Henry Howland, of Fenstanton

DO NOT merge any Holland lines into the Howland line. They NEVER changed names. There are groundless internet fantasies claiming that Henry Howland of Fenstanton was descended from the noble family, Holland. This is 100% bogus, and due to the fact, people copy and paste the Holland-Howland pedigree from Ancestry.com; it contains no source. The Holland-Howland pedigree is NOT TRUE!

The Holland families were descended from either a royal family or a noble family between the 1300s and 1500s. The royal lineage of the Holland families can be traced back to Joan the Fair Maid of Kent, who was the mother of King Richard II of England and the wife of Sir Thomas Holland Earl of Kent. She is known as the progenitor of the long lineages of Hollands, which are well-documented in publications and online. A few noble lineages can be traced back to the Lancashire Holland families. The Holland pedigrees in the older sources from the 19th and early 20th centuries were considered reliable as they never indicated any surname changes for Holland.

As of September 2023, a male descendant of the noble family of Holland, took the Big Y-700 test through the FamilyTreeDNA, and he kindly shares his results to show that his Y-DNA haplogroup is R-FGC71023. The FamilyTreeDNA proves that the Howlands of Fenstanton are not directly descended from the noble family, Holland in Lancashire, as their Y-DNA haplogroup is R-A9708. Both Y-DNA haplogroups are different. This indicates that the surname, Holland, did not change to Howland in the 1500s. This also indicates that Howland's R-A9708 is not a direct descendant of Holland's R-FGC71023. For comparison, examine the two results at Family TreeDNA: R-A9708 and R-FGC71023.

Parentage

The current research shows that the parentage of Henry Howland of Fenstanton remains unknown.

Origins

Henry Howland of Fenstanton is the father of Mayflower passenger John Howland, as well as Great Migration immigrants Arthur Howland and Henry Howland. It was widely understood that these three immigrants were brothers, and they were also brothers of Humphrey, George, and Simon Howland. This understanding was based on Humphrey Howland's will, which mentioned his brothers Arthur, Henry, and John Howland, all residing in New England. Researching the apprentice records of the Drapers' Company of London in 1937 revealed that Henry Howland of Fenstanton was the father of all these Howlands.[1]

The area around Fenstanton has been extensively searched, but no proof has been found to extend his ancestry. The parish registers for Fenstanton do not begin until 1612, with a few Bishop's transcripts beginning in 1604.[2]

No evidence has been found of a Howland family in Fenstanton before Henry Howland, who was mentioned in the baptismal record of his son in 1604. The Howland families have been identified in Horningsea, Ely, Great Shelford, and Little Shelford, all located in Cambridgeshire. The common use of the name Henry among all these families has made it impossible to definitively link Henry Howland of Fenstanton to a specific family.[3]

Name

Orthographic variations found in Cambridgeshire as follows: Howland, Hawlan, Howlin, Howlen, Howlyn, Howlat, Howlet, Howlett, Houlet, Howlyng, Howlleyng, Howllinge, Howling, Howlinge, Holeng, Holyng and Howling.[3]

In one of the few surviving manorial records for Fenstanton, a view of frankpledge held by court baron William Compton on 7 October 1614. Henry Howland is referenced twice. The first reference in the frankpledge says, "Henry Hawlan," and later in the same frankpledge, the second reference says, "Henry Howlin."[4]

Henry Howlin is also mentioned twice in the churchwarden accounts for the parish church of Fenstanton, taken in 1630, the year after his wife's burial.[5]

Finally, the two burial entries of the Fenstanton registers show his name was either "Henry" or "Henrie," and also one baptism entry of his son shows his name was "Henry."

His name is currently known as Henry Howland of Fenstanton.

Birth

Based on his estimated marriageable age in 1590, a rough estimate places his birth around 1565, with a possible variance of a few years. Fenstanton is the only place he is known to have lived. Despite an extensive search, no evidence has been found of any Howland family in Fenstanton before Henry Howland was recorded in his son's baptismal record in 1604. It is probable that he was born in one of the neighboring parishes in Huntingdonshire or Cambridgeshire, where Howlands were known to reside.

Henry Howland was born about in 1564 or "in the latter half of the sixteenth century."[10][11][12]

Marriage

Henry Howland of Fenstanton married Margaret in about 1590. Her first name is known from the Fenstanton parish records; no hints have been found regarding her last name at birth. She was buried on 31 July 1629 at Fenstanton.

It has been commonly believed that Henry Howland had a first wife named "A." without specifying the initial given name.[6][7] It is unclear whether the initial given name "A" referred to Anne or Alicia, as there is no definitive evidence to confirm either of these possibilities. According to the Mayflower researcher Caleb Johnson, Henry Howland's son Humphrey Howland left all the pewter marked "A:H" to his daughter Anne, indicating a family inheritance. This pewter had belonged to Anne Howland's grandmother, providing clarity on the ownership. Upon closer examination of Humphrey Howland's will, it seems that the initials A:H were likely used by him to identify items intended for his daughter Anne Howland, rather than representing the initials of her grandmother on the pewter.[3]

The belief that Henry Howland of Fenstanton's wife was named Anne arose from a misunderstanding of Humphrey Howland's will, which initially used A:H to represent his daughter, Anne Howland, leading to the confusion. Humphrey Howland marked all pewters with A:H to ensure they were designated for his daughter, Anne Howland. It is interesting to note that he used a specific gender possessive adjective to describe whose grandmother the pewter belonged to. He used a specific term as a gender possessive adjective, "her," preceding "grandmother," to indicate that the grandmother was Anne Howland's maternal grandmother, not Humphrey Howland's own mother. It is uncertain whether the pewters were a wedding gift to Anne Howland or possessions inherited from her grandmother. The identification of A:H remains unknown, or it simply refers to Anne Howland, the daughter of Humphrey Howland.

Children

Henry and Margaret Howland had 6 known sons and one daughter. All six sons were made apprentices in London. The birth dates are all estimates based on dates of marriage, dates of apprenticeships, and presumed order of birth from wills. They are the dates used by noted Mayflower researcher Caleb Johnson in his analysis of the family.[3]

They had seven children as follows:

1. Arthur Howland was born say 1591. The birth date is estimated to be around 1591 based on the fact that he had a child by 1616. He married Grace, but she passed away and was buried on 4 December 1635 at St. Giles Cripplegate, London. He was in London as of May 1639 before relocating to Duxbury, Massachusetts, by 6 August 1640. He was mentioned in the will of his brother, Humphrey Howland of London, in 1646. He married Margaret as his second wife; she was previously widowed by Mr. Walker. He was buried on 30 October 1675 at Marshfield, Massachusetts. His second wife died on 22 January 1682/83 at Marshfield.
2. George Howland was born say 1593. The birth date is estimated to be around 1593. He was a merchant. He died unmarried and was buried on 10 February 1643/44 at St. Dunstan in the East, London, England.
3. Humphrey Howland was born say 1595, estimated from his apprenticeship in 1613. He was a draper. He married Margaret Calvert at St. Mary Matfellon, Whitechapel, on 21 November 1622, but she died sometime between 1634 and 1636. He married Anne _____ as his second wife in October 1636. He was buried on 9 July 1646 at the churchyard of St. Swithin, London Stone, in London, England. His will is dated 28 May 1646, proved on 10 July 1646. Anne was buried on 20 December 1653 at Barking, Essex, England.
4. John Howland was born say 1598, estimated based on historical events such as signing the Mayflower Compact, his apprenticeship in 1620, and his marriage around 1623. Around 1623, he married Elizabeth, the daughter of John and Joan (Hurst) (Rogers) Tilley, in Plymouth. He was named in the will of his brother, Humphrey Howland of London, in 1646. He died on 23 February 1672/73 at Rocky Nook, Plymouth, Massachusetts.
5. Henry Howland was born say 1600, estimated based on a probable marriage around 1624, and he married Mary. He was named in the will of his brother, Humphrey Howland of London, in 1646. He died on 1 January 1670/71, in Duxbury, Massachusetts.
6. Margaret Howland was born say 1602. She married Richard Phillips, a shoemaker, at Fenstanton on 26 April 1623. She was named in the will of her brother, Humphrey Howland of London, in 1646.
7. Simon Howland was baptized on 19 August 1604 at at St Peter and St Paul parish church in Fenstanton, Huntingdonshire. He was the only child whose baptism record existed. He married Anne Weber [or Ulster?] on 1 April 1632 at St. Mary Magdelen in Bermondsey, Surrey. He was buried on 3 October 1636 at St. Mary Magdelen in Bermondsey.

Life in Fenstanton

Using manorial, church, and probate records (in the absence of any available parish registers), there appears to be no evidence of any Howland family residing in Fenstanton prior to Henry. It would seem likely that Henry moved into Fenstanton from some other location.[3]

In one of the few surviving manorial records for Fenstanton, a view of frankpledge held by court baron William Compton on 7 October 1614. Henry Howland is referenced twice. First, as Henry "Hawlan," along with John Ashwood, he was presented for having taken "one scabious horse" to the common field on 7 May 1614, against the orders of the last manorial court, so he was fined 5 shillings. A "scabious" horse might suggest a horse with mange, caused by mites; bringing it to the common field could potentially spread this disease to other horses. Later in the same frankpledge, Henry "Howlin," along with John Martyn, were asked to scour their streams (overflowings) leading from the street as far as the place called 'the Greene,' sometime before the feast of St. Martin. Failure to do so could result in a fine of 6 shillings 8 pence.[4] Neither appears to have been fined in the subsequent manorial court, so presumably, they performed this required action.[3]

Three references in apprenticeship records of Drapers' Company on 19 March 1622/23, 1 October 1623, and 29 March 1629/30 show that Henry Howland of Fenstanton was a yeoman.

Henry Howlin is also mentioned twice in the churchwarden accounts for the parish church of Fenstanton, taken in 1630, the year after his wife's burial. He was paid 6 pence by churchwardens Edward Christian and John Woodward for "moweinge thistles in the greene." He was then also paid 8 pence for an unspecified reason, although it was enumerated under the subheading of "Willowes," so it may have been for trimming the church's willow trees.[3][4]

Death and Burial

Henry Howland died in May 1635 and was buried on May 17, 1635, at St Peter and St Paul Churchyard in Fenstanton, Huntingdonshire, England.[2][8]

The burial record of Henry Howland in the St Peter and St Paul registers of Fenstanton says, "Buryalls Anno Dm 1635... Henry Howland Maye the 17."[9]

Locating his burial is challenging due to the weathering of the inscriptions on some 17th-century gravestones.

Notes

Location: Historically, Fenstanton has been documented under various names over the centuries: Stantun in the 11th century, Staunton in the 12th century, and Ston Gisbrit de Gant in the 13th century. The name Fenstanton, also referred to as Fennystanton, emerged in the 14th century. The name "Fenstanton" refers to a stone enclosure in the fenland. Fenstanton is the proper spelling for a village and civil parish.

• Fenstanton is located approximately 3 miles south of St. Ives, in close proximity to Huntingdon, in the northwest region of Cambridge. Huntingdonshire ceased to exist after 1983 due to administrative reorganizations. Fenstanton is now in Cambridgeshire.
• In 1963, the John Howland Society of Plymouth, MA, erected a tablet on the wall in the north aisle commemorating the burial of John's father, Henry Howland, in the Fenstanton Church. "In memory of HENRY HOWLAND who was buried in the churchyard of this parish on 17th May 1635 - Father of John Howland a pilgrim to America on the Mayflower 1620. Erected by the Pilgrim John Howland Society 17th May 1966."

Identification: The first genealogical theory originated from a document that a descendant of John Howland brought from England in the 1830s. This widely accepted theory stated that John Howland, a citizen of London, was baptized on 10 August 1541 and married Emme, the daughter of Nicholas Revell, a citizen and grocer of London. According to this theory, their son, also named John Howland, was the Mayflower passenger. This genealogical theory remains the source of many errors found on the internet.

• The NEHGR debunked this theory in 1880 by revealing that the son, John, died unmarried in London. Consequently, it was confirmed that he was not the Mayflower passenger.[13]
• In 1911, an article titled "The Ancestry of John Howland of the Mayflower" on page 5 in The Howland Homestead mentioned that John³ of London, the second son of John Howland and Agnes Greenway, was baptized on August 10, 1541, and buried in the Church of St. Mary's, Middlesex. He married Emme, the daughter of Nicholas Revell, who was a citizen and grocer of London. The article clarified that John⁴ Howland, previously thought to be the Mayflower passenger, actually died unmarried and was buried in England.
• At this time, researchers were aware of the will of Humphrey Howland which is the key proof that Arthur, Henry, and John Howland of New England were his brothers. In 1937, it was discovered by researching the apprentice records of the Draper company of London, that the father of all these Howlands was Henry Howland of Fenstanton.[14][15]

Key Document: The will of Humphrey Howland is the important document that ties the Howland family of Fenstanton together.[16] Humphrey Howland made the will on 28 May 1646, and it was proved by his second wife on 10 July 1646. He names his heirs as follows:

• Wife: Anne.
• Daughters: Anne, Mary, and Sarah Howland.
• Brothers: Arthur, John, and Henry Howland all (by inference) in New England.
• Sister: Margaret Phillips.
• Nephew: Simon Howland.
• Niece: Hanna Howland.

Y-DNA

Henry Howland of Fenstanton's Y-DNA test results reveal that he belongs to haplogroup R-A9708, identified through tests like Big Y-500, Big Y-700, and Y Elite. His genetic lineage can be traced as follows: R-M269 >> R-U106 >> R-Z8 > R-Z1 > R-Z344 > R-Z6 > R-A96 > R-S10415 > R-A9701 > R-A9708.[17] For additional information, see the Howland (Y-DNA) page of the Mayflower DNA Project and the Howland DNA project.

At the R-S10415 level, Howland shares nine genetic mutations with surnames like Wing, Baldwin, Foate, Mayberry, Hadley, and Rogers. At the R-A9701 level, Howland and Rogers stand out by sharing the distinctive A9701 mutation, setting them apart from other surnames. However, at the R-A9703 level, Howland differs from Rogers in their genetic makeup. Additionally, the Howlands of Fenstanton and the Howlands of Kent exhibit ten shared genetic mutations within the R-A9703 haplogroup. In the end, the Howlands of Fenstanton is distinguished from the Howlands of Kent at the R-A9708 level because the Howlands of Kent tested negative for the A9708 mutation.

The R-A9708 haplogroup is associated with the direct male descendants of Henry Howland of Fenstanton. In contrast, the R-A9703 haplogroup is shared by two groups: the direct male descendants of Henry Howland of Fenstanton and the direct male descendants of the Howlands of Kent, as they both share the same mutations at the R-A9703 level. The R-A9703 haplogroup predates the R-A9708 haplogroup in terms of age. R-A9708 is a subclade of the R-A9703 clade.

Henry Howland of Fenstanton (abt. 1564–1635) and James Howland of Charing (1764–1847) in Kent County, England are considered as the two earliest known ancestors of the R-A9703 haplogroup. However, James Howland of Charing is not directly descended from Henry Howland of Fenstanton. Instead, James Howland of Charing is descended from one of Henry Howland of Fenstanton's patrilineal ancestors, such as his father or grandfather. Although James Howland's patrilineal ancestors remain unknown, his ancestral home is in Charing, Kent. Ongoing research is being conducted to uncover more about his ancestry.

SNP testing conducted on descendants of Arthur Howland, John Howland, and Henry Howland, Jr. confirms a distinct Y-DNA SNP shared among them, establishing their direct descent from Henry Howland of Fenstanton. They have tested positive for one Y-DNA SNP, which is identified as A9708 on the R-A9708 block level on the Y haplotree.

The distinctive SNP, R-A9708, predates the birth of Henry Howland of Fenstanton and is inherited by his sons and their male descendants. Additionally, other unique SNPs emerge in the Y-DNA of descendants after the individual births of Arthur, John, and Henry Howland.

Additional DNA tests can identify additional unique SNPs in the descendants, helping trace the Y-DNA lineage to one of the three Howland sons in America or Howland families in England. We aim to enlist more Howlands for additional SNP testing. Anyone interested in submitting their Y-DNA should review the information at Howland (Y-DNA) under the Mayflower DNA project and the Howland DNA project under Family Tree DNA.

Common Errors to Avoid

Incorrect parents: Henry Howland of Fenstanton is not the son of John Howland and Emma Revell as is sometimes said. All the wills of John Howland, his wife, Emme Howland, his mother, Mrs. Agnes Quarles, and his four brothers disprove Henry Howland's parentage because they only mentioned three surviving known children between 1585 and 1612 as follows: John Howland, Margaret (Howland) Catesby, and Nicholas Howland. Sadly, this Howland branch of Essex ended in 1655 because John and Emme Howland's son, John Howland's will shows he died unmarried and did not produce any male line to this day. He was the last armiger to bear his Howland armorial achievement, which came to an end in 1655, and it did not pass to any surviving armiger to bear it.

Incorrect conflation: Henry Howland of Fenstanton is not identical to Henry Howland of Ely as is sometimes said. This Henry Howland of Ely married Alice Ayers on 26 April 1600 in Ely, Cambridgeshire. They had two known children as follows: John was baptized in 1603 and Henry was baptized in 1604. The names and dates made them good candidates to be the parents of the New England immigrants for many years. However, it has been shown that this was an entirely different Henry Howland who was buried on 27 May 1621 in Ely.[3]

Incorrect marriage date: The marriage date of 26 April 1600 previously on this profile comes from the mistaken belief that Henry Howland of Fenstanton was the same person as Henry Howland of Ely.[3]

Incorrect marriage date: The marriage date of 26 Apr 1590 previously on this profile comes from the erroneous combination of the estimated marriage date of 1590 and the marriage date of 26 April 1600 from the registers of St Mary's Church in Ely. It becomes a mistaken belief. Also, see more information just above at "incorrect marriage date" regarding 26 April 1600.

Incorrect name of wife: The name of his wife as Alice Ayers comes from the mistaken belief that Henry Howland of Fenstanton was the same person as Henry Howland of Ely.[1][19]

Incorrect son: Since 2014, the contributor of Find a Grave has claimed that Jonathan Aires Howland (1586–1590) was believed to be the son of Henry Howland and Ann Margaret Aires. The claim alleged that he was buried at St. Peter and St. Paul's Graveyard in Fenstanton, Cambridgeshire. The contributor's purpose was to insert her maiden name Aires to Jonathan's middle name, as if Jonathan were their legitimate son. This information was obtained from online public and private family trees, which included inaccurate and misattributed sources. No historical records exist to verify the existence of Jonathan Aires Howland. The burial records in Fenstanton or Ely did not mention his burial in 1590. Two parishes in Ely started recording baptisms, marriages, and burials in 1599, and one parish in Fenstanton began recording events in 1612. Moreover, Bishop’s Transcripts for 1604–1605, 1608, and 1610 provide additional information not found in Fenstanton's original registers. There is no physical evidence of his burial at St. Peter and St. Paul Churchyard due to the weathering of some 16th-century gravestones, which may indicate a mistaken creation of a non-existent individual. Jonathan Aires Howland was not the son of Henry and Margaret Howland of Fenstanton. Some genealogists on Ancestry.com have incorrectly identified Jonathan Aires Howland as the son of Henry Howland and Ann Margaret Aires or Alicia Ayers from Ely. Since he was born in 1586 and died in 1590 before the marriage of Henry Howland and Alicia Ayers, both of Ely in 1600, it is clear he could not have been their son. This misinformation resulted from the careless creation of a non-existent person. This likely stems from mistaken beliefs and the inadvertent duplication of content from Ancestry.com. 

Sources

1. Howland Quarterly Magazine, The Pilgrim John Howland Society, vol. 1 no. 3 (January 1937): 1. Ancestry of the Pilgrim John Howland.
2. Parish registers of Fenstanton, Huntingdonshire, covering baptisms, marriages, and burials, 1612-1739, Huntingdon Archives HP 27/1/1/1 [hereafter Fenstanton Parish Registers]. Also available on FHL #1040984, It. 10.
3. Johnson, Caleb H. Henry Howland of Fenstanton, Huntingdonshire: Father of Mayflower Passenger John Howland. Available at The Pilgrim John Howland Society website (2015). Link to online PDF.
4. Manorial Court Roll for Fenstanton, 1614, Huntingdon Archives, HMR7. Howland was not found referenced in the Fenstanton rentals of 1591 or 1616, nor the manorial court rolls of 1617-1621. He was also not listed in the terriers for townlands 1632-1644 (HP27/25/2/1), nor on the receipt of inhabitants for 1633 (HP27/25/2/2); nor in any apprenticeship records (HP27/14/1-2).
5. Churchwarden accounts for Fenstanton, 1630. Huntingdon Archives HP27/5/2. No record of Howland was found in the 1627 churchwarden accounts which also survive.
6. Cherry, Lina Vandegrift Denison. Ancestry of My Three Children: Lewis Williamson Cherry, George Denison Cherry, Carolyn Vandegrift (Cherry) McDonnell. United States, n.p, 1945, p. 315.
7. Gilbert, Hilah Scott. Ancestors of Heather J. Gilbert, Susan Scott Gilbert and Allyn Ellsworth Gilbert, Jr. Chrisman, IL: unknown, 1963, p. 29. [Ancestry.com: subscription required.] (no free image available).
8. Huntingdonshire: Fen Stanton: St Peter and St Paul: Register of unspecified type: "Parish Register" database, FreeREG (https://www.freereg.org.uk/search_records/58180251e93790ec75a7aa38: viewed 19 Nov 2022) burial Henry Howland 17 May 1635.
9. "England, Huntingdonshire Parish Registers", database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:WQC6-WP2M: 11 February 2021), Henry Howland, 1635.
10. Davis, William Goodwin. The Ancestry of Annis Spear, 1775-1858, of Litchfield, Maine. (1945), p. 103. Text: Henry Howland of Fenny Stanton, co. Huntington, was born in the latter half of the sixteenth century.
11. Christensen, Grace Hildy Croft. The Benson Family: Descendants of Isaac Benson and Mary Bumpas, and Allied Families: Archer, Bumpas, Howard, Knapp, Lewis, Luce, Meech, Milks, Potter, Reynolds, Waite, Whipple, Williams, Et Al. 2d Ed. United States, n.p, (1973), p. 681. Text: Henry Howland, b. abt. 1564.
12. "The Connecticut Nutmegger," Volume 14, (1981), p. 445. Text: Henry Howland b.... ca. 1564.
13. New England Historical and Genealogical Register, vol. 34, no. 2 (April 1880): pages 192-194. A Sketch of the Howlands, by L.M. Howland.
14. The Howland Quarterly, The Pilgrim John Howland Society, vol. 1, no. 3 (January 1937): 1. "Ancestry of the Pilgrim John Howland."
15. Torrey, Clarence Almon. "The Howland Ancestry," in The American Genealogist, vol. 14, (1937-8): pages 214-215.
16. Davis, Walter Goodwin. The Ancestry of Annis Spear, 1775-1858, of Litchfield, Maine. (Portland, Me.: Southworth-Anthoensen Press, 1945): pages 103-107.
17. General Society of Mayflower Descendants. “Mayflower: Official Project of General Society of Mayflower Descendants (GSMD).” FamilyTreeDNA, FamilyTreeDNA.com, 2019, www.familytreedna.com/groups/mayflowersociety/about. Mayflower DNA Project - Y-DNA Colorized Chart.
18. Family TreeDNA. Howland DNA Project. (https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/howland/about: accessed 25 Feb 2020).
19. The Howland Quarterly, The Pilgrim John Howland Society, vol. 28, no. 1. (October 1963), p. 4.
20. Institute of Historical Research. “Event Details of Humphrey Howland.” Records of London's Livery Companies Online, Institute of Historical Research, 2018, https://www.londonroll.org/event/?company=drp&event_id=DREW8576.

• The Howland Quarterly, The Pilgrim John Howland Society, vol. 1, no. 3 (January 1937): 1. '"Ancestry of the Pilgrim John Howland."
• Torrey, Clarence Almon. "The Howland Ancestry," in The American Genealogist, vol 14, (1937-8): pages 214-215. AmericanAncestors.org Link.
• Robert S. Wakefield & Robert M. Sherman, "Henry Howland of Duxbury, Massachusetts, 1633, His Children and His Grandchildren," in NGS Quarterly, 75 (June 1987): 105-113.
• The Pilgrim John Howland Society website.
• Johnson, Caleb H. "Henry Howland of Fenstanton, Huntingdonshire: Father of Mayflower Passenger John Howland". Available at The PilgrimJohn Howland Society website (2015). Link to online PDF.
• New England Historical and Genealogical Register, vol. 34, no. 2 (April 1880): pages 192-194. '"A Sketch of the Howlands," by L. M. Howland. AmericanAncestors.org Link. Archive.org Link. Google Books Link.
• Howland, Franklyn. A Brief Genealogical and Biographical History of Arthur, Henry, and John Howland and their Descendants. (New Bedford, Mass., 1885). Archive.org Link. Ancestry.com Link.
• See also: G2G discussion of his origins. Who was the father of Henry Howland Sr, father of Plymouth Colony Howlands?
• Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/48356201/henry-howland: accessed 06 August 2023), memorial page for Henry Howland (1566 – 17 May 1635), Find a Grave Memorial ID 48356201, citing St. Peter and St. Paul Churchyard, Fenstanton, Huntingdonshire District, Cambridgeshire, England; Maintained by J. Robison (contributor 46874858).
• Project administrators of MayflowerDNA.org. “Howland (Y-DNA).” Mayflower DNA, 17 July 2023, https://mayflowerdna.org/wiki/index.php/Howland_(Y-DNA).
• Notable Descendants of Henry Howland of Fen Stanton, Huntingdonshire, England.