for Croatia with her daughter Mary. According to Fine, Elizabeth was going to Đakovo,[27] while Duggan asserts that the two queens were heading towards Zagreb.[29] Either way, they did not arrive to their destination as they were ambushed en route and attacked by John Horvat.[27] Their entourage fought the attackers, but were all killed while Elizabeth and her daughter were taken prisoners. The heads of Elizabeth's defenders were sent to Naples to console Charles of Durazzo's grieving widow.[2] Elizabeth took all blame for the rebellion and begged the attackers to spare her daughter's life.[29]

The two queens were then sent to the coast of the Adriatic Sea and were imprisoned in Novigrad. She managed to smuggle out plans for their relief to the Venetians, but this was discovered by the jailers. Her son-in-law marched into Slavonia, with the intention to reach Novigrad and rescue the queens, but his attempt failed.[30] Charles's widow Margaret, who was at first against her husband's plan to invade Hungary, now insisted that Elizabeth be murdered. On 16 January 1387, Elizabeth was strangled before Mary's eyes on the orders of John of Paližna, their jailer and ally of Elizabeth's cousin Tvrtko.[27][31][32][33]

At the moment of her death, Sigismund was on his way to rescue his wife and mother-in-law.[27] Mary was rescued from that captivity by the troops of her husband Sigismund soon after Elizabeth had been murdered. Mary promised not to take revenge on the murderers of her mother, but nevertheless had them executed and their families banished. Queen Elizabeth was secretly buried in the Church of St Chrysogonus in Zadar and remained buried there for four years. On 16 January 1390, the third anniversary of her death, her body was moved to Székesfehérvár.[27][34][35]

in 1381. The casket, located in Zadar is of great importance for the history of the city, as it depicts various historical events – such as the death of her father – and Elizabeth herself. According to legend, Elizabeth paid for the creation of the casket in order to atone for stealing the saint's finger.[36] The casket contains a scene which allegedly depicts the queen gone mad after stealing the saint's finger.[37] A street in Zadar is named after Elizabeth of Bosnia. Its full name is "Street of Queen Elizabeth Kotromanić, donor of St. Simeon's casket" (Croatian: Ulica kraljice Elizabete Kotromanić, darovateljice rake sv. Šime).

Neither of Elizabeth's daughters left surviving children; Mary died heavily pregnant and Saint Hedwig died from birth complications shortly after the death of her own daughter, Elizabeth Bonifacia, named after Elizabeth of Bosnia. Elizabeth of Bosnia's progeny went extinct with the deaths of her youngest daughter Hedwig in 1399.[38]

Issue:

Catherine of Hungary 1370 1378 betrothed to Louis of France; heiress presumptive to the thrones of Hungary and Poland Mary of Hungary 1371 1395 monarch of Hungary; betrothed to Louis of France; married to Sigismund of Luxembourg Hedwig of Poland 1373 1399 monarch of Poland; betrothed to William of Austria; married to Jogaila of Lithuania

Notes:

^ Casimir I of Kuyavia and his first wife, Constance of Wrocław, were great-great-grandparents of Elizabeth of Bosnia. Casimir I of Kuyavia and his second wife, Euphrosyne of Opole, were great-grandparents of Louis I of Hungary, meaning that Elizabeth and Louis were second cousins once removed. ^ Mary was crowned "king" of Hungary and Hedwig was crowned "king" of Poland. The sisters assumed masculine titles because there was no precedent for a queen regnant. The title of queen had only been used to refer to wives of kings and it was necessary to emphasise that Elizabeth's daughters were monarchs rather than consorts.

References:

Footnotes^ Parsons, 16.  ^ a b c d e Grierson, 236.  ^ Engel, 163.  ^ Kellog, 9.  ^ Rudzki, 47.  ^ Celjski zbornik, 287.  ^ Van Antwerp Fine, 323.  ^ Instytut Historii (Polska Akademia Nauk)  ^ a b c Engel, Ayton, Pálosfalvi, 171.  ^ Długosz, 303.  ^ Rożek, 49.  ^ Ward, 128.  ^ Duggan, 229.  ^ Engel, 169.  ^ Mosher Stuard, 153.  ^ Tomašević, 253.  ^ Jansen, 13.  ^ Johnson, 203.  ^ a b Van Antwerp Fine, 395.  ^ Goodman, 208.  ^ Labuda, Biskup, Michowicz, 75.  ^ New Cambridge Medieval History, 709–712.  ^ Lithuanian historical studies, Volume 1. The Institute. 1996.   ^ Goodman, 222–223.  ^ Goodman, 223.  ^ a b c Engel, Ayton, Pálosfalvi, 198.  ^ a b c d e f Fine, 396–397.  ^ Klaić, 352.  ^ a b c Duggan, 231.  ^ Engel, 199.  ^ Preveden, 120.  ^ Myrl Jackson-Laufer, 129–130.  ^ Gaži, 61.  ^ Opfell, 17.  ^ Petricioli, 196.  ^ Stewart, 210.  ^ Filozofski fakultet u Zadru, 455.  ^ Kellogg, 235. 

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Duggan, Anne J. (2002). Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe: Proceedings of a Conference Held at King's College London, April 1995. Boydell Press. ISBN 0851158811. Długosz, Jan (1997). Annales seu cronicae incliti regni Poloniae, Part 1480. IM Publications. ISBN 1901019004. Engel, Pal; Ayton, Andrew; Pálosfalvi, Tamás (1999). The realm of St. Stephen: a history of medieval Hungary, 895–1526 Volume 19 of International Library of Historical Studies. Penn State Press. ISBN 0271017589. Gaži, Stephen (1973). A History of Croatia. Philosophical Library. Goodman, Anthony; Gillespie, James; (2003). Richard II: The Art of Kingship. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199262209. Grierson, Philip; Travaini, Lucia: Medieval European coinage: with a catalogue of the coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, Volume 14 Cambridge University Press 1998 ISBN 0521582318 Instytut Historii (Polska Akademia Nauk) (2004). Acta Poloniae historica, Issues 89–90. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. Jansen, Sharon L. (2004). Anne of France : lessons for my daughter – Library of medieval women. DS Brewer. ISBN 1843840162. Johnson, Ian Richard;, Wogan-Browne, Jocelyn (1999). The idea of the vernacular: an anthology of Middle English literary theory, 1280–1520 Library of medieval women. Penn State Press. ISBN 0271017589. Jones, Michael; McKitterick, Rosamond (2000). The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 1300-c. 1415. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521362903. Kellogg, Charlotte (1936). Jadwiga, Queen of Poland. Anderson House. Klaić, Nada (1976) (in Croatian). Zadar u srednjem vijeku do 1409. Filozofski fakultet. Kulturna skupnost Celje: Celjski zbornik Kulturna skupnost občine 1968 Labuda, Gerard; Biskup, Marian; Michowicz, Waldemar (2005). The history of Polish diplomacy X-XX c. Sejm Publishing Office. ISBN 8370597084. Menzel, Wolfgang; Saltus, Edgar (1899). Germany from the earliest period. 33. P.F. Collier. Mosher Stuard, Susan (2006). Gilding the market: luxury and fashion in fourteenth-century Italy. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812239008. Myrl Jackson-Laufer, Guida (1990). Women rulers throughout the ages: an illustrated guide, Part 107. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1576070913. Myrl Jackson-Laufer, Guida (1990). Women rulers throughout the ages: an illustrated guide, Part 107. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1576070913. Opfell, Olga S. (1989). Queens, empresses, grand duchesses, and regents: women rulers of Europe, A.D. 1328–1989. McFarland. ISBN 0899503853. Petricioli, Ivo (1996) (in Croatian). Srednjovjekovnim graditeljima u spomen. Književni krug. Preveden, Francis Ralph (1955). A history of the Croatian people from their arrival on the shores of the Adriatic to the present day: with some account of the Gothic, Roman, Greek, Illyrian, and prehistoric periods of the ancient Illyricum and Pannonia. 1. Philosophical Library. ISBN 0851158811. Radovi: Razdio filoloških znanosti. 9. Filozofski fakultet u Zadru. 1976. Rożek, Michał: Polskie koronacje i korony Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza 1987 ISBN 8303019139 Rudzki, Edward: Polskie królowe Instytut Prasy i Wydawnictw "Novum" 1990 Tomašević, Nebojša; Tomašević, Madge; Radovanović, Karin; (1982). Treasures of Yugoslavia: an encyclopedic touring guide. Yugoslaviapublic. Stewart, James (2006). Croatia. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 1860113192. Van Antwerp Fine, John (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472082604. Ward, Jennifer C. (2002). Women in medieval Europe, 1200–1500. Pearson Education. ISBN 0582288274. Zbornik Odsjeka za povijesne znanosti Zavoda za povijesne i društvene znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti Volume 22 HAZU 2004

http://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeta_Kotromani%C4%87

Elizabeta Kotromanić (1340 - 1387) je bila kćerka bosanskog bana, te brakom ugarsko-hrvatska i poljska kraljica.

Bila je kćerka bosanskog bana Stjepana II Kotromanića i poljske princeze Elizabete Pjast. Prema nekim historičarima, Elizabeta je bila jedino preživjelo dijete svojih roditelja, dok drugi vjeruju da je celjska grofica Katarina bila Elizabetina sestra. Stjepan II je odbio ponudu srpskog cara Dušana, koji je želio oženiti svoga sina Elizabetom, koja bi u miraz donijela bosansku teritoriju oko Huma. Poslana je na ugarski dvor kod kraljice Elizabete, majke ugarskog kralja, a nakon smrti kraljeve prve supruge Margarete, kraljica majka i Stjepan II aranžirali su brak između Ludovika I i Elizabete. Ugarska i poljska kraljica [uredi]

Kraljica Elizabeta na replici škrinje sv. Šimuna, čije je stvaranje naručila. Brak je sklopljen 20. juna 1353. godine i Stjepanu se pokazao kao koristan politički potez koji mu je povećao ugled među evropskim vladarima. Nakon sklapanja braka, međutim, otkriveno je da su kralj i kraljica rođaci u četvrtom koljenu preko jednog poljskog vojvode, zbog čega je papino odobrenje braka bilo neophodno za njegovu valjanost. Papa je izdao nalog za odobrenje braka i time priznao njegovu valjanost, uprkos tome što se protivio crkvenom zakonu. Elizabeta nikada nije bila okrunjena, kao što je bio običaj u Ugarskoj i Poljskoj. Potpuno se potčinila svojoj dominantnoj svekrvi i vjerovatno nije imala ni vlastite dvorjane sve dok Ludovik nije poslao svoju majku da upravlja Poljskom u njegovo ime. Ludovik i Elizabeta nisu imali djece prvih sedamnaest godina svoga braka, te se vjerovalo da je Elizabeta neplodna. Međutim, Elizabeta je 1370-ih rodila tri kćerke zaredom, od kojih je najstarija, Katarina (rođena 1370. godine), umrla s osam godina. Dvije mlađe kćerke koje su nadživjele roditelje bile su Marija (rođena 1371. godine) i Jadviga (rođena 1373. godine). Elizabeta i njene kćeri su predstavljene na škrinji svetog Šimuna, čiju je izradu naredila i finansirala sama Elizabeta. Kako nije uspjela mužu roditi muškog nasljednika, u to doba neophodnog, Ludovik se morao potruditi da osigura svojim kćerima nasljeđivanje njegovih kruna. Regent Ugarske [uredi]

Otmica "kralja" Marije i kraljice majke Elizabete. Nakon Ludovikove smrti 1382. godine Marija je postala kraljica Ugarske. Elizabeta je igrala ulogu regenta od trenutka ustoličenja njene desetogodišnje kćerke Marije pa do trenutka njene udaje. [1] Kada su Poljaci izrazili želju da prekinu personalnu uniju s Ugarima, Elizabeta je za poljskog monarha predložila svoju kćerku Jadvigu. Jadviga je bila izabrana, ali ju je majka zadržavala na svom dvoru dvije godine prije nego što je konačno bila primorana poslati je u Poljsku. Pregovarala je o Jadviginom braku, te posvojila njenog muža kako bi on imao nasljedna prava na poljsko prijestolje u slučaju Jadvigine smrti. Elizabetina starija kćerka se trebala udati za Žigmunda Luksemburškog. Elizabeta je znala da bi je Marijin brak sa Žigmundom koštao moći, pa je 1384. pokušala prekinuti njihove zaruke i kćer zaručiti za mlađeg sina francuskog kralja Karla V koji je prethodno bio zaručen za njenu najstariju kćer Katarinu. Njene planove je osujetio sam Žigmund, koji je 1385. godine došao u Ugarsku i oženio Mariju.

Elizabeta i Marija u zatvoreništvu. Nakon Žigmundovog odlaska iz Ugarske, 1386. godine, Elizabetina kćerka Marija je zbačena s prijestolja u korist Karla Dračkog. Elizabeta i Marija su bile prisiljene prisustvovati njegovoj krunidbi. [1] Međutim, samo sedam sedmica kasnije, Elizabeta je naručila ubistvo Karla Dračkog. [1] Iste godine, Elizabeta je s kćerkom odlučila krenuti u Hrvatsku, gdje su bile otete od strane moćnih plemića koji su željeli osvetiti smrt Karla Dračkog. Dvije kraljice su bile odvedene na obalu Jadrana, u Novigrad) blizu Zadra. Elizabeta je uspjela prokrijumčariti planove za oslobađanje sebe i svoje kćerke, ali oni su otkriveni i Elizabeta je 16. januara 1387. godine, na zahtjev Karlove udovice Margarete zadavljena pred očima svoje kćerke. Bila je tajno sahranjena u Crkvi svetog Krševana. Na treću godišnjicu smrti, njeno tijelo je prevezeno u Székesfehérvár. Nijedna od Elizabetinih kćeri nije iza sebe ostavila djecu, pa je njena linija izumrla smrću mlađe kćerke Jadvige. Nakon Elizabete, nijedna žena nije bila de facto vladar Ugarske sve do Marije Terezije.

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Elizabeth of Bosnia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Elizabeth of Bosnia (1340 – 1387) was the Queen consort of the Kingdom of Hungary and Poland. She was the second wife of Louis I of Hungary and served as regent for her daughter Mary.

Descent and early years

Elizabeth's father was Stephen II of Bosnia and Syrmia, the head of the Kotromanic dynasty and claimant to the Kingdom of Serbia. She descended from the Nemanjic dynasty too. Her mother was Elizabeth of Kujavia, a grandniece of Władysław I the Elbow-high.

Elisabeth of Poland, the mother of the Hungarian King had heard that Stephen II had a young daughter named Elizabeth, and she insisted immediately on bringing her to the Hungarian Court for fostering. Stephen was reluctant at first, but eventually dispatched Elizabeth. After three years of life in the Hungarian Court, Elizabeth fell in love with Louis, and the King's mother immediately invited Stephen II to Hungary and arranged a marriage so that Elizabeth could marry Louis. The first wife of Louis I had died earlier leaving Louis childless.

[edit]Queen consort

On 20 June 1353 Elizabeth married the Hungarian King, achieving a huge diplomatic success for her father. Her father became seriously ill and could not be present at the actual wedding.

It was discovered that Elizabeth and Louis were related in the fourth degree through a common ancestor, a Duke of Kujavia in Poland (some have also insinuated a link through a branch of the House of Nemanja). The Roman Catholic Church regarded the marriage to be within a prohibited degree of consanguinity and some ecclesiastics were tempted to curse the couple. Later in the same year Pope Innocent IV wrote to the Bishop in Zagreb granting a dispensation for the marriage and forgiving the sin.

Elizabeth gave birth to three or four daughters, but only two survived:

Mary (1371-1395)

Jadwiga (1373-1399)

Her eldest surviving daughter, Mary, was intended to inherit both her father's kingdoms, Hungary and Poland, or at least the Kingdom of Poland.

King Louis I arranged marriages for Mary and Jadwiga, but neither of his daughters married during his lifetime. Sigismund of Luxemburg, an heir of the Polish Kujavian dynasty and a member of Bohemian royal family, married Mary. William of Habsburg then was to marry her younger sister Jadwiga. However, after Sigismund was expelled by the Poles, where he had been living in Cracow since 1381, Jadwiga unexpectedly became Queen regnant of Poland, and instead married Jogaila of Lithuania by the Act of Kreva, where Elizabeth, as her daughter's guardian, was one party to the negotiations.

[edit]Queen dowager and regent

Mary became Queen regnant of Hungary as a ten-year-old child after her father's death in 1382. Queen Elizabeth, now queen dowager, acted as the regent from 1382 onwards on behalf of her daughter Mary, until her death in 1387. The Hungarian holdings were de facto ruled by Elizabeth, but the Poles discontinued her regency in Poland.

In Hungary, Elizabeth was helped by Palatine Miklós Garai, Nikola I Gorjanski Stariji.

Sigismund, his powerful brother king Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia and many noblemen of Hungary were opposed to Elizabeth and the Palatine. Some noblemen helped Maria's relative Charles of Durazzo, King of Naples to become briefly the King of Hungary in 1385. Elizabeth and Garai had Charles II assassinated in 1386. Charles's heir was his underage son Ladislas of Naples (d. 1414) who as an adult, attempted all his life to conquer Hungary, but despite some support in from interests in Hungary itself, did not succeed.

Magnates of Lesser Poland had been deeply dissatisfied by the family connection (1370-1382) with Hungary, and despite the decreed succession order, chose the nine-year-old Jadwiga of Hungary as monarch of Poland in 1384. After a couple of years, Jadviga was compelled to leave Hungary for Poland. Mary and her guardians never managed to govern Poland. Halych, the Ruthenian province recently (1340-1366) annexed by Poland, however was taken by Hungary, and only after several years did Poland recover it.

[edit]Death and aftermath

Elizabeth and Mary were captured in 1386 by powerful Horvat brothers, but probably on the orders of Mary's smart seventeen-year-old husband and co-ruler, Sigismund of Luxembourg. On the first anniversary of the death of Charles II, January 1387, Elizabeth was strangled before Mary's eyes. Mary bitterly accused squarely her husband of arranging the kidnapping and murder of her mother.

Mary reconciled with the Horvats and granted them estates in Slavonia and Northern Bosnia. Mary refused to live with Sigismund, due to the murder of her mother, therefore keeping a separate household.

In July 1387 Mary was rescued from that captivity by troops of Trvtko I of Bosnia (cousin and adopted brother of Elizabeth of Bosnia) and the Croatian noble family later known as Frankopan (who were relatives of the Garay (Gorjanskih) clan), main supporters of the Bosnian faction.

It has been claimed that Sigismund took revenge on the murderers of Elizabeth. The Horvats were murdered by Sigismund's men near their stronghold of Dobor.

Neither of Elizabeth's daughters left surviving children, so Elizabeth's progeny of Kotroman blood went extinct with the death of Jadwiga, the last surviving of them, in 1399.

Elizabeth of Bosnia

Elizabeth with her daughter Mary in captivity. Queen consort of Hungary Tenure 20 June 1353 – 10 September 1382 Queen consort of Poland Tenure 5 November 1370 – 10 September 1382

Spouse Louis I of Hungary DetailsIssue Catherine of Hungary Mary of Hungary Hedwig of Poland House House of Anjou-Hungary House of Kotromanić Father Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia Mother Elizabeth of Kuyavia Born c. 1339 Died 16 January 1387 Novigrad, Dalmatia Kingdom of Hungary (today's Croatia) Burial Székesfehérvár Basilica

Elizabeth of Bosnia (Bosnian: Elizabeta Kotromanić, Hungarian: Kotromanić Erzsébet, Polish: Elżbieta Bośniaczka) (c. 1339 – 16 January 1387) was Queen of Hungary from 1353 until 1382 and Queen of Poland from 1370 until 1382 as the second wife of King Louis the Great. After her tenure as queen consort, Elizabeth served as regent for her daughter Mary.

As queen consort, Elizabeth was overshadowed by her domineering mother-in-law. Later, as regent, Elizabeth was faced with several rebellions led by Croatian noblemen who wished to take advantage of Mary's insecure reign. Modern historians describe her as a formidable woman, while her contemporaries regarded her as an efficient, but ruthless politician who used political intrigues to protect her daughter's interests.[1] Elizabeth was murdered after being imprisoned by the rebels but she had succeeded in defending her daughter's rights.[2]

Born around 1339, Elizabeth was the daughter of Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia, the head of the House of Kotromanić.[3] Her mother was Elizabeth of Kuyavia, a member of the House of Piast[4] and grandniece of Władysław I the Elbow-high.[5] Her only sibling was Catherine, Countess of Cilli.[6]

Her father refused a proposal from Tsar Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia for her marriage to his son, as he was not willing to cede the territories which Dušan wanted to be Elizabeth's dowry. Those lands were surrendered to Elizabeth's husband by her cousin, Tvrtko I of Bosnia, in 1357.[7]

Elisabeth of Poland, the mother of the King of Hungary, had heard that Stephen II had a young daughter named Elizabeth, and she insisted immediately on bringing her to the Hungarian court for fostering. Stephen was reluctant at first, but eventually dispatched Elizabeth.[8] After three years of life in the Hungarian court, the queen mother invited Stephen II to Hungary and arranged a marriage between Elizabeth and Louis. The first wife of Louis I, Margaret of Bohemia, had died earlier leaving Louis childless.[9]

Marriage A replica of the Chest of Saint Simeon, commissioned by Queen Elizabeth in 1380. On the left, there is an image of Elizabeth and her daughters and on the right, there is an image of Elizabeth's father on his deathbed. Queen Elizabeth presenting the chest to St. Simeon, with her three daughters kneeling in front of her. On 20 June 1353, Elizabeth married the King of Hungary, achieving a huge diplomatic success for her father. However, her father became seriously ill and could not be present at the actual wedding, celebrated in Buda. It was discovered that Elizabeth and Louis were related in the fourth degree through a common ancestor, Duke Casimir I of Kuyavia.[note 1] The Roman Catholic Church regarded the marriage to be within a prohibited degree of consanguinity and some clergymen were tempted to anathematize the couple. Later in the same year Pope Innocent IV wrote to the bishop of Zagreb granting a dispensation for the marriage and forgiving the sin.[10]

In 1370, Louis became King of Poland too. Elizabeth, though Queen of Poland, was never crowned as such. She is one of only five queens of Poland who were never crowned.[11]

Elizabeth was never crowned Queen of Hungary either. She completely subjected herself to her controlling mother-in-law. The fact that the young queen's retinue included the same persons who had served the queen mother suggests that the former did not even have her own court.[9] Early in the marriage, Elizabeth was completely powerless. As she came from a region where high-ranking women significantly influenced the politics,[12] Elizabeth must have endured a long period of unhappiness until her mother-in-law was sent to govern Poland as regent.[9][13]

Elizabeth and Louis had no children for the first seventeen years of marriage. Elizabeth was considered barren and a succession crisis was expected to happen after Louis's death. For a couple of years, her niece and namesake, Elizabeth of Slavonia, was promoted as heiress presumptive. However, a daughter was born to Louis and Elizabeth in 1370, which secured the succession to some point. The daughter, named Catherine, was followed by two more daughters, Mary (born in 1371) and Hedwig (born in 1373).[14] Elizabeth and her daughters are represented on Saint Simeon's chest, whose creation Elizabeth commissioned.[15][16]

Catherine died aged eight and Elizabeth's second eldest daughter, Mary, was intended to inherit both her father's kingdoms, Hungary and Poland. Louis secured the succession rights of his daughters by granting the nobles Privilege of Koszyce. Elizabeth is known to have written a book for the education of her daughters. A copy of the book was sent to France in 1374. However, all copies have been lost.[17][18]

On 16 September 1382, Louis died. The next day, ten-year-old Mary was crowned "king"[note 2] of Hungary. Queen Elizabeth, now queen dowager, acted as regent from 1382 onwards on behalf of Mary. The Hungarian holdings were de facto ruled by Elizabeth, but the Poles discontinued her regency in Poland. In Hungary, Elizabeth was helped by Palatine Nicholas I Garay.[19]

However, a number of Croatian and Hungarian noblemen were opposed to Elizabeth's rule. The first to rise against her was John of Paližna, Ban of Croatia and the Prior of Vrana. He was mainly opposed to the centralizing policy which Elizabeth's husband had enforced. He hoped to regain local independence by rising against Elizabeth. Elizabeth's own first cousin, Tvrtko I of Bosnia, with whom she was raised, decided to take advantage of Louis' death and Elizabeth's unpopularity by trying to recover the Dalmatian lands he had lost to Louis in 1357. John asked Tvrtko for help but was ultimately defeated by Elizabeth's army and forced to flee to Bosnia.[19]

Although Louis had designated Mary as his successor in both Hungary and Poland, the Polish nobility were not willing to recognize Mary and her fiancé, Sigismund of Luxembourg, as their sovereigns. They wanted to end the personal union with Hungary.[20] Elizabeth proposed her youngest daughter Hedwig as Louis' successor in Poland. After two years' negotiations, Hedwig unexpectedly became sovereign of Poland, but Elizabeth was reluctant to let her leave and live in Poland. She delayed Hedwig's arrival, hoping to drive Sigismund out of Hungary by having him elected King of Poland.[21] Elizabeth finally allowed Hedwig to be taken to Poland, where she was crowned king in November 1384. Hedwig married Jogaila of Lithuania, as agreed in the Act of Kreva, where Elizabeth, as her daughter's guardian, was one party to the negotiations. Elizabeth was also requested to legally adopt Jogaila as her son, thus giving him right to retain the Crown of Poland in the event of Hedwig's death.[22][23]

Sigismund, his powerful brother King Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia and many noblemen of Hungary were opposed to the formidable Elizabeth and the Palatine. They, on the other hand, were not enthuasiastic about Sigismund reigning together with Mary. Both Sigismund and Mary's relative, Charles of Durazzo, the governor of Croatia-Dalmatia, who had gained the Crown of Naples by having his aunt Joan murdered, threatened to invade Hungary; the former intended to marry Mary and reign together with her, while the latter intended to depose Mary. Either way, Elizabeth would have lost her power. Thus, in 1384, Elizabeth started negotiating with King Charles V of France about the possibility of his son Louis marrying her daughter Mary, notwithstanding Mary's engagement to Sigismund. Louis had already been engaged to Elizabeth's eldest daughter Catherine and was expected to succeed to the throne of Hungary. If Elizabeth had made this proposal in 1378, after Catherine's death, the fact that the French king and the Hungarian king did not recognize the same pope would have represented a problem. However, Elizabeth was desperate in 1384 and was not willing to let the schism stand in the way of the negotiations. Pope Clement VII issued a dispensation which annulled Mary's betrothal to Sigismund and the proxy marriage was celebrated in April 1385. However, the marriage was not recognized by the Hungarian noblemen who adhered to Pope Urban VI.[24]

Four months after the proxy marriage, Sigismund invaded Hungary and had himself married to Mary by Demeter, Archbishop of Esztergom, regardless of Elizabeth's opposition and the proxy marriage. Elizabeth wanted to retaliate to the marriage by trying to deprive the archbishop of his see.[25]

Sigismund left Hungary and returned to Bohemia in the autumn of 1385. This time Elizabeth faced a much serious opposition than that of John of Paližna. John Horvat (co-ruler with his relative John of Paližna as Ban of Croatia), Ban of Mačva, and his brother Paul, Bishop of Zagreb, used Sigismund's absence and helped Charles of Durazzo become briefly King of Hungary in 1385, regardless of his wife Margaret's opposition.[2] Elizabeth and Mary were forced to attend his coronation.[2] Elizabeth feigned friendly feelings for her husband's kinsman while his retinue was at the court. After his supporters had returned to their homes, he was left defenceless.[26] Elizabeth acted quickly and invited Charles to visit Mary at one of her palaces. Upon his arrival there on 7 February 1386, Elizabeth had Charles stabbed in her apartments and in her presence. The attack took place 39 days after his coronation. Charles died at Visegrád on 24 February.[2][26] She managed to have the crown restored to her daughter and immediately rewarded those who helped her. She gave Jelenec Castle to Blaise Forgach, the Master of the Cupbearers, whose blow had mortally wounded Charles.[26]

Having Charles murdered did not help Elizabeth as much as she hoped it would. His heir was his underage son Ladislaus. Noblemen who had supported Charles immediately rose up in arms to support Ladislaus who would spend his entire adulthood attempting to conquer Hungary, but despite some support in Hungary itself, did not succeed. Rebellions against Elizabeth continued and were even supported by her first cousin, the King of Bosnia.[27][28]

Elizabeth believed that her daughter's monarchical dignity would help calm the opposition.[29] In 1386, accompanied by Garay, she set out for Croatia with her daughter Mary. According to Fine, Elizabeth was going to Đakovo,[27] while Duggan asserts that the two queens were heading towards Zagreb.[29] Either way, they did not arrive to their destination as they were ambushed en route and attacked by John Horvat.[27] Their entourage fought the attackers, but were all killed while Elizabeth and her daughter were taken prisoners. The heads of Elizabeth's defenders were sent to Naples to console Charles of Durazzo's grieving widow.[2] Elizabeth took all blame for the rebellion and begged the attackers to spare her daughter's life.[29]

The two queens were then sent to the coast of the Adriatic Sea and were imprisoned in Novigrad. She managed to smuggle out plans for their relief to the Venetians, but this was discovered by the jailers. Her son-in-law marched into Slavonia, with the intention to reach Novigrad and rescue the queens, but his attempt failed.[30] Charles's widow Margaret, who was at first against her husband's plan to invade Hungary, now insisted that Elizabeth be murdered. On 16 January 1387, Elizabeth was strangled before Mary's eyes on the orders of John of Paližna, their jailer and ally of Elizabeth's cousin Tvrtko.[27][31][32][33]

At the moment of her death, Sigismund was on his way to rescue his wife and mother-in-law.[27] Mary was rescued from that captivity by the troops of her husband Sigismund soon after Elizabeth had been murdered. Mary promised not to take revenge on the murderers of her mother, but nevertheless had them executed and their families banished. Queen Elizabeth was secretly buried in the Church of St Chrysogonus in Zadar and remained buried there for four years. On 16 January 1390, the third anniversary of her death, her body was moved to Székesfehérvár.[27][34][35]

in 1381. The casket, located in Zadar is of great importance for the history of the city, as it depicts various historical events – such as the death of her father – and Elizabeth herself. According to legend, Elizabeth paid for the creation of the casket in order to atone for stealing the saint's finger.[36] The casket contains a scene which allegedly depicts the queen gone mad after stealing the saint's finger.[37] A street in Zadar is named after Elizabeth of Bosnia. Its full name is "Street of Queen Elizabeth Kotromanić, donor of St. Simeon's casket" (Croatian: Ulica kraljice Elizabete Kotromanić, darovateljice rake sv. Šime).

Neither of Elizabeth's daughters left surviving children; Mary died heavily pregnant and Saint Hedwig died from birth complications shortly after the death of her own daughter, Elizabeth Bonifacia, named after Elizabeth of Bosnia. Elizabeth of Bosnia's progeny went extinct with the deaths of her youngest daughter Hedwig in 1399.[38]

Issue:

Catherine of Hungary 1370 1378 betrothed to Louis of France; heiress presumptive to the thrones of Hungary and Poland Mary of Hungary 1371 1395 monarch of Hungary; betrothed to Louis of France; married to Sigismund of Luxembourg Hedwig of Poland 1373 1399 monarch of Poland; betrothed to William of Austria; married to Jogaila of Lithuania

Notes:

^ Casimir I of Kuyavia and his first wife, Constance of Wrocław, were great-great-grandparents of Elizabeth of Bosnia. Casimir I of Kuyavia and his second wife, Euphrosyne of Opole, were great-grandparents of Louis I of Hungary, meaning that Elizabeth and Louis were second cousins once removed. ^ Mary was crowned "king" of Hungary and Hedwig was crowned "king" of Poland. The sisters assumed masculine titles because there was no precedent for a queen regnant. The title of queen had only been used to refer to wives of kings and it was necessary to emphasise that Elizabeth's daughters were monarchs rather than consorts.

References:

Footnotes^ Parsons, 16.  ^ a b c d e Grierson, 236.  ^ Engel, 163.  ^ Kellog, 9.  ^ Rudzki, 47.  ^ Celjski zbornik, 287.  ^ Van Antwerp Fine, 323.  ^ Instytut Historii (Polska Akademia Nauk)  ^ a b c Engel, Ayton, Pálosfalvi, 171.  ^ Długosz, 303.  ^ Rożek, 49.  ^ Ward, 128.  ^ Duggan, 229.  ^ Engel, 169.  ^ Mosher Stuard, 153.  ^ Tomašević, 253.  ^ Jansen, 13.  ^ Johnson, 203.  ^ a b Van Antwerp Fine, 395.  ^ Goodman, 208.  ^ Labuda, Biskup, Michowicz, 75.  ^ New Cambridge Medieval History, 709–712.  ^ Lithuanian historical studies, Volume 1. The Institute. 1996.   ^ Goodman, 222–223.  ^ Goodman, 223.  ^ a b c Engel, Ayton, Pálosfalvi, 198.  ^ a b c d e f Fine, 396–397.  ^ Klaić, 352.  ^ a b c Duggan, 231.  ^ Engel, 199.  ^ Preveden, 120.  ^ Myrl Jackson-Laufer, 129–130.  ^ Gaži, 61.  ^ Opfell, 17.  ^ Petricioli, 196.  ^ Stewart, 210.  ^ Filozofski fakultet u Zadru, 455.  ^ Kellogg, 235. 

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