Juan I de Trastámara, king of Castile and Leon

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Juan I de Trastámara (Épila, Zaragoza, 1358 - Alcalá de Henares, 1390). Rey de Castilla desde el 24 de agosto de 1379 hasta el 9 de octubre de 1390. Segundo rey de la dinastía de Trastámara, hijo de Enrique II el de las Mercedes y de Juana hija de Juan Manuel de Villena, cabeza de una rama más joven de la casa real de Castilla. Nació en Aragón durante el destierro de su padre que aún no era rey. Fue el último rey castellano coronado solemnemente. Después de él, los monarcas asumían la dignidad real por proclamación y aclamación.

Casó con Leonor de Aragón, hija de Pedro IV el Cermonioso, en Soria (1375). De esta unión nacieron:

Enrique el Doliente (1379 - 1406), rey de Castilla con el nombre de Enrique III y;

Fernando el de Antequera (1380 - 1416), rey de Aragón con el nombre de Fernando I.

Muerta Leonor, se volvió a casar con Beatriz de Portugal, heredera del trono de Portugal, en la ciudad de Badajoz. De esta unión nació:

Miguel (¿? - ¿?), muerto en la niñez.

Al fallecer sin herederos varones Fernando I de Portugal, padre de su esposa Beatriz, Juan I optó a dicha corona, quedando Pedro González, su ayo, como uno de los regentes de Castilla en 1384.

Al año siguiente, 1385, Juan va a la guerra contra Juan de Avis hijo bastardo del rey Pedro I de Portugal y por tanto hermanastro de Fernando I, guerra que acabó en la desastrosa derrota de Aljubarrota, donde, tras la desbandada de las tropas castellanas, consiguió salvar la vida gracias a su ayo, quien falleció, y que forma parte de éste árbol genealógico.

Tabla de contenidos

1 Guerra de los Cien Años

2 Política interior

3 Curiosidades

4 Títulos

5 Referencias

6 Véase también

Guerra de los Cien Años  [editar]Artículo principal: Guerra de los Cien Años

Enrique II, había recibido la ayuda de caballeros franceses dirigidos por el propio Bertrand Du Guesclin durante su enfrentamiento con Pedro I el Cruel ó el Justiciero. La victoria final de Enrique en la Guerra Civil Castellana brindará a Francia un poderoso aliado en el plano naval. Tanto Enrique como su hijo Juan, envían la Armada castellana, que destruye la escuadra inglesa en La Rochelle (1372) y saquea numerosos puertos ingleses (Rye, Rotingdean, Lewes, Folkestone, Plymouth, Portsmouth, Wight, Hastings) entre 1377 y 1380, año en que el almirante castellano Fernando Sánchez de Tovar llega incluso a amenazar Londres. Sir Ricardo Knolles en 1360 y el duque de Lancaster, Juan de Gante, en 1363 formaron cuerpos expedicionarios que atacaron el continente, pero fueron detenidos.

Mantuvo la amistad con Carlos III de Navarra, casado con su hermana Leonor, poniendo fin a los conflictos entre ambos reinos.

Política interior  

En el marco de la Guerra de los Cien Años, Inglaterra y Castilla se vieron involucradas en un conflicto dinástico: Las hijas de Pedro I el Justiciero, Constancia e Isabel, se habían casado con el duque de Lancaster y con Edmundo de Langley, duque de York, hijos del rey Eduardo III de Inglaterra.

Con estas uniones, y considerándose, como lo eran, herederas legítimas de Pedro I, reclamaban el reino. En 1388 se puso fin a la lucha pactando el matrimonio de sus hijos Enrique, heredero de Juan I, con Catalina, hija de Constanza, a quienes se les otorgó la condición de Príncipes de Asturias por el acuerdo de Bayona. Así quedaron unidas las dos ramas sucesorias de Alfonso XI instaurado el Principado de Asturias y el título de Príncipe de Asturias que siempre ostentará el heredero de la corona de Castilla y luego de España. Enrique, hijo de Juan I, fue el primer príncipe en poseer este título, junto con las rentas inherentes, pues el territorio asturiano les pertenecía como patrimonio.

Curiosidades  [editar]Al subir al trono, nombró a su ayo Pedro González de Mendoza, señor de Hita y de Buitrago, como Mayordomo Mayor, y al poco Capitán General de sus ejércitos. En 1383 le nombró señor de la mitad del Real de Manzanares (Madrid) 

En 1389 donó la villa de Aguilar de Campos, (Valladolid) que hasta entonces había pertenecido a los Almirantes de Castilla, a Don Alfonso Enríquez.

Fundó el monasterio cartujo del Paular, junto al nacimiento del río Lozoya, en Madrid.

Convocó Cortes en la ciudad de Guadalajara en la primavera de 1390.

Murió en octubre de aquel mismo año junto a la puerta de Burgos, extramuros del palacio arzobispal de Alcalá de Henares, durante una demostración hípica y a consecuencia de la caída de un caballo que le habían regalado y fue ocultada su muerte por el Cardenal don Pedro Tenorio durante varios días alegando que estaba herido; hasta arreglar todo lo relacionado con la regencia. Está enterrado en la Capilla de Reyes Nuevos de Toledo.

John I of Castile

John I (August 24, 1358 – October 9, 1390) was the king of Castile, was the son of Henry II and of his wife Juana Manuel of Castile, daughter of Juan Manuel, Duke of Penafiel, head of a younger branch of the royal house of Castile.

His first marriage, with Eleanor of Aragon on June 18th, 1375, produced most of his issue, including the future Kings Henry III of Castile and Ferdinand I of Aragon.

He ransomed Leon VI of Armenia from the Mamluks and out of pity granted him the lifetime lordship of Madrid, Villa Real and Andújar in 1383.

He had engaged in hostilities with Portugal. His first quarrel with Portugal was settled by his marriage, in 1382, with Beatrice of Portugal, daughter of King Ferdinand I of Portugal. On the death of his father-in-law in 1383, John endeavoured to enforce the claims of his wife, Ferdinand's only child, to the crown of Portugal. The 1383-1385 Crisis, a period of civil unrest and anarchy in Portugal, followed. He was resisted by the national sentiment of the Portuguese people, and was utterly defeated at the battle of Aljubarrota, on August 14, 1385.

He also had to contend with the hostility of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, who claimed the crown by right of his wife Constance, the eldest daughter of Pedro of Castile. The king of Castile finally bought off the claim of his English competitor by arranging a marriage between his son Henry and Catherine, daughter of Constance and John of Gaunt in 1387.

King John was killed at Alcalá on October 9, 1390 by the fall of his horse, while he was riding in a fantasia with some of the light horsemen known as the farfanes, who were mounted and equipped in the Arab style.

John I of Castile

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

John I (August 24, 1358 – October 9, 1390) (in Spanish: Juan I) was the king of Castile, was the son of Henry II and of his wife Juana Manuel of Castile, daughter of Juan Manuel, Duke of Penafiel, head of a younger branch of the royal house of Castile.

His first marriage, with Eleanor of Aragon on June 18th, 1375, produced most of his issue, including the future Kings Henry III of Castile and Ferdinand I of Aragon.

He ransomed Leon VI of Armenia from the Mamluks and out of pity granted him the lifetime lordship of Madrid, Villa Real and Andújar in 1383[1].

He had engaged in hostilities with Portugal. His first quarrel with Portugal was settled by his marriage, in 1382, with Beatrice of Portugal, daughter of King Ferdinand I of Portugal. On the death of his father-in-law in 1383, John endeavoured to enforce the claims of his wife, Ferdinand's only child, to the crown of Portugal. The 1383-1385 Crisis, a period of civil unrest and anarchy in Portugal, followed. He was resisted by the national sentiment of the Portuguese people, and was utterly defeated at the battle of Aljubarrota, on August 14, 1385.

He also had to contend with the hostility of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, who claimed the crown by right of his wife Constance, the eldest daughter of Pedro of Castile. The king of Castile finally bought off the claim of his English competitor by arranging a marriage between his son Henry and Catherine, daughter of Constance and John of Gaunt in 1387.

King John was killed at Alcalá on October 9, 1390 by the fall of his horse, while he was riding in a fantasia with some of the light horsemen known as the farfanes, who were mounted and equipped in the Arab style.

Ao longo do seu reinado participou ao lado dos franceses em batalhas da Guerra dos cem anos, e contra Portugal, a cujo trono aspirava. Todavia foi derrotado pelos portugueses e pelo rei que eles haviam eleito, João I de Portugal, em 14 de Agosto de 1385, na Batalha de Aljubarrota, sendo obrigado a descartar-se das ambições a este trono..

Levou a cabo operações guerreiras contra Portugal tanto na época de D. Fernando como na de D. João I. Durante a Guerra contra Castela, Portugal ajudou as forças do Duque de Lencastre, que reivindicava através da esposa, Constança, o direito ao trono castelhano (filha de D. Pedro I, assassinado em Montiel por Henrique II de Castela). As pretensões do duque não chegaram a concretizar-se, mas, mediante uma hábil política, colocou as filhas D. Filipa de Lencastre e D. Catarina de Lencastre, como rainhas consortes, a primeira no trono de Portugal e a segunda no trono de Castela. Juntaram-se assim, quanto à coroa castelhana, a linha espúria e a legítima.

Morreu após uma queda de cavalo.

John I (August 24, 1358 – October 9, 1390) (in Spanish: Juan I) was the king of Castile, was the son of Henry II and of his wife Juana Manuel of Castile, daughter of Juan Manuel, Duke of Penafiel, head of a younger branch of the royal house of Castile.

His first marriage, with Eleanor of Aragon on June 18th, 1375, produced most of his issue, including the future Kings Henry III of Castile and Ferdinand I of Aragon.

He ransomed Leon VI of Armenia from the Mamluks and out of pity granted him the lifetime lordship of Madrid, Villa Real and Andújar in 1383[1].

He had engaged in hostilities with Portugal. His first quarrel with Portugal was settled by his marriage, in 1382, with Beatrice of Portugal, daughter of King Ferdinand I of Portugal. On the death of his father-in-law in 1383, John endeavoured to enforce the claims of his wife, Ferdinand's only child, to the crown of Portugal. The 1383-1385 Crisis, a period of civil unrest and anarchy in Portugal, followed. He was resisted by the national sentiment of the Portuguese people, and was utterly defeated at the battle of Aljubarrota, on August 14, 1385.

He also had to contend with the hostility of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, who claimed the crown by right of his wife Constance, the eldest daughter of Pedro of Castile. The king of Castile finally bought off the claim of his English competitor by arranging a marriage between his son Henry and Catherine, daughter of Constance and John of Gaunt in 1387.

King John was killed at Alcalá on October 9, 1390 by the fall of his horse, while he was riding in a fantasia with some of the light horsemen known as the farfanes, who were mounted and equipped in the Arab style.

John I of Castile

John I (August 24, 1358 – October 9, 1390) (in Spanish: Juan I) was the king of Castile, was the son of Henry II and of his wife Juana Manuel of Castile, daughter of Juan Manuel, Duke of Penafiel, head of a younger branch of the royal house of Castile.

His first marriage, with Eleanor of Aragon on June 18th, 1375, produced most of his issue, including the future Kings Henry III of Castile and Ferdinand I of Aragon.

He ransomed Leon VI of Armenia from the Mamluks and out of pity granted him the lifetime lordship of Madrid, Villa Real and Andújar in 1383[1].

He had engaged in hostilities with Portugal. His first quarrel with Portugal was settled by his marriage, in 1382, with Beatrice of Portugal, daughter of King Ferdinand I of Portugal. On the death of his father-in-law in 1383, John endeavoured to enforce the claims of his wife, Ferdinand's only child, to the crown of Portugal. The 1383-1385 Crisis, a period of civil unrest and anarchy in Portugal, followed. He was resisted by the national sentiment of the Portuguese people, and was utterly defeated at the battle of Aljubarrota, on August 14, 1385.

He also had to contend with the hostility of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, who claimed the crown by right of his wife Constance, the eldest daughter of Pedro of Castile. The king of Castile finally bought off the claim of his English competitor by arranging a marriage between his son Henry and Catherine, daughter of Constance and John of Gaunt in 1387.

King John was killed at Alcalá on October 9, 1390 by the fall of his horse, while he was riding in a fantasia with some of the light horsemen known as the farfanes, who were mounted and equipped in the Arab style.