Huang Tinggui 黃廷桂

HUANG T'ing-kuei 黃廷桂 (T. 丹崖), 1691–1759, Feb. 14(?), was a member of the Chinese Bordered Red Banner. His father, Huang Ping-chung 黃秉中 (T. 惟一, 1654–1718), was governor of Chekiang (1709–10) and of Fukien (1710–11). In 1710 Huang T'ing-kuei, then a student in the Imperial Academy, inherited the rank of Yün-ch'i-yü from his ancestors and in 1713 was appointed an Imperial Bodyguard. After serving at various military posts he was made provincial commander-in-chief of Szechwan in 1727 at a time of sweeping changes in the method of governing the Miao or aborigines of China (see under O-êr-t'ai). Local conditions were in considerable confusion and Huang, stationed in an area where the Miao population was great, had frequently to deal with them. In 1728 a Miao chieftain of Lei-p'o, Szechwan, named Yang Ming-i 楊明義, aided a Miao woman of near-by Mi-t'ieh, Yunnan, named Lu, in a revolt (see under Ha Yüan-shêng). Huang marched on Yang, captured him, and over a region extending as far eastward as A-lü, Kweichow, massacred almost ten thousand of the luckless aborigines.

Emperor Shih-tsung, however, was not wholehearted in his approval of this policy of extermination, regarding it as more practical to conciliate the Miao whenever possible. Thus when in 1729 Huang memorialized that the Miao of Jung-mei (Ho-fêng), Hupeh, were overstepping their rights in collecting a tax on the Szechwan border, the emperor, recalling that they were the wealthiest and strongest of all the Miao in Hupeh and Szechwan, ordered that they be instructed and allowed gradually to reform, condoning their improprieties as being the result of lax government under the Mings. Also in 1730 when Huang memorialized about the Miao of Yu-yang, Szechwan, concealing a certain revolutionist, the emperor doubted it, ordering that an inquiry be made into the affair so that oppressive petty officials would not stir up new trouble among them.

For a brief campaign against a branch of the Miao called Lolo, conducted in 1730–31 on the border between Yunnan and Szechwan, Huang received imperial praise. Shortly afterwards when for administrative convenience Szechwan was separated from Shensi and given a governor-general for itself he was appointed to this post (1731–35), retaining concurrently his position of provincial commander-in-chief. In the last year of Emperor Shih-tsung's reign (1735), when the Miao of Kweichow revolted, Huang memorialized about the danger of a similar uprising on the Szechwan-Kweichow border. The emperor again ordered a pacific rather than violent policy. When Emperor Kao-tsung ascended the throne he abolished the governor-generalship of Szechwan, leaving Huang with the post of provincial commander-in-chief. Summoned to Peking early in 1737, Huang later (1738) was reduced to the rank of brigade-general stationed at Tientsin. In 1740 he was restored to the rank of provincial commander-in-chief and was stationed at Ku-pei-k'ou, Chihli. Thereafter, until 1753, he served as governor of Kansu (1741–48), governor-general of Liang-Kiang (Kiangsu and Kiangsi, 1749–51), and governor-general of Shensi and Kansu (1751–53). In 1753 he was again appointed governor-general of Szechwan (the post having been restored in 1748), from which region he transported grain for the relief of the distressed in a flooded area near Yangchow. Early in 1754 he became concurrently president of the Board of Civil Office, and a year later was made a Grand Secretary.

During the period of his administration in Szechwan Huang T'ing-kuei suppressed several local uprisings and constructed some irrigation works for the aid of the farmers. In 1755 he was re-instated as governor-general of Shensi and Kansu, still retaining his position of Grand Secretary. In the last four years of his life he was of value to Emperor Kao-tsung as overseer of the transport of horses to the army in the west and north, at the time the emperor was engaged in wars against the Eleuths and Mohammedans. He died of an illness while stationed at Liang-chou. The year before his death (1758) he was created Earl Chung-ch'in 忠勤伯 of the third rank, and the year after his death (1760) his portrait was hung in the Tzŭ-kuang ko (see under Chao-hui). He was canonized as Wên-hsiang 文襄, and his tablet was placed in the Temple of Eminent Statesmen. In 1784 a grandson, Huang Chien 黃撿, was severely reprimanded for printing Huang's memorials and with them the comments of Emperor Shih-tsung and Emperor Kao-tsung.

[1/329/1a; 3/17/24a; Yung-chêng Chu-p'i yü-chih (see under Yin-chên); 清代文字獄檔 Ch'ing-tai wên-tzŭ yü tang, no. 4.]

Rufus O. Suter

《清史稿》卷323

黃廷桂，字丹崖，漢軍鑲紅旗人。父秉中，官福建巡撫。廷桂，初襲曾祖憲章拖沙喇哈番世職。康熙五十二年，授三等侍衛，遷參領。聖祖幸熱河，屢扈從。世宗在潛邸，知其才，雍正三年，授直隸宣化總兵。五年，擢四川提督。疏言：「四川三面環夷。軍械多敝缺，現飭修補。川馬本不高大，又日繫槽，多羸斃。令在豐樂場後荒山督牧。士卒驕奢，飭服用毋僭官制。歲十月，番入內地傭工，名曰『下壩』，次年夏初始歸，以禁攜婦女，致成群肆惡，飭攜家屬方許就雇。成都屬德陽、仁壽二縣，南北距數百里，駐一把總；永寧協駐貴州永寧城，中隔河，東隸黔，西隸蜀，兵民歧視，應更定汛守。」命會總督岳鍾琪議行。又奏請嚴捕竊賊及博奕之具，上諭曰：「禁令弗行，咎在不公不明，不在不嚴。法猶藥也，取攻疾而已。過峻厲則傷元氣，徒猛不足貴也。」又奏嚴治建昌降番劫掠，又奏省城設防火堆棚，營置救火兵二十，上並嘉之。六年，請於提標及城守等營各設義塾，上諭曰：「文武不可偏重。少年聰穎，稍通文墨，勢必流為怯懦，不願為兵。則營伍所餘，皆魯鈍一流。是非興文，實乃廢武。邀虛名而無實益，將焉用之？」

烏蒙米貼苗婦陸氏為亂，發永寧、遵義兵援剿。四川雷波土司楊明義陰助陸氏，誘附近結覺、阿路、阿照、平底諸苗劫糧。陸氏既擒，請剿明義，令廷桂率總兵張耀祖率兵往。軍至拉密，擒明義，並獲造謀人卑租及結覺酋雙尺、阿路酋魯佩及阿不羅酋覺逼，斬馘近萬。上諭曰：「覽奏，斬馘何啻獵人弋獸！儻兵退仍復如故，豈有盡行殺戮之理？當詳思善於措置之道。」師復進攻確里密、阿都、阿驢諸苗，砲殪確里密酋利耶。阿都苗擒其酋阿必以獻，阿驢苗降。七年，奏軍事竟，上以效忠奮勇嘉之。尋疏陳苗疆地方諸事，上命籌善後。復奏湖北容美土司田雯如在四川界徵花絲銀，咨湖北察究。上諭曰：「楚、蜀諸土司容美最富強，越分僭禮。應曉以大義，漸令革除。」又奏籌剿瞻對土司，上諭曰：「瞻對雖微，亦不可輕視。凡事概以敬慎出之。」奏請開採黃螂等處銅鉛，以資鼓鑄。上諭曰：「黃螂、雷波與新撫涼山諸夷錯壤，第宜示以靜鎮，胡可興起利端？若聽民開採，流亡無藉之徒必群相趨赴，釀生事故。速會同巡撫憲德將金竹坪、白蠟山諸地銅鉛礦廠概行封禁。脫至紛紜， 黃廷桂、憲德之身家性命不足贖其辜也！」廷桂奏引罪，復以詳慎申戒之。

尋奏捕得妖言罪人楊大銘等，言其渠楊七匿酉陽土司所，已檄令擒獻。上諭曰：「此事尤宜詳慎！朕料酉陽土司未必為此事。」八年，奏於楊隘嘴獲楊七，非酉陽境內。上諭曰：「朕非有過人技，但較汝等克誠克公耳。人有利害是非之心，遇事接物，非過即不及。惟公與誠為對證之藥。」十二月，奏倮亂，發兵攻克金鎖關、黑鐵關、黃草坪諸地，恢復永善。得旨獎許。上嘗諭憲德，令密陳廷桂為人，奏稱「多疑偏聽，好勝矜人，是其病痛」。上終以實心任事嘉之。

九年，師討噶爾丹策零，分設四川總督，即以命廷桂，仍兼領提督。奏請將四川常平倉捐穀改銀，上諭曰：「四川本產米地，積貯尚易。遽請開捐，誤矣。且欲改穀作銀，又將銀買穀，更轉輾滋弊，當另議增貯。」十年六月，奏建昌鎮轄竹核，當涼山之中，為苗疆腹心要地，請於附近各險隘增兵設鎮，上命大學士鄂爾泰詳議。尋議兵力宜合不宜分，蠻巢宜遠不宜近，但使我勢聯絡，不必隨處設防。請於竹核設兵三千，分駐吽姑、格落、魚紅、大赤口、阿都、沙馬、普雄諸地。敕下廷桂行之。 八月，兒斯番為亂，奏遣總兵趙儒剿捕，上責廷桂從前未料理妥協。十月，廷桂奏言：「雍正五年兒斯番為亂，臣檄副將王剛按治。時臣甫到川，地利夷情尚未諳習。今凶鋒既肆，由臣撫馭無方，已遵旨密諭趙儒凜遵料理。」十二月，擒兒斯酋，並剿定河東各寨勾結諸番。復奏言：「王剛前所懲創，不過兒斯一堡。今仰蒙指示，趙儒督勵將士，一切險巢重地，深林石穴，悉行蕩平。」上深獎之。

十三年，奏：「貴州古州苗亂，四川建昌、永寧俱與連界，已飭將吏加意撫輯。」上諭以「不動聲色，靜鎮慎密」。乾隆元年，裁總督缺，廷桂仍為提督。十二月，召詣京師。二年，授鑾儀使。尋授天津總兵。五年，遷古北口提督。六年，上幸熱河，道古北口，閱兵，營伍整肅，賜廷桂馬，並上用緞。尋授甘肅巡撫。十二年，署陝甘總督。

十三年，授兩江總督。疏言：「江西俗悍，有司因循姑息，動輒喧鬨，飭嚴捕究治。」又言：「南方晴少雨多，各營操練閒曠，令於陰雨時擇公所或寬敞寺宇操練。」上諭曰：「汝至江南，整飭振作，但不可欲速，要之以久可也。」十五年，加太子少保。疏劾「江蘇巡撫雅爾哈善以奏銷錢糧，奉旨訓飭；知縣許惟枚等經徵未完，不及一分，例止罰俸。忽奏請奪官。人必以為出自上意，居心巧詐」。雅爾哈善下吏議。

十六年，調陝甘總督。時四川復分設總督，十八年，仍以命廷桂。奏四川歲豐穀賤，上命轉輸二十萬石賑淮、揚被水州縣，御製詩紀其事。進吏部尚書，留總督任。四川濱江諸縣引江水溉田。餘多山田，每苦旱。廷桂奏飭通省勘修塘堰，新都、蘆山等十州縣及青神蓮花壩、樂山平江鄉、三台南明鎮次第修舉，悉成腴壤。二十年，奏請增爐鑄錢，為通省修城。上諭曰：「有益地方之事，詳妥為之。」授武英殿大學士，仍領總督事。打箭爐徼外孔撒、麻書兩土司搆釁，金川、綽斯甲布袒麻書，革布什咱、德爾格忒袒孔撒，互攻殺。廷桂偕提督岳鍾琪飭諭解散。

六月，復調陝甘總督。師討阿睦爾撒納，陝、甘當轉輸孔道。廷桂途次以軍中調取營馬，並令州縣採買馬駝，即飭各驛馬十調五六，得馬數千匹佐軍。尋奏軍中文報，責成沿邊提鎮料理，詔如所請。二十一年四月，命駐肅州督辦軍需。奏言：「各處調解軍馬，口外嚴寒，自安西至哈密，經戈壁十餘站，飼飲不時，每致疲斃。現派專官分站料理，將積貯草豆、經過匹數、住歇時刻、行走臕分，按日呈報。」又奏：「山西解駝，先留安西牧放。陝西解馬，亦先調甘肅飼養。陸續前運，以濟實用。」先後送軍前駝馬七萬餘。又言：「西北兩路軍營向通商販，後因撤兵禁止。巴里坤軍營應用牛羊諸物，專自肅州販往，路遠價昂，難資接濟，請照舊通商。」上命籌濟庫車、阿克蘇糧運。廷桂奏：「夾山一路，可自哈密直趨闢展、吐魯番，其間騾駝通行，水草饒裕，較繞行巴里坤為近。擬即運糧貯吐魯番，轉運軍營，往返更加迅速。」又發銀二十萬，解阿克蘇買回城米，運糧十萬儲巴里坤。凡所經畫，屢合上指。十二月，上諭曰：「廷桂於西陲用兵，雖未身歷行陣，而籌辦軍需，每有朕旨未到，旋即奏至，與所規畫不約而同。體國奉公，精詳妥協，而又毫不累民，內地若無兵事，其功最大。」積功自太子太保進少保，自騎都尉進三等忠勤伯，先後賜雙眼孔雀翎、紅寶石帽頂、四團龍補服、白金二萬。二十四年正月，駐涼州，以病劇聞。命額駙福隆安率御醫診視，甫行，廷桂卒。上即命福隆安奠醊，御製詩輓之，賜祭葬，諡文襄。喪還，上復親臨奠醊。二十五年，凱宴成功將士，追念廷桂，復賦詩惜之。尋命圖形紫光閣，御製懷舊詩，列廷桂五督臣首。