Joseph Roth

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Roth

Joseph Roth was one of the most prominent Austrian writers of the first half of the 20th century. Particularly his novels and newspaper essays gained him the respect of contemporary critics. Leo Baeck Institute Archives

Joseph Roth, born Moses Joseph Roth (September 2, 1894 – May 27, 1939), was an Austrian-Jewish journalist and novelist, best known for his family saga Radetzky March (1932) about the decline and fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and for his novel of Jewish life, Job (1930) as well as the seminal essay 'Juden auf Wanderschaft' (1927; translated into English as The Wandering Jews), a fragmented account about the Jewish migrations from eastern to western Europe in the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Revolution. In the 21st century, publications in English of Radetzky March and of collections of his journalism from Berlin and Paris created a revival of interest in the a
Habsburg empire.

Born to a Jewish family, Roth was born and grew up in Brody, a small town near Lemberg in East Galicia, part of the easternmost reaches of what was then Austro-Hungarian empire. Jewish culture played an important role in the life of the town, which had one of the biggest Jewish populations in Europe. Roth grew up with his mother and her relatives; he never saw his father, who disappeared before he was born.

After high school, Joseph Roth moved to Lviv to begin his university studies in 1913 before transferring to the University of Vienna in 1914 to study philosophy and German literature. In 1916, Roth quit his university course and volunteered to serve in the Imperial Habsburg army fighting on the Eastern Front in the First World War, "though possibly only as an army journalist or censor."

This experience had a major and long-lasting influence on his life. So, too, did the collapse of the Habsburg Empire in 1918, which marked the beginning of a pronounced sense of 'homelessness' that was to feature regularly in his work. "My strongest experience was the War and the destruction of my fatherland, the only one I ever had, the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary."

Germany

In 1918 Roth returned to Vienna and wrote for left wing newspapers, occasionally as Red Roth (der rote Roth). In 1920 he moved to Berlin, where he worked as a highly successful journalist for the Neue Berliner Zeitung and from 1921 for the Berliner Börsen-Courier. In 1923 he began his association with the well-known liberal Frankfurter Zeitung, travelling widely throughout Europe and reporting from the south of France, the USSR, Albania, Poland, Italy and Germany. "He was one of the most distinguished and best-paid journalists of the period-being paid at the dream rate of one Deutschmark per line." In 1925 he spent an influential period working in France and never again resided permanently in Berlin.

Marriage and family

In 1923 Roth's first (unfinished) novel, The Spider's Web, was serialized in an Austrian newspaper. He achieved moderate success as a writer throughout the 1920s with a series of novels exploring life in post-war Europe. Only upon publication of Job and Radetzky March did he achieve real acclaim as a novelist.
From 1930, Roth's fiction became less concerned with contemporary society, with which he had become increasingly disillusioned; during this period, his work frequently evoked a melancholic nostalgia for life in imperial Central Europe prior to 1914.

He often portrayed the fate of homeless wanderers looking for a place to live, in particular Jews and former citizens of the old Austria-Hungary, who, with the downfall of the monarchy, had lost their only possible Heimat ("true home"). In his later works in particular, Roth appeared to wish that the monarchy could be restored in all its old glamour, although at the start of his career he had written under the codename Red Joseph. His longing for a more tolerant past may be partly explained as a reaction against the nationalism of the time, which finally culminated in National Socialism.

The novel Radetzky March (1932) and the story "Die Büste des Kaisers" ("The Bust of the Emperor") (1935) are typical of this late phase. In the novel The Emperor's Tomb, Roth describes the fate of a cousin of the hero of Radetzky March, until Germany's annexation of Austria in 1938. Of his works which deal with Judaism, the novel Job is the best known. Paris.

As a prominent liberal Jewish journalist, Roth left Germany when Adolf Hitler became Reich Chancellor on January 30, 1933. Roth spent most of the next decade in Paris, a city he loved. His essays written in France were exuberant with delight in the city and its culture.

Shortly after Hitler's rise to power, in February 1933, Roth wrote in a prophetic letter to his friend, the Austrian writer Stefan Zweig:

You will have realized by now that we are drifting towards great catastrophes. Apart from the private — our literary and financial existence is destroyed — it all leads to a new war. I won't bet a penny on our lives. They have succeeded in establishing a reign of barbarity. Do not fool yourself. Hell reigns.

From 1936 to 1938, Roth had a romantic relationship with Irmgard Keun. They worked together, traveling to various cities such as Paris, Wilna, Lemberg, Warsaw, Vienna, Salzburg, Brussels and Amsterdam.
Without intending to deny his Jewish origins, Roth considered his relationship to Catholicism very important. In the final years of his life, he may even have converted; translator Michael Hofmann states in the preface to the collection of essays Report from a Parisian Paradise that Roth "was said to have had two funerals, one Jewish, one Catholic."

His last years were difficult. He moved from hotel to hotel, drinking heavily, anxious about money and the future. Despite suffering from chronic alcoholism, Roth remained prolific until his premature death in Paris in 1939. His final novella, The Legend of the Holy Drinker (1939), considered to be amongst his finest,[citation needed] chronicles the attempts made by an alcoholic vagrant to regain his dignity and honour a debt. His final collapse was precipitated by hearing the news that the playwright Ernst Toller had hanged himself in New York.

Joseph Roth is interred in the Cimetière de Thiais, south of Paris.

Works

• The Spider's Web (Das Spinnennetz) (1923, adapted in 1989 into a film of the same name by Bernhard Wicki, starring Ulrich Mühe, Armin Mueller-Stahl, and Klaus Maria Brandauer)
• Hotel Savoy (1924)
• The Rebellion (Die Rebellion) (1924)
• April: The History of a Love (April. Die Geschichte einer Liebe) (1925)
• The Blind Mirror (Der blinde Spiegel) (1925)
• The Wandering Jews (Juden auf Wanderschaft) (1927)
• The Flight without End (Die Flucht ohne Ende) (1927)
• Zipper and His Father (Zipper und sein Vater) (1928)
• Right and Left (Rechts und links) (1929)
• The Silent Prophet (Der stumme Prophet) (1929)
• Job (Hiob) (1930)
• Radetzky March (Radetzkymarsch) (1932)
• The Antichrist (Der Antichrist) (1934)
• Tarabas (1934)
• Die Büste des Kaisers (1934)
• Confession of a Murderer (Beichte eines Mörders) (1936)
• "Die hundert Tage" ("The Ballad of the Hundred Days") (1936)
• Weights and Measures (Das falsche Gewicht) (1937)
• The Emperor's Tomb (Die Kapuzinergruft) (1938)
• The Legend of the Holy Drinker (Die Legende vom heiligen Trinker) (1939)
• The String of Pearls 1939 (Die Geschichte von der 1002. Nacht)[6]
• The Leviathan (Der Leviathan) (1940)
• The Wandering Jews, trans. by Michael Hofmann, New York: W. W. Norton & Company (2001)
• What I Saw: Reports from Berlin, 1920-1933, trans. by Michael Hofmann, New York: W. W. Norton & Company (2002)
• The Collected Stories of Joseph Roth, trans. by Michael Hofmann, New York: W. W. Norton & Company (2003)
• Report from a Parisian Paradise: Essays from France, 1925-1939, trans. by Michael Hofmann, New York: W. W. Norton & Company (2004)
• Joseph Roth: A Life in Letters, trans. and edited by Michael Hofmann, New York: W. W. Norton & Company (2012)

--------------------------

• ^ Joseph Roth at kirjasto.sci.fi
• ^ Author Biography in Radetzky March, Penguin Modern Classics Edition, 1984.
• ^ a b Hofmann, Michael. "About the author", The Wandering Jews, Granta, p.141. ISBN 1-86207-392-9
• ^ a b Hofmann, Michael. "About the author", The Wandering Jews, Granta, p.142. ISBN 1-86207-392-9
• ^ 38. Hell reigns. Letter of Joseph Roth to Stefan Zweig, February 1933. Hitlers Machtergreifung - dtv dokumente, edited by Josef & Ruth Becker, Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, 2nd edition, Munich, Germany, 1992, p.70. ISBN 3-423-02938-2
• ^ Nürnberger, Helmuth. Joseph Roth. Reinbek, Hamburg, 1981, p.152. ISBN 3-499-50301-

References

• Mauthner, Martin (2007), German Writers in French Exile, 1933-1940, London: Vallentine Mitchell, ISBN 978-0-85303-540-4
• Prang, Christoph (2010). "Semiomimesis: The influence of semiotics on the creation of literary texts. Peter Bichsel's Ein Tisch ist ein Tisch and Joseph Roth's Hotel Savoy". Semiotica 10 (182): 375–396.
• von Sternburg, Wilhelm (2010), Joseph Roth. Eine Biographie (in German), Cologne: Kiepenheuer & Witsch, ISBN 978-3-462-04251-1
• Hoffman, Michael (2012), Joseph Roth: A Life in Letters
• Snick, Els (2013), Waar het me slecht gaat is mijn vaderland. Joseph Roth in Nederland en België, Amsterdam: Bas Lubberhuizen, ISBN 978-90-5937-3266
• Lazaroms, Ilse Josepha (2013), The Grace of Misery: Joseph Roth and The Politics of Exile, 1919–1939, Leiden and Boston: Brill, ISBN 978-90-0423-4857

-------------------------------

• http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=10488291&ref=wvr
• http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz108404.html
• http://www.cambridgeforecast.org/MIDDLEEAST/ROTH.html

יוזף רוֹת

' (לעיתים רוט; Joseph Roth; ‏2 בספטמבר 1894, ברודי – 27 במאי 1939, פריז) היה סופר ועיתונאי יהודי אוסטרי ממוצא גליציאני.

תוכן עניינים 1 תולדות חייו ויצירתו 2 ספרי יוזף רות בעברית 3 לקריאה נוספת 4 קישורים חיצוניים תולדות חייו ויצירתו משה יוסף רוֹת נולד בעיירה בְּרוֹדִי הסמוכה ללבוב שבגליציה, שהייתה אז חלק מן האימפריה האוסטרו-הונגרית, לאם יהודייה; את אביו לא הכיר. הוא גדל בסביבה יהודית מובהקת בברודי.

האירוע המעצב של חייו היה מלחמת העולם הראשונה וקריסת האימפריה שלאחריה. רות נאלץ לקטוע את לימודיו בווינה ולחזות בהתמוטטות המדינה שבה ראה את מולדתו. כל שנות מלחמת העולם הראשונה שירת בצבא האוסטרי-הונגרי. ב-1920 הגיע לברלין, ועבד שם כעיתונאי ב-Neue Berliner Zeitung ובעיתונים אחרים. ב-1925 עזב את ברלין, וב-1933, עם עליית הנאצים לשלטון, עזב את גרמניה. ב-1928 חלתה אשתו פרדריקה בסכיזופרניה, והדבר היה עליו לנטל כלכלי ופסיכולוגי כבד.

בספריו מתאר רות את גורלם של אנשים חסרי מולדת, התועים ונודדים בעולם: יהודים שגורל עמם כפה עליהם חיים בגולה, אוסטרים שאינם מוצאים את מקומם במדינה הרב-לאומית של האימפריה האוסטרו-הונגרית – המדינה היחידה המאפשרת, לדעת רות, "להיות פטריוט ואזרח העולם הגדול" בו בזמן.

בעוד שבתחילת דרכו כתב רות עלונים קומוניסטיים תחת הכינוי "יוזף האדום", הרי שביצירתו המאוחרת נטה למלוכנות וביקש להשיב לקיסרות האוסטרית את זוהרה שאבד. פנייה זו אל העבר ניתן לראות כתגובה ללאומנות הגואה, בעוד שהקיסרות האוסטרית נתפסה בידי נתיניה היהודים כמיטיבה עמם.

היצירה הייצוגית של תקופה זו בפועלו היא הרומן "מארש רדצקי" (1932) – סאגה רב-דורית על משפחת קצינים בצבא הקיסרות. ברומן "קברות הקפוצ'ינים" מתאר רות את המשך קורותיו של גיבור "מארש רדצקי" בשנות השלושים. המפורסמת מבין יצירותיו העוסקות ביהדות היא הרומן "איוב". רות, שעבד רוב חייו כעיתונאי, הותיר אחריו גם כמות נכבדת של טורי פליטון ותיאורי מסע שחלקם נאספו בספר "מה שראיתי - רשימות מברלין 1920-1932" שטרם תורגם לעברית. ברומן "אגדת השתיין הקדוש" טיפל ברשמיו מהאלכוהוליזם שלו, שליווה אותו מאז שנותיו המוקדמות.

בשנת 1939 נפטר רות בפריז כתוצאה מסיבוך של דלקת ריאות, כשהוא עני ונתון בחובות. הוא קבור בפריז, ובברודי עיר הולדתו, מציין שלט קטן באוקראינית ובגרמנית את בנה המפורסם של העיר הקטנה.

ספרי יוזף רות בעברית איוב: סיפור של איש פשוט, תרגם יצחק למדן, ברלין: א. י. שטיבל, תרצ"ב 1932. תרגום נוסף: איוב: סיפור של איש פשוט, תרגם צבי ארד, תל אביב: זמורה ביתן, תשמ"ה 1985. מארש ראדצקי, תרגמה אילנה המרמן, הספריה לעם, עם עובד, 1980. קברות הקפוצינים, תרגם צבי ארד, תל אביב: זמורה ביתן, תשמ"ו 1986. טאראבאס: אורח עלי אדמות, תרגם שלמה טנאי, תל אביב: זמורה ביתן, תש"ן 1990. הנביא האילם, תרגמה רות לבנית, תל אביב: זמורה ביתן, תשנ"א 1991. בריחה ללא קץ, תרגם שלמה טנאי, תל אביב: זמורה ביתן, 1992. מלון סבוי, תרגם יוסף שריג, תל אביב: זמורה ביתן, תשנ"ב 1992. סיפורו של הלילה האלף ושניים, תרגם צבי ארד, תל אביב: זמורה ביתן, 1993. יהודים נודדים, תרגם יונתן ניראד, ירושלים: סמטאות, 2011. אגדת השתיין הקדוש; מנהל התחנה פלמראייר, תרגם אהוד אלכסנדר אבנר, ירושלים: סמטאות, 2012. תרגום קודם: אגדת השיכור הקדוש, תרגם פ' שדה, בתוך ד' אורן (עורך), מבחר הספור הארופאי, תל אביב: הדר, תשי"ט. הלוויתן, תרגם גדי גולדברג, תל אביב: זיקית, 2015. אפריל; בית הפאר ממול; ניצחון היופי, תרגמו שירה מירון ומרט וינטראוב, תשע נשמות, 2017. תותים, תרגמה שירה מירון, תשע נשמות, 2018. לקריאה נוספת גרשון שקד, "יוסף רות, איוב והגורל היהודי", ממרכזים למרכז, תשס"ה-2005. —, "אימת התרבות והכיסופים למוות: הלוויתן מאת יוסף רות והמיתיזציה של סיפור העיירה", צפון, ב', תשנ"ג-1993. —, "ארצות אבותיו של יוסף רות", אין מקום אחר, 1988. וולפגנג איזר, "גרשון שקד על הסופרים היהודים בעת שקיעת הממלכה ההבסבורגית", ספרות וחברה בתרבות העברית החדשה, 2000. https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A3_%D7%A8%D7%95...

---------------------------------------------

Joseph Roth was one of the most prominent Austrian writers of the first half of the 20th century. Particularly his novels and newspaper essays gained him the respect of contemporary critics. Leo Baeck Institute Archives

Joseph Roth, born Moses Joseph Roth (September 2, 1894 – May 27, 1939), was an Austrian-Jewish journalist and novelist, best known for his family saga Radetzky March (1932) about the decline and fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and for his novel of Jewish life, Job (1930) as well as the seminal essay 'Juden auf Wanderschaft' (1927; translated into English as The Wandering Jews), a fragmented account about the Jewish migrations from eastern to western Europe in the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Revolution. In the 21st century, publications in English of Radetzky March and of collections of his journalism from Berlin and Paris created a revival of interest in the a
Habsburg empire.

Born to a Jewish family, Roth was born and grew up in Brody, a small town near Lemberg in East Galicia, part of the easternmost reaches of what was then Austro-Hungarian empire. Jewish culture played an important role in the life of the town, which had one of the biggest Jewish populations in Europe. Roth grew up with his mother and her relatives; he never saw his father, who disappeared before he was born.

After high school, Joseph Roth moved to Lviv to begin his university studies in 1913 before transferring to the University of Vienna in 1914 to study philosophy and German literature. In 1916, Roth quit his university course and volunteered to serve in the Imperial Habsburg army fighting on the Eastern Front in the First World War, "though possibly only as an army journalist or censor."

This experience had a major and long-lasting influence on his life. So, too, did the collapse of the Habsburg Empire in 1918, which marked the beginning of a pronounced sense of 'homelessness' that was to feature regularly in his work. "My strongest experience was the War and the destruction of my fatherland, the only one I ever had, the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary."

Germany

In 1918 Roth returned to Vienna and wrote for left wing newspapers, occasionally as Red Roth (der rote Roth). In 1920 he moved to Berlin, where he worked as a highly successful journalist for the Neue Berliner Zeitung and from 1921 for the Berliner Börsen-Courier. In 1923 he began his association with the well-known liberal Frankfurter Zeitung, travelling widely throughout Europe and reporting from the south of France, the USSR, Albania, Poland, Italy and Germany. "He was one of the most distinguished and best-paid journalists of the period-being paid at the dream rate of one Deutschmark per line." In 1925 he spent an influential period working in France and never again resided permanently in Berlin.

Marriage and family

In 1923 Roth's first (unfinished) novel, The Spider's Web, was serialized in an Austrian newspaper. He achieved moderate success as a writer throughout the 1920s with a series of novels exploring life in post-war Europe. Only upon publication of Job and Radetzky March did he achieve real acclaim as a novelist.
From 1930, Roth's fiction became less concerned with contemporary society, with which he had become increasingly disillusioned; during this period, his work frequently evoked a melancholic nostalgia for life in imperial Central Europe prior to 1914.

He often portrayed the fate of homeless wanderers looking for a place to live, in particular Jews and former citizens of the old Austria-Hungary, who, with the downfall of the monarchy, had lost their only possible Heimat ("true home"). In his later works in particular, Roth appeared to wish that the monarchy could be restored in all its old glamour, although at the start of his career he had written under the codename Red Joseph. His longing for a more tolerant past may be partly explained as a reaction against the nationalism of the time, which finally culminated in National Socialism.

The novel Radetzky March (1932) and the story "Die Büste des Kaisers" ("The Bust of the Emperor") (1935) are typical of this late phase. In the novel The Emperor's Tomb, Roth describes the fate of a cousin of the hero of Radetzky March, until Germany's annexation of Austria in 1938. Of his works which deal with Judaism, the novel Job is the best known. Paris.

As a prominent liberal Jewish journalist, Roth left Germany when Adolf Hitler became Reich Chancellor on January 30, 1933. Roth spent most of the next decade in Paris, a city he loved. His essays written in France were exuberant with delight in the city and its culture.

Shortly after Hitler's rise to power, in February 1933, Roth wrote in a prophetic letter to his friend, the Austrian writer Stefan Zweig:

You will have realized by now that we are drifting towards great catastrophes. Apart from the private — our literary and financial existence is destroyed — it all leads to a new war. I won't bet a penny on our lives. They have succeeded in establishing a reign of barbarity. Do not fool yourself. Hell reigns.

From 1936 to 1938, Roth had a romantic relationship with Irmgard Keun. They worked together, traveling to various cities such as Paris, Wilna, Lemberg, Warsaw, Vienna, Salzburg, Brussels and Amsterdam.
Without intending to deny his Jewish origins, Roth considered his relationship to Catholicism very important. In the final years of his life, he may even have converted; translator Michael Hofmann states in the preface to the collection of essays Report from a Parisian Paradise that Roth "was said to have had two funerals, one Jewish, one Catholic."

His last years were difficult. He moved from hotel to hotel, drinking heavily, anxious about money and the future. Despite suffering from chronic alcoholism, Roth remained prolific until his premature death in Paris in 1939. His final novella, The Legend of the Holy Drinker (1939), considered to be amongst his finest,[citation needed] chronicles the attempts made by an alcoholic vagrant to regain his dignity and honour a debt. His final collapse was precipitated by hearing the news that the playwright Ernst Toller had hanged himself in New York.

Joseph Roth is interred in the Cimetière de Thiais, south of Paris.

Works

• The Spider's Web (Das Spinnennetz) (1923, adapted in 1989 into a film of the same name by Bernhard Wicki, starring Ulrich Mühe, Armin Mueller-Stahl, and Klaus Maria Brandauer)
• Hotel Savoy (1924)
• The Rebellion (Die Rebellion) (1924)
• April: The History of a Love (April. Die Geschichte einer Liebe) (1925)
• The Blind Mirror (Der blinde Spiegel) (1925)
• The Wandering Jews (Juden auf Wanderschaft) (1927)
• The Flight without End (Die Flucht ohne Ende) (1927)
• Zipper and His Father (Zipper und sein Vater) (1928)
• Right and Left (Rechts und links) (1929)
• The Silent Prophet (Der stumme Prophet) (1929)
• Job (Hiob) (1930)
• Radetzky March (Radetzkymarsch) (1932)
• The Antichrist (Der Antichrist) (1934)
• Tarabas (1934)
• Die Büste des Kaisers (1934)
• Confession of a Murderer (Beichte eines Mörders) (1936)
• "Die hundert Tage" ("The Ballad of the Hundred Days") (1936)
• Weights and Measures (Das falsche Gewicht) (1937)
• The Emperor's Tomb (Die Kapuzinergruft) (1938)
• The Legend of the Holy Drinker (Die Legende vom heiligen Trinker) (1939)
• The String of Pearls 1939 (Die Geschichte von der 1002. Nacht)[6]
• The Leviathan (Der Leviathan) (1940)
• The Wandering Jews, trans. by Michael Hofmann, New York: W. W. Norton & Company (2001)
• What I Saw: Reports from Berlin, 1920-1933, trans. by Michael Hofmann, New York: W. W. Norton & Company (2002)
• The Collected Stories of Joseph Roth, trans. by Michael Hofmann, New York: W. W. Norton & Company (2003)
• Report from a Parisian Paradise: Essays from France, 1925-1939, trans. by Michael Hofmann, New York: W. W. Norton & Company (2004)
• Joseph Roth: A Life in Letters, trans. and edited by Michael Hofmann, New York: W. W. Norton & Company (2012)

--------------------------

• ^ Joseph Roth at kirjasto.sci.fi
• ^ Author Biography in Radetzky March, Penguin Modern Classics Edition, 1984.
• ^ a b Hofmann, Michael. "About the author", The Wandering Jews, Granta, p.141. ISBN 1-86207-392-9
• ^ a b Hofmann, Michael. "About the author", The Wandering Jews, Granta, p.142. ISBN 1-86207-392-9
• ^ 38. Hell reigns. Letter of Joseph Roth to Stefan Zweig, February 1933. Hitlers Machtergreifung - dtv dokumente, edited by Josef & Ruth Becker, Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, 2nd edition, Munich, Germany, 1992, p.70. ISBN 3-423-02938-2
• ^ Nürnberger, Helmuth. Joseph Roth. Reinbek, Hamburg, 1981, p.152. ISBN 3-499-50301-

References

• Mauthner, Martin (2007), German Writers in French Exile, 1933-1940, London: Vallentine Mitchell, ISBN 978-0-85303-540-4
• Prang, Christoph (2010). "Semiomimesis: The influence of semiotics on the creation of literary texts. Peter Bichsel's Ein Tisch ist ein Tisch and Joseph Roth's Hotel Savoy". Semiotica 10 (182): 375–396.
• von Sternburg, Wilhelm (2010), Joseph Roth. Eine Biographie (in German), Cologne: Kiepenheuer & Witsch, ISBN 978-3-462-04251-1
• Hoffman, Michael (2012), Joseph Roth: A Life in Letters
• Snick, Els (2013), Waar het me slecht gaat is mijn vaderland. Joseph Roth in Nederland en België, Amsterdam: Bas Lubberhuizen, ISBN 978-90-5937-3266
• Lazaroms, Ilse Josepha (2013), The Grace of Misery: Joseph Roth and The Politics of Exile, 1919–1939, Leiden and Boston: Brill, ISBN 978-90-0423-4857

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• http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=10488291&ref=wvr
• http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz108404.html
• http://www.cambridgeforecast.org/MIDDLEEAST/ROTH.html