Eugen Jeno Fried

Eugen Fried (13 March 1900 – 17 August 1943) was a Czechoslovak communist who played a leading role in the French Communist Party in the 1930s and early 1940s as the representative of the Communist International. He ensured that the party leaders were loyal to Stalin and followed the instructions of Moscow. He was ruthless but discreet, and stayed out of the public eye.

Life

1900–21: Early years Eugen (Jenő) Fried was born on 13 March 1900 in Trnava, in what is now eastern Slovakia, to a family of Jewish small traders. He was a gifted student, and graduated from secondary school in 1917.[1] He started to study chemistry at the University of Budapest but was unable to graduate due to the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918.[2] He joined the Bolsheviks and from March to July 1919 participated in the revolution of Béla Kun that established the Hungarian Soviet Republic. When the republic collapsed he took refuge in the new country of Czechoslovakia.[1]

1921–29: Communist Party of Czechoslovakia

Fried joined the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ, Komunistická strana Československa) when it was founded in 1921. He was assigned to Košice, capital of eastern Slovakia, where he was an activist until 1924. In 1924 he made an illegal visit to Moscow to attend the fifth Congress of the Communist International (Comintern). He was arrested some time after returning and sentenced to thirty months in prison.[1] He was imprisoned from 1925 to 1927. In 1927 he married a young Slovak activist.[2] Fried was a cultured and well-read man with wide interests who spoke several languages.

After his release Fried was assigned to Liberec in Bohemia, in the west of the country, since he was too well known in Slovakia . He had become a professional revolutionary and an admirer of Stalin.[1] Dmitry Manuilsky, one of Stalin's representatives in the Comintern, noticed Fried and gave him increasingly responsible tasks. By June 1928 Fried was responsible for purging the KSČ of leaders who were not sufficiently obedient to Moscow. In December 1928 he was assigned to the KSČ Secretariat and given the task of imposing a leadership loyal to Stalin.[1] He left his wife in 1929 when Dmitry Manuilsky called him to join the Comintern in Moscow.[2][a] He was accused of leftism by the Comintern in December 1929 but was restored to favor after writing a self-criticism.[2][1]

1930–39: Pre-war French Communist Party

Fried was appointed Comintern "referent", responsible for overseeing the French Communist Party (PCF, Parti communiste français), at the end of 1930.[3] He took the pseudonym of "Clément". From 1931 to 1942 Fried played a leading role in the PCF.[4] At this time the PCF was in disarray. Fried's instructions were to eliminate the social-democratic and anarcho-syndicalist elements, and prevent the Trotskyists from gaining influence. He was to resolve rivalry, eliminate unsound elements and install men loyal to Moscow at the head of the party.[2] Fried, a charming and persuasive man, achieved these goals within a few years. He removed Henri Barbé and Pierre Célor and advanced Maurice Thorez, Jacques Duclos, Benoît Frachon and André Marty.[2] After making Thorez the official party leader, Fried stayed out of the limelight but was the true leader of the PCF. Thorez and Fried both attended the Anti-Fascist Workers' Congress and the 7th World Congress of the Comintern, but Thorez was the public face of the party.[5]

The Cadre Commission (commission des cadres) was set up to "verify" comrades and ensure "that a thing was what it was supposed to be" – to root out informers and politically unreliable members. One technique was to require that all PCF members fill out an autobiographical questionnaire, which could then be analyzed. Early in 1933 Maurice Tréand was made secretary of the PCF's Cadre Commission.[6] The Cadre Commission was somewhat secretive, and worked directly with Fried, Thorez and the Comintern's agencies.[7] In 1934 Fried removed Jacques Doriot, whom the Soviet Union thought had been too hasty in denouncing the growing Nazi threat in Germany. However, within a year the PCF was supporting the Comintern's Popular front program.[2] After the 1936 French elections Fried directed the PCF to support the government of Léon Blum without participating in it. He downplayed the Stalinist purges of the late 1930s, and explained the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union to the party leaders.[2]

1939–43: World War II World War II (1939–45) broke out at the start of September 1939. The Executive Committee of the Communist International communicated to the French and British communists parties through Fried explaining that the war was not one of democracy versus fascism, but was a war between imperialist powers, and "... the primary issue is the struggle against capitalism—the source of all wars—against the regime of bourgeois dictatorship in all its forms, and above all in your own country..."[8] On 26 September 1939 the government of Édouard Daladier outlawed the PCF. Thirty five communist deputies and thousands of communist activists were arrested in the months that followed, and more than 3,000 communist refugees were interned as undesirable foreigners.[9] Fried arranged for Thorez to escape to the Soviet Union via Belgium. He established himself in Brussels and continued to direct the PCF from there.[2] In Brussels Fried created a clandestine Comintern base for all of Western Europe, in contact with Moscow through radio-telegraph and in control of the clandestine PCF.[5]

In May 1940 the Germans invaded France, which agreed to the armistice of 22 June 1940. That day Fried received a detailed directive from Comintern leader Georgi Dimitrov and Thorez on what could be done to resist the German occupying forces. Immediately after the occupation, some of the French communists tried to obtain permission from the Germans to legally publish their journal, l'Humanité. It was not until early August 1941 that Fried was directed to break off all contact with the German authorities.[10] The leadership of the French Communist Party in the period between the occupation of France and the German invasion of Russia on 22 June 1941 was divided between three locations. Secretary-general Maurice Thorez was in Moscow with André Marty. In Paris the clandestine party was directed by Benoît Frachon, aided by Arthur Dallidet. In hiding in Brussels were Jacques Duclos, who became the political leader of the party, and later the leader of the Communist Resistance, Maurice Tréand and Eugen Fried.[11]

After Germany invaded the Soviet Union, Fried received cipher communications in which communists in Western Europe were told to "use all ways and means to make the people rise up and fight the occupiers" including demonstrations, strikes and sabotage.[12] The Red Orchestra was a major Soviet intelligence network that operated throughout Western Europe.[13] In December 1941 Dimitrov gave Fried instructions to contact the Red Orchestra head, Leopold Trepper. The meeting fell through since the Gestapo had taken the radio station of the Red Orchestra in Brussels and Trepper had fled to Paris. Further arrests took place in July 1942, and several agents were betrayed.[14] Eugen Fried was assassinated in Brussels by the Gestapo on 17 August 1943.[2] His true identity was not known at the time. After his death the post-war French communist leaders largely ignored the role he had played source

• Reference: Geneanet Genealogy - SmartCopy: Aug 31 2017, 13:58:50 UTC

Eugen Fried, né le 13 mars 1900 et mort à Bruxelles le 17 août 1943 (à 43 ans), fut le représentant de la IIIe Internationale auprès du Parti communiste français. À la suite de Pierre Daix, nombre d'historiens dont Stéphane Courtois le considèrent comme « le véritable patron du Parti communiste français de 1930 à 1939 ».

Jeunesse et formation

Fils de commerçants juifs de Slovaquie, il commence des études de chimie à l'université de Budapest. Il s'initie à l'action révolutionnaire en 1919, lors de la République des conseils de Budapest qui voit la prise du pouvoir par les communistes de Béla Kun. Il est alors expulsé en Tchécoslovaquie. Polyglotte, cet « agent léniniste » est chargé par Moscou de faire le ménage parmi les transfuges tchèques de la social-démocratie dont le « réformisme » . Il devient rapidement un membre clef du bureau politique du parti communiste tchécoslovaque.

En 1929, il participe au renversement des anciens dirigeants sociaux-démocrates au profit d'hommes plus fidèles à l'Union soviétique. Fried étant d'origine hongroise et de confession juive, le poste de secrétaire général du parti lui est définitivement refusé. Il rentre à Moscou en 1930 et rejoint l'appareil central de la IIIe Internationale. Après quelques missions en Ukraine, en Suisse et en Hongrie, Dmitri Manouïlski l'envoie en France pour « staliniser » le Parti communiste français, alors en pleine crise.

PCF

Fried arrive clandestinement à Paris en 1931 et a tout pouvoir sur les dirigeants du Parti français. Dès l'été 1931, celui qu'on appelle « camarade Clément » monte une affaire de « fractionnisme » contre les deux principaux responsables du PCF, Henri Barbé et Pierre Celor, qu'il fait exclure du bureau politique. Il installe alors son équipe, composée de Maurice Thorez, Jacques Duclos, Benoît Frachon, André Marty et Maurice Tréand. Cette nouvelle direction va personnaliser le communisme français pendant plus de trois décennies. Pour le poste de secrétaire général, il préfère Thorez, qu'il intronise en 1934, plutôt que Jacques Doriot, dont l'obéissance envers le Komintern laisse à désirer.

En 1934, il se met en ménage avec Aurore Membeuf, la première femme de Thorez, ce dernier s'étant mis en couple avec Jeannette Vermeersch. Il est la véritable éminence grise de Thorez, transmettant les ordres venus du Kremlin. Pour les autres, il crée une « commission des cadres », chargée de recenser, sélectionner, promouvoir et surveiller les principaux responsables. Cette police du parti leur inculque une discipline militaire. Chaque responsable, jusqu'au chef de cellule, doit remplir un questionnaire biographique en répondant à 74 questions touchant à sa formation, à ses lectures mais aussi à sa famille et à sa vie intime.

Selon Pierre Daix, c'est lui qui invente le mot d'ordre de Front populaire dont l'application de la tactique contribuera grandement à l'expansion du parti.

Komintern

Avec le déclenchement de la Seconde Guerre mondiale en 1939, Fried est amené à diriger, depuis Bruxelles, la direction clandestine du Komintern pour toute l'Europe de l'Ouest, où il assurera entre autres le contrôle du PCF clandestin. L'antenne du PCF à Bruxelles est alors dirigée par Duclos, les liens avec le Kremlin sont, entre autres, assurés par un émetteur/récepteur en ondes courtes. Duclos est alors l'un des « sommets » du triangle de direction. Les deux autres sont Thorez, réfugié à Moscou dès la signature du pacte germano-soviétique, et Charles Tillon, resté en France, d'où il organisera la résistance communiste et les Francs-tireurs et partisans à partir de l'invasion de l'Union soviétique par l'Allemagne nazie (22 juin 1941).

Assassinat

Il est assassiné en 1943 par la Gestapo allemande qui ne savait pas à qui elle avait tendu une souricière, lors de sa série d'arrestations dans les milieux communistes. Les historiens Claude Coussement et José Gotovitch ont travaillé sur des documents de la police allemande qui les ont conduits à l'homme, qui a permis aux Allemands de tendre une souricière dans la maison bruxelloise qui servait aux liaisons de Fried. Cet homme, un Néerlandais retrouvé par Coussement, ignorait l'importance de cette adresse jusqu'à son entrevue avec ce dernier.

La mort de Fried a par la suite été l'objet d'une controverse à la suite de la publication des affirmations de Lise London, l'attribuant à l'action des services spéciaux soviétiques. Cette thèse a été infirmée par les historiens Annie Kriegel et Stéphane Courtois, auteurs de l'ouvrage de référence sur la question.

source

Individual Note

Avec Ana Pauker il participe en 1931 au « Collectif de direction » mis en place par l'Internationale communiste pour épauler la direction du Parti communiste français. Il est la véritable éminence grise de Maurice Thorez, lui transmettant les ordres venus du Kremlin. Fried et Thorez vont devenir une paire d'amis, notion qui n'a pas cours au sein du Komiintern. Fried va se mettre en ménage avec Aurore Memboeuf, l'épouse de Thorez, ce dernier vivant simultanément "à la colle" avec Jeannette Vermeersch

• Reference: Geneanet Genealogy - SmartCopy: Aug 31 2017, 13:58:50 UTC

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