Nathaniel Lucas, Convict “Scarborough” 1788

Nathaniel Lucas
Born 1764 Leatherhead, Surrey, England
Died 28 Apr 1818 Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
Spouse(s) Olivia Gascoigne
Children Ann, Mary, Sarah, William, Nathaniel, Olivia, John, James, George, Charles, Sarah, Mary Ann, and Thomas
Parents William John Lucas & Mary Bradford

Nathaniel Lucas (1764–1818) was a convict transported to Australia on the First Fleet. His occupation was listed as carpenter.

Life
Lucas was born in Leatherhead, Surrey, England, to parents William John Lucas & Mary Bradford in 1764[1]. Lucas was tried at the Old Bailey, London on 7 July 1784 for felonious stealing clothing with a value of 40 shillings. Lucas was sentenced to transportation for seven years and left England on the Scarborough in May 1787.

Norfolk Island
After the First Fleet arrived at Port Jackson in January 1788, Phillip ordered Lieutenant Philip Gidley King to lead a party of fifteen convicts (9 men and 6 Women) and seven free men to take control of Norfolk Island and prepare for its commercial development. Lucas was aboard the HMS Supply, which arrived at Norfolk on March 6, 1788[2]. On board the Supply, was where Nathaniel met Olivia Gascoigne (b. 1763 - d. 12 Jun 1830) and whom he later married, on 5 November 1791, on Norfolk Island. Nathaniel and Olivia had thirteen children, although twins (Sarah and Mary) were killed at two years old when a large Norfolk Island Pine fell on the Lucas house[1].

In 1791 he received a grant of fifteen acres (6 ha) and in 1793 purchased another sixty acres (24 ha) from Charles Heritage, a former marine. Lucas farmed this land and this venture proved fruitful, for in August 1802 he sold wheat, maize and pork worth £450 to the government stores on the island[2].

22 May 1802, Lucas was appointed Master Carpenter, at Norfolk Island[3].

On 14 FEB 1788 Olivia was one of 7 women sent to NORFOLK ISLAND, along with 8 men, convicts, one of whom was Nathaniel LUCAS.

Nathaniel and Olivia Returned to Sydney Town in 1805, following the decision by the Governor to abandon the Norfolk Island settlement.

New South Wales
In April 1805, Lucas returned with his family to Sydney in the Investigator. The ship carried materials for a government windmill which Lucas was to erect in Sydney, and he was allowed to carry materials for another windmill for himself[2]. Nathaniel also brought several pairs of capital mill stones[4].

   The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser. Dated 23 June 1805.

An excellent Post Mill, the first that has been erected in the settlement is now completed by Mr Nathaniel Lucas, behind Back Row East. It was undertaken and finished within the space of six weeks; has been for several weeks at work, is capable of grinding, with a sufficiency of wind, upwards of six bushels per hour, which was last week accomplished for 12 hours successively.
In 1808, Nathaniel was appointed superintendent of carpenters in Sydney[2] and holds this position until his retirement in December 1814[5].

3 Jan, 1810 Nathaniel was noted to be on the list of persons holding civil and military employment at Sydney and settlements adjacent, as Superintendent of Carpenters[3].

From 1810 until his death, Nathaniel appears on numerous Colonial Secretary's documents. The majority of these documents refer to Nathaniel surveying land or property and constructing or repairing various structures[3].

1812, sees the completion of a Post Windmill behind the Battery at Dawes Point. The price of grinding wheat into flour is fifteen pence per bushel, if brought and taken away by the owners of the wheat, or eighteen pence per bushel if brought and taken away by the owners of the Mill[6].

During the construction of the St Luke's Church, Liverpool in 1818, which was designed by Francis Greenway, Greenway alleged that Lucas was much addicted to the bottle and that he was using very poor stone at the church[2].

He and Greenway were reported to have a large argument the day before he died.

Death
Nathaniel reportedly became increasingly addicted to alcohol before his death at Liverpool, on Tuesday, 28 April 1818. However this has also been disputed, as some say he was "very Temperate" and a "Teetotaler" until shortly before his death. Some say the his death was reported under suspicious circumstances. However the official newspaper report of the day stated:

   Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser. Dated 9 May 1818.

On Tuesday last the dead body of Mr Nathaniel Lucas. for many years known in this colony and at Norfolk. Island as a respectable builder, was found left by the tide. at twenty yards distance from Moore Bridge. Liverpool; which unhappy catastrophe appears to have proceeded from' his own act. owing to a mental derangement. He had been six days absent from his family at Liverpool. on a pretext of going to Parramatta: but his long absence. connected with other circumstances that gave rise to apprehension, naturally Induced his sons to go in quest of him: the result of which was, that he was by one of his own sons found.
Nathaniel was buried on 5 May 1818.

Links
http://australianroyalty.net.au/individual.php?pid=I69917