Fucing 傅清

FU-ch'ing 傅清, d. Nov. 11, 1750, general, came of the Fuca Clan and was a member of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner. He was the second son of Li-jung-pao (see under Misḥan) and was the elder brother of Fu-hêng [q.v.]. In 1723 he was appointed an Imperial Bodyguard. After several promotions he was made a deputy lieutenant-general of the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner (1737) and then served as brigade-general stationed at Tientsin (1740–44).

In 1744 Fu-ch'ing was sent to Lhasa as Imperial Resident, and was given the title of a deputy lieutenant-general in command of the garrison there. A garrison was first stationed in Lhasa in 1720 when the armies under Yin-t'i [%E7%A6%B5, q.v.] drove the Eleuths from Tibet (see under Yen-hsin). In 1723 Emperor Shih-tsung withdrew the garrison but restored it in 1727 (see under Jalangga) when the office of Imperial Resident at Lhasa was formally established. When Fu-ch'ing reached Lhasa in 1744 he found the prince, Sonam stöbgyal (see under Jalangga), in power, but nearing old age. In 1746 the prince designated as heir his younger son, Jurmet Namjar 珠爾默特那木札勒, who succeeded to the princedom in 1747. The young prince was friendly towards the Eleuths and planned severance of relations with China. Hence he requested the withdrawal of the garrison from Lhasa. Emperor Kao-tsung, wishing to please him, granted the request and left only about 500 men divided between Lhasa and Shigatse. Having thus obtained military superiority, Jurmet Namjar began to train his men outside Lhasa on the pretense of guarding against the Eleuths. Unfortunately Fu-ch'ing was recalled in April 1748 and a less vigilant official took his place. Although this official was soon replaced by Labdon 拉布敦 (1703-1750), the changes in personnel gave Jurmet Namjar time to expand his power.

In the meantime Fu-ch'ing was appointed brigade-general stationed at Tientsin and about September 1748 was promoted to provincial commander-in-chief of Chihli with headquarters at Ku-pei-k'ou. In the spring of 1749 he was transferred to Kansu where he remained until early in 1750. About this time reports of quarrels between Jurmet Namjar and his elder brother reached Peking. Anxious to clarify the situation, Emperor Kao-tsung sent Fu-ch'ing back to Lhasa to act jointly as Imperial Resident with Labdon.

While on his way to Lhasa Fu-ch'ing was ordered to make an exhaustive study of the situation and to get rid of Jurmet Namjar if he was found instigating unrest. In May 1750 Fu-ch'ing and Labdon reported that Jurmet Namjar was suspicious of China and had removed his troops and firearms from Lhasa. Nevertheless the two officials were ordered to act cautiously. Apparently Emperor Kao-tsung did not want another war to follow too quickly the unsuccessful campaign against the Chin-ch'uan rebels (see under Fu-hêng). However, in the next few months Jurmet Namjar boasted of having killed the remnant Chinese garrison. He ordered postal communication with China broken off. At this critical moment Fu-ch'ing and his comrade decided to take the initiative. On November 11, 1750 they invited Jurmet Namjar to their headquarters for a conference and assassinated him. When the prince's followers were apprised of the act they collected a large force, surrounded the Chinese yamen, burned it, and broke into the enclosure. Labdon was killed and Fu-ch'ing committed suicide. All the Chinese clerks and assistants lost their lives. After the leaders of the band had fled the Dalai Lama took over the government, gave protection to the remaining Chinese, and waited for the arrival of the Chinese army. Several ringleaders were captured and imprisoned. The governor-general of Szechwan, Tsereng (the Manchu, see under Chao-hui), was ordered to proceed at once to Tibet together with General Yüeh Chung-ch'i [q.v.].

The first official to reach Lhasa was Bandi [q.v.] who was sent to take the place of Labdon. He reached Lhasa in January and, after conducting the trial of the offenders, ordered the execution of the leaders. The reorganization decided upon by Bandi and Tsereng was to place four Tibetans of equal rank in charge of civil affairs, instead of entrusting full power to one man. Other precautionary measures included open communication between Tibet and Szechwan, an increase of the established garrison, and strict rules to prevent Eleuths from entering Tibet.

The deceased heroes, Fu-ch'ing and Labdon, were highly commended by Emperor Kao-tsung for their valorous conduct. Both were posthumously created earls and were given the hereditary rank of viscounts, made perpetually inheritable by their descendants. When their remains reached Peking (1751), the emperor personally paid his respects. Fu-ch'ing was canonized as Hsiang-lieh 襄烈 and Labdon as Chuang-kuo 壯果. A temple commemorating both heroes was erected in Lhasa and another, known as Shuang-chung tz'ŭ 雙忠祠, was built in Peking. Both names were also celebrated in the Temple of Eminent Statesmen and in the Temple of Zealots of the Dynasty.

Labdon, a member of the Donggo Clan, originally belonged to the Bordered Red Banner and held an hereditary captaincy. After his death his family was elevated to the Plain Yellow Banner. He was talented, and aside from his aptitude as a general, was good at tailoring and at repairing imported time-pieces.

[1/318/1a; 2/19/1a; 3/348/22a, 31a; 4/121/1a, 2a; P'ing-ting Chun-ko-êr fang-lüeh ch'ien-pien (see under Fu-hêng); Ch'i Yün-shih [q.v.], (Huang-ch'ao) Fan-pu yao-lüeh, chüan 18; Rockhill, W. W., The Dalai Lamas of Lhasa (1910).]

Fang Chao-ying

Fucha Fuqing 富察傅清 Index year algorithmically generated: Rule 2; 《清代人物生卒年表》定其生卒年為？~乾隆15年。 【參考《清代人物生卒年表》#22968.】

《清史稿》卷320

傅清，富察氏，滿洲鑲黃旗人，李榮保次子，傅恆弟也。雍正間，授侍衛。乾隆初，累遷至直隸天津鎮總兵。康熙中定西藏，留兵鎮撫，以大臣駐藏辦事，為員二，嗣省其一。是時駐藏副都統索拜當代，命傅清以副都統往。十一年，疏言：「西藏處徼外，西北界準噶爾，北通青海，為四川西南外郛。自雍正十二年設塘汛，不特傳送官文書，且以聯絡聲氣。上年索拜以節費議撤汛，使藏人任郵遞，謂之番塘。未幾輒被盜。今準噶爾當入藏熬茶，番塘恐滋誤。請自打箭鑪至藏復置塘汛，酌衝僻遠近，當得兵千人以內。」議如所請。

十二年，西藏郡王頗羅鼐卒。頗羅鼐愛其次子珠爾默特那木札勒，請以為嗣，遂襲爵為郡王。上諭傅清曰：「頗羅鼐更事多，黽勉事中國。珠爾默特那木札勒幼，傅清宜留意。如珠爾默特那木札勒思慮所未至，當為指示。」傅清疏言：「頗羅鼐在時，長子公珠爾默特策布登出駐阿里克夏，當令珠爾默特那木札勒帥師出駐騰格里諾爾、喀喇烏蘇諸處。今仍遣珠爾默特策布登駐阿里克夏，令別遣宰桑駐騰格里諾爾、喀喇烏蘇諸處。」又以準噶爾入藏熬茶，請增兵分路防護。上命與珠爾默特那木札勒商榷，毋涉張皇。十三年，命以提督拉布敦代，傅清還。復授天津鎮總兵，遷古北口、固原提督。珠爾默特那木札勒請撤留藏兵，上從之。旋以副都統紀山代拉布敦。

十四年，紀山疏言珠爾默特那木札勒與達賴喇嘛有隙，請移達賴喇嘛置泰寧。上知珠爾默特那木札勒乖戾且為亂，命駐藏大臣復舊置二員，予傅清都統銜，自固原復往。紀山復疏謂珠爾默特那木札勒言其兄珠爾默特策布登將舉兵相攻，上命傅清途中詗虛實。傅清疏言：「珠爾默特策布登未嘗搆兵，特珠爾默特那木札勒妄言，藉以奪其兄分地。臣至藏，即將珠爾默特那木札勒懲治。」是時上已遣侍郎拉布敦代紀山，因諭傅清，珠爾默特那木札勒乖戾且為亂，令熟計密奏。 十五年，傅清與拉布敦先後至藏，珠爾默特那木札勒迫其兄珠爾默特策布登至死，遂逐其子，遣使通準噶爾，叛益有跡。上命副都統班第赴西藏，與傅清、拉布敦密謀取進止，仍詔傅清、拉布敦毋輕發，並密諭四川總督策楞勒兵為備。珠爾默特那木札勒謀愈急，絕塘汛，軍書不得達。傅清與拉布敦未得上詔，計以為：「珠爾默特那木札勒且叛，徒為所屠。亂既成，吾軍不得即進，是棄兩藏也。不如先發，雖亦死，亂乃易定。」

十月壬午，召珠爾默特那木札勒至通司岡駐藏大臣署，言有詔，使登樓，預去其梯，若將宣詔。珠爾默特那木札勒方拜跪，傅清自後揮刀斷其首。於是其黨羅卜藏札什始率眾圍樓數重，發鎗砲，縱火，傅清中三創，度不免，自剄死。拉布敦死樓下。主事策塔爾、參將黃元龍皆自殺。通判常明中矢石死。從死者千總二、兵四十九、商民七十七。事聞，上軫悼，宣示始末，謂其「揆幾審勢，決計定謀，心苦而功大」。傅清追封一等伯，諡襄烈，旋命立祠通司岡。喪還，上臨奠。其子孫以一等子世襲，賜白金萬。

班第至藏，戮羅卜藏札什等，疏陳珠爾默特那木札勒自立名號，通款準噶爾，稱策旺多爾濟那木札勒為汗，請其發兵至拉達克為聲援。上復降詔褒傅清、拉布敦，建祠京師，命曰雙忠。子明仁，以侍衛襲子爵。從征金川，卒於軍。