Major Andrew Ellicott

Ellicotts of Mass and Maryland

Wikipedia

Andrew Ellicott (January 24, 1754 – August 28, 1820) was a U.S. surveyor who helped map many of the territories west of the Appalachians, surveyed the boundaries of the District of Columbia, continued and completed Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant's work on the plan for Washington, D.C., and served as a teacher in survey methods for Meriwether Lewis.

Ellicott was an oldest son. He was born on January 24, 1754, to Joseph and Judith (Bleaker) Ellicott, of Dutch and Quaker lineage. In 1770 his father and uncles bought a "large tract of wild land on the Patapsco River" and in 1774 founded the town of Ellicott Mills, now Ellicott City, MD.....

Then he fell in love, and at the age of 21, in 1775, Ellicott married Sarah Brown of Newtown, PA {? Newtown? or was it Buckingham??}. and the couple moved to Ellicott Upper Mills in Maryland. They would have ten children together, nine surviving to adulthood...His many letters to her throughout their lives unabashedly reveal his love and concern for her, as well as his willingness and need to entrust her with his true thoughts and feelings, especially when politics made it imprudent to reveal them to others. His letters show his capacity for wit and sarcasm, and reveal a cultured man, a philosophical man, one who could read and speak French effortlessly. When Ellicott was 44 he said that art, literature and science were the very foundation of civilization and without them a man was fated to a life of ignorance and barbarism.

After the death of his second son, in 1785, Ellicott moved his family to Baltimore, and lived on the east side of Liberty, south of and near Saratoga St. He taught mathematics at the Academy of Baltimore. In 1786, he served a term in the Maryland legislature and in the same year, was appointed a member of the PA commissions to run the west and north boundaries of PA.

In 1789, the Ellicotts moved to 16 N. 6th St. in Philadelphia.

In 1792 he was appointed Surveyor General of the United States.

Not long after, in 1813, Ellicott moved to New York State, having accepted a position at the relatively new West Point Academy as professor of mathematics.

The end of his life came suddenly. He had shown no sign of ill health or slowing down. But at the age of 66, Ellicott was stricken with apoplexy on August 25th, 1820, after a visit to New York to see his daughter and son-in-law, the Griffiths. He died at home in West Point three days later, August 28, 1820. He was survived by his wife and nine children. Source: http://www.lewisandclarkphila.org/philadelphia/philadelphiaellicott...

Early life

Andrew Ellicott was born in Buckingham Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania as the first of nine children of Joseph Ellicott (1732 – 1780) and his wife Judith (née Blaker or Bleaker, 1729 – 1809). The Quaker family lived in modest conditions; his father was a miller and clockmaker. Young Andrew was educated at the local Quaker school, where Robert Patterson, who later became a professor and vice provost at the University of Pennsylvania, was his teacher for some time. Andrew was a talented mechanic like many of the family and showed some mathematical talent, too.

In 1770, his father, together with his uncles Andrew and John, purchased land on the Patapsco River and set up a new milling business there, founding the town of Ellicott's Mills in 1772. Three years later, Andrew married Sarah Brown (1756/8 – 1827) of Newtown, Pennsylvania, with whom he would have ten children, one of which died as a child. When the Revolutionary War broke out, Andrew enlisted as a commissioned officer in the Elk Ridge Battalion of the Maryland militia despite his Quaker upbringing. During the course of the war, he rose to the rank of major, a title he would keep as an honorific throughout his life.

Survey work

After the war, Ellicott returned home to Ellicott's Mills until he was appointed, in 1784, a member of the survey group tasked with extending the survey of the Mason-Dixon line that had been abandoned in 1767 and then been stalled during the war. In this survey, he worked alongside David Rittenhouse and James Madison, making first connections with the scientific society of Philadelphia.

Following the death of their second son, the Ellicotts moved to Baltimore in 1785, where Andrew taught mathematics at the Academy of Baltimore and was even elected to the legislature in 1786. The same year, he was called upon for a survey to define the western border of Pennsylvania. This "Ellicott Line" (running north-south at longitude 80°31'12" W) later became the principal meridian for the surveys of the Northwest Territory. His work in Pennsylvania intensified his ties with Rittenhouse and other members of the American Philosophical Society and led to encounters with Benjamin Franklin and Simeon De Witt. When he was subsequently appointed to lead other surveys in Pennsylvania, the family moved again in 1789 to Philadelphia. By recommendation of Franklin, Ellicott got a position with the newly established government and was tasked by George Washington to survey the lands between Lake Erie and Pennsylvania to determine the border between Western New York and U.S. territory, resulting in the Erie Triangle. This survey, during which he also made the first topographical study of the Niagara River including the Niagara Falls, gained Ellicott a reputation for superb accuracy in surveys.

From 1791 to 1792, at the request of Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Ellicott worked under the direction of three Commissioners that President George Washington had appointed, surveying the boundaries of the federal Territory of Columbia, which would become the District of Columbia in 1801. He was assisted in this survey first by the free African-American astronomer Benjamin Banneker and then by Ellicott's brother, Joseph Ellicott. Ellicott's team put into place forty boundary stones approximately 1 mile (2 km) apart from each other that marked the borders of the Territory of Columbia of 100 square miles (260 km2) (see: Boundary Stones (District of Columbia)). Most of these stones remain in their original positions. As engravings on many of the stones still show, Ellicott's team placed those that marked the border with Virginia in 1791, and those that marked the border with Maryland in 1792.

During 1791–1792, Ellicott also surveyed the future city of Washington, which was located within a relatively small area at the center of the Territory of Columbia. Ellicott also served under the Commissioners' supervision in this effort. He first worked with Pierre Charles L'Enfant, who had prepared the initial plans for the capital city during the early months of 1791 and had presented one of these early plans to President Washington in August of that year. However, L'Enfant subsequently entered into a number of conflicts with the Commissioners and others involved in the enterprise.

During a particularly contentious period in February 1792, Ellicott informed the Commissioners that L'Enfant had not been able to have the city plan engraved and had refused to provide him with an original plan that L'Enfant was then holding. Ellicott, with the aid of his brother, Benjamin Ellicott, then revised the plan, despite L'Enfant's protests. Ellicott's revisions realigned and straightened Massachusetts Avenue, eliminated five short radial avenues and added two others, removed several plazas and straightened the borders of the future Judiciary Square.

Shortly thereafter, Washington dismissed L'Enfant. Ellicott gave the first version of his own plan to James Thakara and John Valance of Philadelphia, who engraved, printed and published it. This version, printed in March 1792, was the first Washington city plan that received wide circulation.

After L'Enfant departed, Ellicott continued the city survey in accordance with his revised plan, several larger and more detailed versions of which were also engraved, published and distributed. As a result, Ellicott's revisions became the basis for the capital city's future development. When he quit the City of Washington project, Ellicott was relieved to escape the political pressures surrounding that venture.

In 1794, Ellicott accepted a commission from Pennsylvania to plan the city of Erie. He spent the next two years with this task, plotting a road from Reading, Pennsylvania to Presqu'Isle, where the city was to be built, and supervising the construction of Fort Erie.

In 1796, George Washington commissioned Ellicott as the U.S. representative on the commission for the survey of the border between the Spanish territories in Florida and the United States negotiated in the Treaty of San Lorenzo. Ellicott traveled with a military escort via the Ohio and Mississippi rivers and worked together with Spanish commissioners, despite many difficulties, for the next four years. Another "Ellicott's Line" from this survey, running along latitude 31°N, still defines the border between Alabama and Florida. One of his markers for the boundary line survives to this day and bears his name, Ellicott's Stone. In 1798, he complained to the government about four American generals receiving pensions from Spain, including General James Wilkinson. Ellicott showed considerable diplomatic talent during this joint project to bring it to a successful completion, and he presented his final report with maps to the government in 1800. (The Mapping episode of Philip Morrison's miniseries The Ring Of Truth illustrates Elllicot's surveying methods from Ellicott Hill in Natchez, Mississippi, which is now a National Historic Landmark.)

The Adams administration, however, then refused to pay Ellicott for his work done in this survey, and even refused him access to his maps he had submitted with the report. He was forced to sell some of his possessions, including books from his library, in order to support his family. Finally the maps were released in 1803, and Ellicott published his Journal of Andrew Ellicott detailing the Florida survey, including the maps. When Thomas Jefferson offered him the post of Surveyor General, Ellicott turned him down. His prior negative experiences with the administration may have had something to do with this, but at the age of 49, he also wanted to spend more time with his family and feared that this new position might require him to travel too much. Instead, he accepted an offer by Pennsylvania governor Thomas McKean and took a position as Secretary of the Pennsylvania Land Office. The family moved to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and Ellicott seemed content with a clerk's job that left him enough time for his own scientific and private interests and that provided a steady income for the family. The Andrew Ellicott House, where he resided from 1801 to 1813, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.

Also in 1803, Jefferson engaged Ellicott as a mentor and teacher for Meriwether Lewis, one of the leaders of the Lewis and Clark Expedition that was to start the following year. From April to May 1803, Lewis stayed at Ellicott's home and studied survey techniques, and Ellicott made many recommendations on the expedition's equipment and survey procedures that were later followed. The two men apparently got along well.

When Simon Snyder followed McKean as governor of Pennsylvania, he fired Ellicott in 1809 due to political differences. A prominent supporter of Snyder was General James Wilkinson, one of the four generals that Ellicott had denounced eleven years earlier. Ellicott returned to private practice and was hired in February 1811 by David B. Mitchell, then governor of Georgia, to re-survey the border between Georgia and North Carolina to settle a border dispute between these two states. Although he started out in July, his expedition was delayed and had to work throughout the hard winter. Ellicott confirmed earlier findings that the border, which was supposed to follow latitude 35°N, was several miles further south than the Georgians claimed. His report was not well received by the Georgian administration, who furthermore refused to pay his fees. Ellicott returned in July 1812 to Pennsylvania.

In 1813, Ellicott accepted a position as a professor for mathematics at the military academy at West Point, and the family left Lancaster and moved to West Point, New York. In 1817, Ellicott was again called upon to participate as astronomer in a field survey to establish the western border between Canada and the United States, which had been defined after the War of 1812 in the Treaty of Ghent to run along latitude 45°N. It was the last significant survey that he performed. Ellicott died three years later from a stroke in his home at West Point.

In memoriam

Andrew Ellicott Park at the West Cornerstone, located in Arlington County, the City of Falls Church and Fairfax County in Northern Virginia at the original west corner of the District of Columbia, memorializes Ellicott. Ellicott Circle and Ellicott Street in the District of Columbia also memorialize him.

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Andrew Ellicott was a skilled mathematician, inventor, and engineer who achieved his greatest fame as a surveyor. Born on 27 January 1754 in Pennsylvania to a Quaker family, Ellicott grew up studying science and its practical uses. He eventually brought his skills to the Deep South and helped the Natchez area become a part of the United States.

Ellicott spent most of his forty-plus years of service to the country determining important boundaries. He finished Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon’s work of defining the boundary between Virginia and Pennsylvania—the famous Mason-Dixon Line. He also established the line between New York and Pennsylvania and helped settle a border dispute between Georgia and North Carolina. His exact measurements and attention to detail were all the more remarkable considering that most of his instruments were handmade. Ellicott was the first to record the height of Niagara Falls, superintended the construction of Pennsylvania’s Fort Erie, and helped establish the town there. Perhaps most important, he surveyed Washington, D.C., and helped plan for the nation’s new capital. In 1792 he was appointed surveyor general of the United States.

Diplomatic events brought Ellicott to the Mississippi Valley. On 27 October 1795 the United States and Spain signed the Treaty of San Lorenzo, also known as Pinckney’s Treaty, which granted the United States the free usage of the Mississippi River and set the thirty-first parallel as the northern boundary of Spanish Florida, transferring the Natchez District to the young nation. Soon thereafter, Pres. George Washington appointed Ellicott as commissioner to meet with a Spanish counterpart to set the boundary.

Ellicott arrived in Natchez in February 1797. A strong proponent of American expansion, he immediately pressed Spanish governor Manuel Gayoso de Lemos on when operations would begin. Ellicott further heightened tensions when he defiantly raised an American flag at his encampment.

For more than a year, the Spanish delayed their evacuation from the territory, hoping the treaty would become invalid. Ellicott was caught in a delicate situation, wanting to press the Spanish to follow through on the terms of the treaty yet not wanting to ally himself with the region’s residents who wanted to physically oust the Spanish. After much distress, intrigue, and near revolt, the Spanish finally evacuated the area in March 1798, allowing Ellicott to proceed with the boundary survey.

Ellicott remained in public service as secretary of the land office for Pennsylvania before becoming chair of mathematics at the US Military Academy at West Point. He left briefly to serve his country again when he was called to make astronomical observations associated with the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812, but otherwise remained at West Point until his death in 1820.

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