Furdan 傅爾丹

FURDAN 傅爾丹, 1683–1753, Jan. 15, general, belonged to the Gûwalgiya clan and was a member of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner. As a great-grandson of Fiongdon, he inherited in 1681 the rank of duke of the third class as well as the captaincy of the company to which his family belonged. After filling several posts, he was appointed in 1709 a chamberlain of the Imperial Bodyguard. Six years later he was discharged for feigning illness to escape official duties and was ordered to lead a thousand Tumed soldiers in the cultivation of land at Ulan Gum 烏蘭固木 (north of Khobdo). Reinstated in 1717 to the rank of chamberlain of the Imperial Bodyguard, he was given the title of General Chên-wu (振武將軍) and appointed commander of the army in the Altai region (western Mongolia) to fight against the Eleuth King, Tsewang Araptan. Funinggan was simultaneously in command of the main army at Barkul which planned to attack from the East. As Tsewang Araptan was reported to have invaded Tibet, Funinggan and Furdan were ordered to enter Tsewang Araptan's territory in the hope of releasing the pressure on that region. But they made little headway and returned after several skirmishes.

Later Furdan was entrusted with the building of forts in western Mongolia to consolidate the positions already acquired and to protect the Mongols from further raids by the Eleuths. One of the forts, Chakan Sor 察汗搜爾 situated a little south of the present Uliasutai, was an important military base for guarding the route to the Altai region. In 1720, when troops were dispatched to recover Tibet (see under Yen-hsin), other armies invaded Tsewang Araptan's territory to prevent him from aiding his troops in Tibet. Furdan, in command of one of these armies, captured several hundred Eleuths. In 1725 he was recalled, and from 1726 to 1727 served as the military governor of Heilungkiang. For several months in 1728 he was acting president of the Board of Civil Office.

Preparations for a new campaign against the Eleuths were under way. The death of Tsewang Araptan and the succession to power of his son, Galdan Tseren (see under Tsewang Araptan), was taken by Emperor Shih-tsung as an opportune time to put an end to conflict in the northwest. Most of Shih-tsung's courtiers advised against war, but Chang T'ing-yü supported the emperor and recommended Furdan as one of the commanders of such a campaign. In 1729 Furdan was given the title Ching-pien Ta Chiang-chun 靖邊大將軍 and placed in command of the northern route army operating in the Altai region, while Yüeh Chung-ch'i [q.v.] commanded another army at Barkul on the Lanchow-Hami route. Furdan was seen off by the emperor in person and was granted all the honors appropriate to such an undertaking. But in 1730 Galdan Tseren begged for peace and the war was stayed for a time, although the Eleuths later attacked the Barkul army on several occasions. In 1731 Furdan built a fort at Khobdo which he used as his headquarters. Meanwhile, to his family hereditary dukedom was prefixed the designation, Hsin-yung 信勇. He had among his assistants nobles and high officials who were veterans of many wars, but he refused to listen to their advice. A report, perhaps purposely fabricated by the Eleuths to draw Furdan from his base, asserted that a small detachment of their vanguard was near. On July 12, 1731 Furdan set off with ten thousand soldiers towards the northwest of Khobdo in the hope of crushing the Eleuths before they could concentrate. But after winning a minor skirmish, he found himself (July 23) face to face with the enemy's main division which lay in wait for him in the mountains. After a day of fighting at Hoton Nor he realized his error and began to withdraw, but it was too late. When he reached Khobdo it transpired that nearly all his generals had either committed suicide or had been killed in action and that he had lost four-fifths of his men.

This defeat set back China's advance in the northwest for more than twenty years, and the Eleuths resumed their raids on the Mongols. The Emperor, hoping to retain the allegiance of the latter, commanded Furdan to retreat to Chakan Sor. Furdan ordered the enlargement of the garrisons, both at that post and along the Great Wall, and tried to encourage and console the Mongol princes. Meanwhile a victory over the Eleuths by Hsi-pao 錫保, (d. 1742), eighth Prince Shun-ch'êng (see under Lekedehun), and his Mongolian assistants, especially the Mongolian Prince, Tsereng, temporarily checked the invaders. Hsi-pao, a general under Furdan, was now placed in command and Furdan was degraded to Hsi-pao's former rank. Marsai 馬爾塞, grandson of Tuhai, was made commander of the garrisons at Jak and Baidarik (see under Tulišen) to guard the route from Kuei-hua-ch'êng to Chakan Sor. In 1732 Furdan suffered another defeat and was deprived of all ranks and offices. In 1733 Marsai, for his failure in the previous year to attack the fleeing Eleuths who were defeated and pursued by Prince Tsereng, was executed after a court martial.

In 1735 Furdan was involved, with two quartermasters of his army, on a charge of corruption and sentenced to immediate execution. But as the Emperor died before the sentence could be approved the new Emperor (Kao-tsung) commuted it to imprisonment awaiting execution. In prison Furdan discovered that his colleague, Yüeh Chung-ch'i, had already been jailed. The two were released in 1739, and nine years later were both engaged in the campaign against the Chin-ch'uan tribes. For a time Furdan was acting governor-general of Szechwan and Shensi but, when Fu-hêng commanded the forces against the Chin-ch'uan rebels, he reported that Furdan was too old for active service and engaged him as a member of his staff. In 1749 Furdan again served as the military governor of Heilungkiang and died at his post. He was canonized as Wên-k'o 温愨. He is described as tall of stature, with a handsome beard and a rather reddish complexion.

Furdan's son, Hadaha 哈達哈 (d. 1759), and Hadaha's son, Haningga 哈寧阿 (d. 1759), were both generals and both were humiliated for errors in military tactics. In 1778 the family hereditary rank was raised to duke of the first class in recognition of the exploits of the founder, Fiongdon.

[11/303/2a; 1/174/26b; 2/17/8a; 2/21/40a; 3/275/1a; Chao-lien [q.v.], Hsiao-t'ing tsa-lu 3/1a; P'ing-ting Chun-ko-êr fang-lüeh, ch'ien-pien (see under Fu-hêng) 23/24a, 24/24a–31a, chüan 25–30.]

Fang Chao-ying

《清史稿》卷297

傅爾丹，瓜爾佳氏，滿洲鑲黃旗人，費英東曾孫，倭黑子也。康熙二十年，襲三等公，兼佐領，授散秩大臣。四十三年，上西巡，駐蹕祁縣鄭家莊，於行宮前閱太原城守兵騎射。有卒馬驚逸近御仗，傅爾丹直前勒止之，捽其人下。上悅，諭獎傅爾丹，賜貂皮褂。尋授正白旗蒙古都統。四十八年，授領侍衛內大臣。五十四年，以託疾未入直，罷領侍衛內大臣。命率土默特兵千赴烏蘭固木等處屯田。五十六年，復授領侍衛內大臣。師討噶爾丹，授富寧安靖逆將軍，出西路；傅爾丹振武將軍，出北路：駐軍阿爾泰。五十七年，疏請與富寧安分路進兵，諭定師期。傅爾丹請與征西將軍祁里德將萬二千人，以七月出布魯爾，直抵額爾齊斯河。會策妄阿喇布坦使來乞和，令暫停進取，繕兵防守。上欲於烏蘭固木、科布多築城衛喀爾喀游牧，命傅爾丹相度具奏。五十八年春，傅爾丹疏請築城鄂勒齊圖郭勒，上以鄂勒齊圖郭勒距師遠，命更於科布多築城。傅爾丹復疏言：「科布多阻大河，材木難致。請築城察罕廋爾，距鄂勒齊圖郭勒千里，中設十一站。」上從之。五十九年，將八千人自布拉罕進次格爾額爾格，準噶爾兵潰，擊斬二百餘級，擒宰桑等百餘，盡降其眾。又焚烏蘭呼濟爾敵糧，引還。雍正元年，命兼統祁里德軍，分兵駐巴里坤。三年，召還，授內大臣。四年，授黑龍江將軍。六年，授吏部尚書，賜雙眼孔雀翎。初，青海羅卜藏丹津敗走，準噶爾策妄阿喇布坦納之。上屢遣使索獻，策妄阿喇布坦亦遣使請和，上罷兩路兵，久之議未決。策妄阿喇布坦死，子噶爾丹策零嗣，屢犯邊。七年二月，上命廷臣集議，大學士朱軾、左都御史沈近思皆言天時未至，副都統達福亦言不可，惟大學士張廷玉贊用兵，上意乃決，復出師。命傅爾丹為靖邊大將軍，出北路；發京師八旗兵六千、車騎營兵九千、奉天等處兵八千八百，以巴賽為副將軍，順承郡王錫保掌振武將軍印，陳泰、袞泰、石禮哈、岱豪、達福、覺羅海蘭為參贊。定壽將前鋒，魏麟、閃文繡將車騎營，納秦將奉天兵，塔爾岱、西彌賴將索倫兵，費雅思哈將寧古塔兵，阿三將右衞兵，素圖將寧夏兵，承保、常祿將察哈爾兵，馬爾齊、袞布將土默特兵，丹巴、沙津達賴將喀喇沁、土默特兵，法敏、伊都立、巴泰、西琳、傅德理餉，永國護印。上祭告太廟，幸南苑閱車騎營兵，御太和殿行授鉞禮，賜傅爾丹御用朝珠、黃帶、紫轡、白金五千，加少保。出駐阿爾泰。八年，噶爾丹策零表請執羅卜藏丹津以獻，上命緩進兵。尋召與岳鍾琪同詣京師議軍事，遣還軍。九年，疏言科布多為進兵孔道，請仍於此築城，下廷議，如所請。五月，傅爾丹移軍科布多，噶爾丹策零遣所部嗒蘇爾海丹巴為間，為守卡侍衛所獲，詰之，曰：「噶爾丹策零發兵三萬，使大策零敦多卜、小策零敦多卜分將犯北路。小策零敦多卜已至察罕哈達，大策零敦多卜以事宿留未至。」傅爾丹信其語，計及其未集擊之。令選兵萬人，循科布多河西以進，素圖、岱豪為前鋒，定壽等領第一隊，馬爾薩等領第二隊，傅爾丹舉大兵繼其後，令袞泰護築城，陳泰屯科布多河東，斷奇蘭道。六月庚子，師發科布多，定壽等進次扎克賽河，獲準噶爾邏卒，言距察罕哈達止三日程，準噶爾兵不過千人，未立營。傅爾丹命乘夜速進，行數日不見敵。戊申，獲諜，言準噶爾兵二千屯博克托嶺。傅爾丹遣素圖、岱豪將三千人往擊之。敵出羸兵誘師，而伏二萬人谷中。己酉，定壽師次庫列圖嶺，遇敵，斬四百餘級，敵驅駝馬踰嶺遁。庚戌，傅爾丹師至，素圖、定壽皆會。辛亥，逐敵入谷，伏發，據高阜衝擊。傅爾丹督戰，殺敵千餘，塔爾岱、馬爾齊督兵奪西山，敵據險，師攻之不能克。壬子，傅爾丹令移軍和通呼爾哈諾爾，定壽、素圖、覺羅海蘭、常祿、西彌賴據山梁東，塔爾岱、馬爾齊據其西，承保居中，馬爾薩出其東，達福、岱豪當前，舒楞額、沙津達賴等護後。師甫移，敵力攻山梁東西二軍，定壽等奮戰。大風雨雹，師為敵所圍。傅爾丹遣兵援塔爾岱出，又令承保援定壽，日暮，圍未解。癸丑，海蘭突圍出，定壽、素圖、馬爾齊皆自殺；西彌賴令索倫兵赴援，兵潰，亦自殺。甲寅，敵環攻大營，傅爾丹督兵禦之，殺敵五百餘。科爾沁兵潰，沙津達賴奮戰入敵陣，師望見其纛，曰：「土默特兵陷賊矣！」遂大潰。乙卯，永國、海蘭、岱豪皆自殺。傅爾丹雜士伍中以出。敵大集，查弼納、巴賽、達福、馬爾薩、舒楞額皆戰死。傅爾丹率殘兵渡哈爾噶納河，敵追至，擊殺五百餘人。七月壬戌朔，還至科布多，收餘兵僅存二千餘。方戰，科爾沁蒙古兵先敗，傅爾丹聞人言，謂先敗者土默特兵也。劾沙津達賴，論斬。歸化城土默特副都統袞布降敵，戮其孥。傅爾丹疏請罪，上諭曰：「損兵誠有罪，朕因爾等竭蹶力戰，特寬恕之。痛惻難忍，不覺淚下！解朕親束帶賜傅爾丹。爾等毋妄動，敵至能堅守，即爾等之功。科布多不能守，可還軍察罕廋爾。」傅爾丹復疏請罪，上諭曰：「輕信賊言，冒險深入，中賊詭計，是爾之罪。至不肯輕生自殺，力戰全歸，此爾能辨別輕重。事定，朕自有處置。」尋命以錫保為靖邊大將軍，傅爾丹掌振武將軍印，協辦軍務。十年七月，準噶爾侵烏遜珠勒，錫保令傅爾丹將三千人禦之，敗績。錫保疏劾，罷領侍衛內大臣、振武將軍，削公爵。十一年，錫保再疏劾傅爾丹，上察傅爾丹兵寡，原其罪，命留軍效力。十三年，伊都立等侵軍餉事發，辭連傅爾丹，命侍郎海望逮詣京師下獄，並追論和通呼爾哈諾爾及烏遜珠勒失機罪，王大臣等依律擬斬。命未下，世宗崩，高宗即位，命改監候。乾隆四年，與岳鍾琪並釋出獄。十三年，師討大金川未下，授內大臣、護軍統領，赴軍，尋命署川陝總督，與鍾琪治軍事。大學士傅恆出為經略，奏傅爾丹衰老，惟熟於管理滿洲兵，請專治營壘諸事。十四年，命為參贊。大金川師罷，授黑龍江將軍。十七年，卒，賜祭葬，諡溫愨。子兆德，襲爵；哈達哈，自有傳。傅爾丹頎然嶽立，面微赬，美鬚髯。其為大將軍，廷玉實薦之。鍾琪嘗過其帳，見壁上刀槊森然，問：「安用此？」傅爾丹曰：「此吾所素習者，懸以勵眾。」鍾琪出曰：「為大將，不恃謀而恃勇，敗矣！」