Flavia Justina

Justina (died 388) was the second wife of the Roman Emperor Valentinian I (reigned 364-375) and the mother of Valentinian II (reigned 375-392), Galla, Grata and Justa.

Justina was a daughter of Justus, governor of Picenum under Constantius II. [1] According to Socrates of Constantinople: "Justus the father of Justina, who had been governor of Picenum under the reign of Constantius, had a dream in which he seemed to himself to bring forth the imperial purple out of his right side. When this dream had been told to many persons, it at length came to the knowledge of Constantius, who conjecturing it to be a presage that a descendant of Justus would become emperor, caused him to be assassinated." [2]

Justina had two known brothers, Constantius and Cerealis. One of her daughters was named Galla. In "La Pseudobigamie de Valentinien I" (1958) by J. Rougé, all three names were argued to be representative of their descent from the Neratius family, an aristocratic family connected to the Constantinian dynasty through marriage. [3]. According to the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire the names Justus and Justina may also indicate a relation to the Vettus family. [4]

The Prosopography mentions a theory that Justus was a son of Vettius Justus, Consul in 328, and a woman of the Neratius family. The latter family produced four relatively notable members in the early 4th century, siblings or half-siblings to each other. The first was Galla, wife of Julius Constantius and mother of Constantius Gallus. Her brothers were Naeratius Cerealis, Roman Consul in 358 and Vulcacius Rufinus, Praetorian Prefect of Italy from 365 to his death in 368. An unnamed sister was mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus as mother of Maximus, Prefect of Rome under Julian the Apostate. [5]

Timothy Barnes has theorised Justina was a granddaughter or great-granddaughter of Crispus through her unnamed mother. [3]. [6] Crispus was the only son of Constantine I and Minervina. He was married to Helena and they had a son born in 322. [7]

[edit] First marriage

Justina was first married to Magnentius, a Roman usurper from 350 to 353. [8][6] However both Zosimus and the fragmentary chronicle of John of Antioch, a 7th century monk tentatively identified with John of the Sedre, Syrian Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch from 641 to 648[9] report that Justina was too young at the time of her first marriage to have children. [10].

[edit] Second marriage

In c. 370, Justina became the second wife of Valentinian I. According to Socrates of Constantinople: "Justina being thus bereft of her father, still continued a virgin. Some time after she became known to Severa, wife of the emperor Valentinian, and had frequent intercourse with the empress, until their intimacy at length grew to such an extent that they were accustomed to bathe together. When Severa saw Justina in the bath she was greatly struck with the beauty of the virgin, and spoke of her to the emperor; saying that the daughter of Justus was so lovely a creature, and possessed of such symmetry of form, that she herself, though a woman, was altogether charmed with her. The emperor, treasuring this description by his wife in his own mind, considered with himself how he could espouse Justina, without repudiating Severa, as she had borne him Gratian, whom he had created Augustus a little while before. He accordingly framed a law, and caused it to be published throughout all the cities, by which any man was permitted to have two lawful wives." [2]

John Malalas, the Chronicon Paschale and John of Nikiû report Severa to have been banished because of involvement in an illegal transaction. Barnes considers this story to be an attempt to justify the divorce of Valentinian I without blaming the emperor. Socrates was chronologically closer to the events and his account arguably more reliable. His story was dismissed by later historians whose interpretation of it was an unlikely legalization of bigamy. However Barnes and others consider this decision to only allow various Romans to divorce and then remarry. The controversy being that Christianity had yet to accept the concept of a divorce. Barnes considers that Valentinian was willing to go forth with the legal reformation in pursuit of dynastic legitimacy that would secure his presence on the throne.[11]

Justina became the stepmother of Gratian. Justina and Valentinian I had four known children. Their only son was Valentinian II. Their daughters were Galla, Grata and Justa. [12] According to Socrates, Grata and Justa remained unmarried. They were probably still alive in 392 but not mentioned afterwards. [13] Valentinian I died in 375.

Sources:

References

  1. ^ Timothy Barnes, "Ammianus Marcellinus and the Representation of Historical Reality" (1998), page 124

  2. ^ a b Socrates Scholasticus, "The Ecclesiastical History", Book 14, Chapter 31, translation by Philip Schaff (1819 - 1893).

  3. ^ a b Noel Emmanuel Lenski, "Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century" (2002), page 103

  4. ^ Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, vol. 1

  5. ^ Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, vol. 1

  6. ^ a b David A. Wend, "Magnentius As Emperor"

  7. ^ Hans Polshander, Crispus Caesar (317-326 A.D.)

  8. ^ Michael DiMaio, Jr., "Magnentius (350-353 A.D) and Decentius (351-353 A.D.)"

  9. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, "John of Antioch"

 10. ^ Noel Emmanuel Lenski, Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D. (2003), page 103]

 11. ^ Timothy Barnes, "Ammianus Marcellinus and the Representation of Historical Reality" (1998), pages 123-125

 12. ^ a b Walter E. Roberts , "Valentinian II (375-92 A.D.)"

 13. ^ Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Vol. 1

 14. ^ Walter E. Roberts, "Valentinian I (364-375 A.D)"

 15. ^ Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Vol. 1

 16. ^ Walter E. Roberts, "Magnus Maximus (383-388 A.D.)"

 17. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1849)

 18. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1849)

 19. ^ Justina's entry in the Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century

   * Camphausen, Hans v., 1929. Ambrosius von Mailand als Kirchenpolitiker. Berlin/Leipzig.

   * Homes Dudden, A., 1935. The Life and Times of St. Ambrose. Oxford.

   * Jones, A. H. M. et al., 1971. The Prosopographie of the Later Roman Empire I.. Cambridge.

   * Meslin, Michael, 1967. Les ariens d'occident, pp 335-430. Paris.

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ID: I66359

Name: Justina Augusta of Rome

Given Name: Justina Augusta

Surname: of Rome

Sex: F

_UID: 736CC8E78AE5EA46BA9B521C19DDD36A23A8

Change Date: 10 Aug 2004

Birth: ABT 339

Death: 387

Father: Vettus Justus of Rome b: ABT 310

Mother: Galla of Rome b: ABT 315

Marriage 1 Flavius Valentinianus I of Rome b: 321

Children

Galla Valentiniana of Rome b: ABT 350

Aelia Flacila of Spanish Roman Empire b: 355 in Spain

Forrás / Source:

http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=jdp-fam&i...

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Justina Empress of the West

Father Justus of Rome

Mother

Marriage - VALENTIAN I Flavius Emperor of the West

Children - - Galla Princess of the West 

371 - VALENTIAN II Flavius Valentianus Emperor of the West

Forrás / Source:

http://www.american-pictures.com/genealogy/persons/per02523.htm#0

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http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justina_(emperatriz)

Justina († 388) fue la segunda esposa del emperador romano Valentiniano I (reinó 364-375) y la madre de Valentiniano II (reinó 375-392), Gala y Justa.

Justina era una hija de Justo, gobernador de Piceno con Constancio II. Se casó en primeras nupcias con Magnencio un usurpador romano desde 350 hasta 353 aunque, al parecer era demasiado joven para tener hijos. Magnencio fue derrotado y se suicidó el 10 u 11 de agosto de 353. Hacia el año 370, Justina se convirtió en la segunda esposa de Valentiniano I, que se había divorciado de su anterior esposa, Severa. Justina se convirtió en madrastra de Graciano. Justina y Valentiniano I tuvieron cuatro hijos conocidos. Su único hijo fue Valentiniano II. Sus hijas fueron Gala, Grata y Justa. Vivía cerca de Sirmio cuando enviudó. Durante el reinado de Valentiniano II, se trasladó con él a Mediolanum. Sirvió como regente de Valentiniano II. Era arriana y mantuvo una larga lucha contra Ambrosio, líder del credo niceno en Italia.

En el año 387, habiendo muerto ya Graciano, ante el avance de Magno Máximo sobre Mediolanum, Justina se vio obligada a huir de la capital junto con Valentiniano. Y marcharon a Tesalónica, capital de la prefectura pretoriana de Iliria, y en aquella época la residencia elegida por Teodosio. Gala los acompañaba. Teodosio era entonces viudo, pues su primera esposa, Aelia Flacila había muerto en 385 o 386.

Teodosio protegió a los fugitivos y gracias a las maniobras de Justina, pidió a Gala en matrimonio. Justina se aprovechó del matrimonio, estableciendo una condición para que se sellara el acuerdo de matrimonio. Bajo su condición, Teodosio tendría que atacar a Máximo y restaurar a Valentiniano II en el trono. Teodosio estuvo conforme con la petición de Justina, casándose con Gala probablemente a finales de 387. Justina falleció el mismo año en que Teodosio consiguió derrocar a Máximo, no estando seguros de si ella fue capaz de ser testigo del resultado de sus esfuerzos.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justina_%28empress%29

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Reference: http://familytrees.genopro.com/318186/jarleslekt/default.htm?page=t...

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Justina was a daughter of Justus, governor of Picenum under Constantius II. According to Socrates of Constantinople: "Justus the father of Justina, who had been governor of Picenum under the reign of Constantius, had a dream in which he seemed to himself to bring forth the imperial purple out of his right side. When this dream had been told to many persons, it at length came to the knowledge of Constantius, who conjecturing it to be a presage that a descendant of Justus would become emperor, caused him to be assassinated."

Justina had two known brothers, Constantius and Cerealis. One of her daughters was named Galla. In "La Pseudobigamie de Valentinien I" (1958) by J. Rougé, all three names were argued to be representative of their descent from the Neratius family, an aristocratic family connected to the Constantinian dynasty through marriage. . According to the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire the names Justus and Justina may also indicate a relation to the Vettus family.

The Prosopography mentions a theory that Justus was a son of Vettius Iustus, Consul in 328, and a woman of the Neratius family. The latter family produced four relatively notable members in the early 4th century, siblings or half-siblings to each other. The first was Galla, wife of Julius Constantius and mother of Constantius Gallus. Her brothers were Neratius Cerealis, Roman Consul in 358 and Vulcacius Rufinus, Praetorian Prefect of Italy from 365 to his death in 368. An unnamed sister was mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus as mother of Maximus, Prefect of Rome under Julian the Apostate. Timothy Barnes has theorised Justina was a granddaughter or great-granddaughter of Crispus through her unnamed mother. Crispus was the only son of Constantine I and Minervina. He was married to Helena and they had a son born in 322.

Justina was first married to Magnentius, a Roman usurper from 350 to 353. However both Zosimus and the fragmentary chronicle of John of Antioch, a 7th century monk tentatively identified with John of the Sedre, Syrian Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch from 641 to 648 report that Justina was too young at the time of her first marriage to have children.

Magnentius was born to a Romano-British father and a Frankish mother. On 18 January 350, Magnentius was proclaimed emperor at Autun. He managed to defeat Constans and assumed control over the Western Roman Empire. His brief reign was mostly a war against Constantius II. Magnentius was eventualy defeated and committed suicide on 10 August/11 August 353.

In c. 370, Justina became the second wife of Valentinian I. According to Socrates of Constantinople: "Justina being thus bereft of her father, still continued a virgin. Some time after she became known to Severa, wife of the emperor Valentinian, and had frequent intercourse with the empress, until their intimacy at length grew to such an extent that they were accustomed to bathe together. When Severa saw Justina in the bath she was greatly struck with the beauty of the virgin, and spoke of her to the emperor; saying that the daughter of Justus was so lovely a creature, and possessed of such symmetry of form, that she herself, though a woman, was altogether charmed with her. The emperor, treasuring this description by his wife in his own mind, considered with himself how he could espouse Justina, without repudiating Severa, as she had borne him Gratian, whom he had created Augustus a little while before. He accordingly framed a law, and caused it to be published throughout all the cities, by which any man was permitted to have two lawful wives."

John Malalas, the Chronicon Paschale and John of Nikiû report Severa to have been banished because of involvement in an illegal transaction. Barnes considers this story to be an attempt to justify the divorce of Valentinian I without blaming the emperor. Socrates was chronologically closer to the events and his account arguably more reliable. His story was dismissed by later historians whose interpretation of it was an unlikely legalization of bigamy. However Barnes and others consider this decision to only allow various Romans to divorce and then remarry. The controversy being that Christianity had yet to accept the concept of a divorce. Barnes considers that Valentinian was willing to go forth with the legal reformation in pursuit of dynastic legitimacy that would secure his presence on the throne.

Justina became the stepmother of Gratian. Justina and Valentinian I had four known children. Their only son was Valentinian II. Their daughters were Galla, Grata and Justa. According to Socrates, Grata and Justa remained unmarried. They were probably still alive in 392 but not mentioned afterwards. Valentinian I died in 375.

According to Ammianus Marcellinus, Zosimus and Philostorgius, Justina was living near Sirmium by the time she was widowed. During the reign of Valentinian II, she moved with him to Mediolanum. She served as regent for Valentinian II. She was an Arian Christian though unable to act in favor of her religious faction until after the death of her husband. She maintained a long struggle against Ambrose, leader of the Nicene faction in Italy.

In 383, Gratian had died while facing a major revolt under Magnus Maximus. Maximus proceeded to establish his control of a portion of the Roman Empire including Britain, Gaul, Hispania and the Diocese of Africa. He ruled from his capital at Augusta Treverorum (Treves, Trier) and was able to negotiate his recognition by Valentinian II and Theodosius I, starting from 384. The area of Valentinian II had effectively been limited to Italia, ruling from Mediolanum (modern Milan).

In 387, the truce between Valentinian II and Maximus ended. The latter crossed the Alps into the Po Valley and threatened Milan. Valentinian and Justina fled their capital for Thessaloniki, capital of the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum and at the time chosen residence of Theodosius. Galla accompanied them. Theodosius was at the time a widower, his first wife Aelia Flaccilla having died in 385 or 386.

Theodosius granted refuge to the fugitives. According to the account of Zosimus, Justina arranged for Galla to appear in tears before Theodosius and appeal to his compassion. Galla was reportedly a beautiful woman and Theodosius was soon smitten with her, requesting to marry her. Justina used this to her advantage, setting a condition for the marriage agreement to be sealed. Under her condition, Theodosius would have to attack Maximus and restore Valentinian II to his throne. Theodosius consented to Justina’s request, the marriage probably taking place in late 387.

The account was questioned by Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont as inconsistent with the piety of Theodosius. Tillemont suggested that the marriage took place in 386, prior to the beginning of hostilities. However The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon considered Zosimus' account more likely and later works, including the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, have followed his example.

In July-August, 388, the combined troops of Theodosius I and Vallentinian II invaded the territory of Maximus under the leadership of Richomeres, Arbogast, Promotus and Timasius. Maximus suffered a series of losses and surrendered in Aquileia. He was executed on 28 August 388. His son and nominal co-ruler Flavius Victor was also executed. His wife Elen and two daughters were spared. The condition for Galla's marriage had been met. However Justina died the same year, uncertain if she was able to witness the result of her efforts.

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Justina Augusta of Rome   was born in 0339 

Justina's father was Vettus Justus of Rome and her mother was Galla of Rome. Her maternal grandparents were Consul Julius Constantius and Neratia of Rome. She was an only child. She died at the age of 48 in 0387.1

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Justina (empress)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search

For other uses of the name, see Justina

Justina (died 388) was the second wife of the Roman Emperor Valentinian I (reigned 364-375) and the mother of Valentinian II (reigned 375-392), Galla, Grata and Justa.

Contents [hide]

1 Family

2 First marriage

3 Second marriage

4 Widow

5 References

6 External links

[edit] Family

Justina was a daughter of Justus, governor of Picenum under Constantius II.[1] According to Socrates of Constantinople: "Justus the father of Justina, who had been governor of Picenum under the reign of Constantius, had a dream in which he seemed to himself to bring forth the imperial purple out of his right side. When this dream had been told to many persons, it at length came to the knowledge of Constantius, who conjecturing it to be a presage that a descendant of Justus would become emperor, caused him to be assassinated."[2]

Justina had two known brothers, Constantius and Cerealis. One of her daughters was named Galla. In "La Pseudobigamie de Valentinien I" (1958) by J. Rougé, all three names were argued to be representative of their descent from the Neratius family, an aristocratic family connected to the Constantinian dynasty through marriage.[3]. According to the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire the names Justus and Justina may also indicate a relation to the Vettus family.[4]

The Prosopography mentions a theory that Justus was a son of Vettius Justus, Consul in 328, and a woman of the Neratius family. The latter family produced four relatively notable members in the early 4th century, siblings or half-siblings to each other. The first was Galla, wife of Julius Constantius and mother of Constantius Gallus. Her brothers were Naeratius Cerealis, Consul in 358 and Vulcacius Rufinus, Praetorian prefect of Italy from 365 to his death in 368. An unnamed sister was mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus as mother of Maximus, praefectus urbi of Rome under Julian the Apostate.[4]

Timothy Barnes has theorised Justina was a granddaughter or great-granddaughter of Crispus through her unnamed mother.[3][5] Crispus was the only son of Constantine I and Minervina. He was married to Helena and they had a son born in 322.[6]

[edit] First marriage

Justina was first married to Magnentius, a Roman usurper from 350 to 353.[7][5] However both Zosimus and the fragmentary chronicle of John of Antioch, a 7th century monk tentatively identified with John of the Sedre, Syrian Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch from 641 to 648[8] report that Justina was too young at the time of her first marriage to have children.[9].

[edit] Second marriage

In c. 370, Justina became the second wife of Valentinian I. According to Socrates of Constantinople: "Justina being thus bereft of her father, still continued a virgin. Some time after she became known to Severa, wife of the emperor Valentinian, and had frequent intercourse with the empress, until their intimacy at length grew to such an extent that they were accustomed to bathe together. When Severa saw Justina in the bath she was greatly struck with the beauty of the virgin, and spoke of her to the emperor; saying that the daughter of Justus was so lovely a creature, and possessed of such symmetry of form, that she herself, though a woman, was altogether charmed with her. The emperor, treasuring this description by his wife in his own mind, considered with himself how he could espouse Justina, without repudiating Severa, as she had borne him Gratian, whom he had created Augustus a little while before. He accordingly framed a law, and caused it to be published throughout all the cities, by which any man was permitted to have two lawful wives." [2]

John Malalas, the Chronicon Paschale and John of Nikiû report Severa to have been banished because of involvement in an illegal transaction. Barnes considers this story to be an attempt to justify the divorce of Valentinian I without blaming the emperor. Socrates was chronologically closer to the events and his account arguably more reliable. His story was dismissed by later historians whose interpretation of it was an unlikely legalization of bigamy. However Barnes and others consider this decision to only allow various Romans to divorce and then remarry. The controversy being that Christianity had yet to accept the concept of a divorce. Barnes considers that Valentinian was willing to go forth with the legal reformation in pursuit of dynastic legitimacy that would secure his presence on the throne.[10]

Justina became the stepmother of Gratian. Justina and Valentinian I had four known children. Their only son was Valentinian II. Their daughters were Galla, Grata and Justa. [11] According to Socrates, Grata and Justa remained unmarried. They were probably still alive in 392 but not mentioned afterwards. [12] Valentinian I died in 375. [13]

[edit] Widow

According to Ammianus Marcellinus, Zosimus and Philostorgius, Justina was living near Sirmium by the time she was widowed. During the reign of Valentinian II, she moved with him to Mediolanum. She served as regent for Valentinian II. She was an Arian Christian though unable to act in favor of her religious faction until after the death of her husband. She maintained a long struggle against Ambrose, leader of the Nicene faction in Italy. [14]

In 383, Gratian had died while facing a major revolt under Magnus Maximus. Maximus proceeded to establish his control of a portion of the Roman Empire including Britain, Gaul, Hispania and the Diocese of Africa. [15] He ruled from his capital at Augusta Treverorum (Treves, Trier) and was able to negotiate his recognition by Valentinian II and Theodosius I, starting from 384. The area of Valentinian II had effectively been limited to Italia, ruling from Mediolanum (modern Milan). [11]

In 387, the truce between Valentinian II and Maximus ended. The latter crossed the Alps into the Po Valley and threatened Milan. Valentinian and Justina fled their capital for Thessaloniki, capital of the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum and at the time chosen residence of Theodosius. Galla accompanied them. Theodosius was at the time a widower, his first wife Aelia Flaccilla having died in 385 or 386.

Theodosius granted refuge to the fugitives. According to the account of Zosimus, Justina arranged for Galla to appear in tears before Theodosius and appeal to his compassion. Galla was reportedly a beautiful woman and Theodosius was soon smitten with her, requesting to marry her. Justina used this to her advantage, setting a condition for the marriage agreement to be sealed. Under her condition, Theodosius would have to attack Maximus and restore Valentinian II to his throne. Theodosius consented to Justina’s request, the marriage probably taking place in late 387. [16]

The account was questioned by Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont as inconsistent with the piety of Theodosius. Tillemont suggested that the marriage took place in 386, prior to the beginning of hostilities. However The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon considered Zosimus' account more likely and later works, including the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, have followed his example. [17]

In July-August, 388, the combined troops of Theodosius I and Vallentinian II invaded the territory of Maximus under the leadership of Richomeres, Arbogast, Promotus and Timasius. Maximus suffered a series of losses and surrendered in Aquileia. He was executed on 28 August 388. His son and nominal co-ruler Flavius Victor was also executed. His wife Helen and two daughters were spared. The condition for Galla's marriage had been met. However Justina died the same year, uncertain if she was able to witness the result of her efforts. [18].

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justina_(empress)

===========================================================================================

•ID: I134080

•Name: JUSTINA (NOTES) AUGUSTA OF (L) ROME

•Sex: F

•ALIA: GUISTINA OR JUSTINA (NOTES) AUGUSTA OF (L) /ROME/

•Name: AKA GIUSTINA (NOTES) JULIANA OR (L) JUSTINIA

•Name: AKA IUSTINA (NOTES) OF (L) ROME

•Birth: BET 316 AND 339

•Death: 387

•Event: 1 AKA JUSTINA (NOTES) (L) JULIANA

•Event: 2 AKA JUSTINA (L) VALENTINIA

•Event: 3 AKA JUSTINA (NOTES) (L) DI ROMA

•Note:

SOME SOURCES SAY JUSTINS'S PARENTS WERE VETTUS JUSTUS OF (L) ROME AND GALLA OF (L) ROME.

OTHER POSSIBLE PARENTS ARE SHOWN BELOW BUT THIS INDIVIDUAL IS NOT SHOWN AS A CHILD ON THE FOLLOWING POSSIBLE PARENTS' FAMILY PAGES, TO DO SO WOULD BE CONSIDERED ERRORS BY THIS PROGRAM. EVEN THOUGH THESE LAST POSSIBLE PARENTS MAY BE THE CORRECT ONES, SHOWING MORE THAN ONE SET OF PARENTS COULD CAUSE MY "FAMILY TREE" PROGRAM TO MALFUNCTION.

OTHER SOURCES SAY HER FATHER WAS (NOTES) (L) LICINIANUS.

Father: VETTUS JUSTUS OF (L) ROME b: ABT 310

Mother: GALLA OF (L) ROME b: ABT 315

Marriage 1 VALENTINIAN I EMPEROR OF (L) WEST ROMAN EMPIRE b: BET 311 AND 321

Children

1. Galla Valentiniana of (L) ROME b: BET 350 AND 371

2. Aelia (NOTES) Flacila (L) Spanish Roman EMPIRE b: BET 355 AND 356 in Spain

http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=pusch&id=...

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http://www.ffish.com/family_tree/Descendants_Valerius_Licinianus/D1...