Robert FitzHamon, Sieur de Creully, Lord of Gloucester & Glamorgan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fitzhamon

Robert Fitzhamon (died March 1107), or Robert FitzHamon, Sieur de Creully in the Calvados region and Torigny in the Manche region of Normandy, was Lord of Gloucester and the Norman conqueror of Glamorgan, southern Wales. He became the leader of Glamorgan in 1075.

As a kinsman of the Conqueror and one of the few Anglo-Norman barons to remain loyal to the two successive kings William Rufus and Henry I of England, he was a prominent figure in England and Normandy.

Not much is known about his earlier life, or his precise relationship to William I of England.

Robert FitzHamon (born c. 1045-1055, d. March 1107 Falaise, Normandy) was the son of Haimo the Sheriff of Kent and grandson of Haimo Dentatus ('The Toothy', i.e., probably buck-toothed). His grand-father held the lordships of Torigny, Creully, Mézy, and Evrecy in Normandy, but following his death at the Battle of Val-ès-Dunes in 1047, the family might have lost these lordships.

Few details of Robert's career prior to 1087 are available.

Robert probably did not fight at Hastings, and does not appear in the Domesday Book, although some relatives may.

The chronology of Fitzhamon's conquest of Glamorgan is uncertain, but it probably took place in the decades after he received Gloucester.

Robert FitzHamon (died March 1107), Sieur de Creully, Calvados region and Torigny in the Manche region of Normandy, Lord of Gloucester and the Norman conqueror of Glamorgan, southern Wales.

Parents: Hamon & his wife

Spouse: Sibylle de Montgomery

Children:

1. Mabel (married Robert FitzRoy)

2. Hawise

3. Cecile

4. Amice

LINKS

http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ENGLISH%20NOBILITY%20MEDIEVAL.htm#R...

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fitzhamon

----------------------------

MEDIEVAL LANDS

HAMON . m ---. The name of Hamon´s wife is not known. Hamon & his wife had [three] children:

a) ROBERT FitzHamon (-Mar 1107). Lord of Glamorgan. Lord of Gloucester. The Chronica de Fundatoribus et Fundatione of Tewkesbury Abbey records that William II King of England granted the honor of Gloucester to ”Robertum filium Haymonis, dominum de Astramervilla in Normannia”[1331]. "…Rodberti Haimonis filii…" subscribed a charter dated 14 Sep 1101 under which Henry I King of England donated property to Bath St Peter[1332]. "…Robertus filius Hamonis et Hamon frater eius…" witnessed the charter dated 13 Jan 1103 which records an agreement between “Philippus de Braosa” and the abbey of Fécamp[1333]. The Chronica de Fundatoribus et Fundatione of Tewkesbury Abbey records the death “Marcii 1107” of ”Robertum filium Haymonis”[1334]. The Annals of Margan record that “Robertus filius Hamonis” died in 1107[1335].

m as her first husband, SIBYLLE de Montgommery, daughter of ROGER Sire de Montgommery, Vicomte d'Hiémois [later Earl of Shrewsbury] & his first wife Mabel d'Alençon. Guillaume de Jumièges names (in order) "Robert et Hugues, Roger le Poitevin, Philippe et Arnoul, et les filles Emma, Mathilde, Mabille et Sibylle" as the five sons and four daughters of "Roger de Montgomeri" & his wife Mabile[1336]. She is named and her parentage given by Orderic Vitalis, who lists her fourth among her father's daughters by his first marriage and also names her first husband[1337]. The Chronica de Fundatoribus et Fundatione of Tewkesbury Abbey records that ”Robertum filium Haymonis, dominum de Astramervilla in Normannia” married “Sibillam sororem Roberti de Belismo, comitis Salopiæ”[1338]. She married secondly Jean Sire de Raimes. The primary source which confirms her second marriage has not yet been identified.

Robert & his wife had four children:

i) MABEL [Maud or Sibylle] (-[29 Sep] 1157). The Chronica de Fundatoribus et Fundatione of Tewkesbury Abbey names (in order) “Mabiliam, Hawysiam, Ceciliam, Amisiam” as the four daughters of ”Robertum filium Haymonis, dominum de Astramervilla in Normannia”, recording that Mabile married Robert Fitzroy[1339]. Her marriage is recorded by Orderic Vitalis, who also names her parents[1340]. Robert of Torigny records that "filia Roberti Belismensis" was the mother of "Rogerius Wigornensis episcopus", son of "Robertus comes Gloecestrensis…filius primi Henrici regis Anglorum", clarifying that the bishop's grandfather was "Robertus filius Haimonis dominus de Torigneio"[1341]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record that “Mabilia comitissa Gloucestriæ” died in 1157[1342].

m (before [1112]%29 ROBERT Fitzroy, illegitimate son of HENRY I King of England & his mistress --- ([1090]-Bristol 31 Oct 1147, bur Priory of St James, Bristol). He was created Earl of Gloucester in [Jun/Sep] 1122.

ii) HAWISE . The Chronica de Fundatoribus et Fundatione of Tewkesbury Abbey names (in order) “Mabiliam, Hawysiam, Ceciliam, Amisiam” as the four daughters of ”Robertum filium Haymonis, dominum de Astramervilla in Normannia”, adding that Hawise became abbess of Winchester[1343].

iii) CECILE . The Chronica de Fundatoribus et Fundatione of Tewkesbury Abbey names (in order) “Mabiliam, Hawysiam, Ceciliam, Amisiam” as the four daughters of ”Robertum filium Haymonis, dominum de Astramervilla in Normannia”, adding that Cecile became abbess of Shaftesbury[1344].

iv) AMICE . The Chronica de Fundatoribus et Fundatione of Tewkesbury Abbey names (in order) “Mabiliam, Hawysiam, Ceciliam, Amisiam” as the four daughters of ”Robertum filium Haymonis, dominum de Astramervilla in Normannia”, adding that Amice married “comiti Brytanniæ”[1345]. The identity of Amice´s husband has not yet been established.

m ---.

----------------------------------

As a kinsman of the Conqueror and one of the few Anglo-Norman barons to remain loyal to the two successive kings William Rufus and Henry I of England, he was a prominent figure in England and Normandy.

Not much is known about his earlier life, or his precise relationship to William I of England.

Parentage and ancestry

Robert FitzHamon (born c. 1045-1055, d. March 1107 Falaise, Normandy) was the son of Hamon the Sheriff of Kent and grandson of Hamo Dentatus ('The Toothy', i.e., probably buck-toothed). His grand-father held the lordships of Torigny, Creully, Mézy, and Evrecy in Normandy, but following is death at the Battle of Val-ès-Dunes in 1047, the family might have lost these lordships.

Career in England and Wales

Few details of Robert's career prior to 1087 are available.

Robert probably did not fight at Hastings, and does not appear in the Domesday Book, although some relatives may. He first comes to prominence as a supporter of William Rufus during the Rebellion of 1088. After the revolt failed he was rewarded with great estates in Gloucestershire and elsewhere. Some of these had belonged to the late Queen Matilda, and were supposed to be inherited by Rufus's younger brother Henry (the future Henry I); nevertheless Fitzhamon remained on good terms with Henry.

The chronology of Fitzhamon's conquest of Glamorgan is uncertain, but it probably took place in the decades after he received Gloucester.

One explanation is the legend of the Twelve Knights of Glamorgan, which dates from the 16th century, in which the Welsh Prince Iestyn ap Gwrgan (Jestin), prince or Lord of Glamorgan, supposedly called in the assistance of Robert Fitzhamon. Fitzhamon defeated the prince of South Wales Rhys ap Tewdwr in battle in 1090. With his Norman knights as reward he then took possession of Glamorgan, and "the French came into Dyned and Ceredigion, which they have still retained, and fortified the castles, and seized upon all the land of the Britons." Iestyn did not profit long by his involvement with the Normans. He was soon defeated and his lands taken in 1091.

Whether there is any truth in the legend or not Robert Fitzhamon seems to have seized control of the lowlands of Glamorgan and Gwynllwg sometime from around 1089 to 1094. His key strongholds were Cardiff Castle, which already may have been built, on the site of an old Roman fort, new castles at Newport, and at Kenfig. His descendants would inherit these castles and lands.

Rhys's daughter Nest became the mistress of King Henry I of England and allegedly was mother of Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester who married Mabel, Fitzhamon's daughter and heiress and thus had legitimacy both among the Welsh and the Norman barons.[1] (Robert of Caen's mother is however unknown to historians and genealogists).

Founder of Tewkesbury Abbey (1092)

He also refounded Tewkesbury Abbey in 1092. The abbey's dimensions are almost the same as Westminster Abbey. The first abbot was Giraldus, Abbot of Cranborne (d. 1110) who died before the abbey was consecrated in October 1121. The abbey was apparently built under the influence of his wife Sybil de Montgomery. [1], said to be a beautiful and religious woman like her sisters.

Fitzhamon and His Kings

Legend has it that Robert had ominous dreams in the days before Rufus' fatal hunting expedition, which postponed but did not prevent the outing. He was one of the first to gather in tears around Rufus' corpse, and he used his cloak to cover the late king's body on its journey to be buried in Winchester. How much of these stories are the invention of later days is unknown.

In any case Fitzhamon proved as loyal to Henry I as he had been to his predecessor, remaining on Henry's side in the several open conflicts with Henry's brother Robert Curthose. He was one of the three barons who negotiated the 1101 truce between Henry I and Robert Curthose.

In 1105 he went to Normandy and was captured while fighting near his ancestral estates near Bayeux. This was one of the reasons Henry crossed the channel with a substantial force later that year. Fitzhamon was freed, and joined Henry's campaign, which proceeded to besiege Falaise. There Fitzhamon was severely injured in the head; although he lived two more years he was never the same mentally. He was buried in the Chapter House at Tewkesbury Abbey, which he had founded and considerably enriched during his lifetime.

Marriage and Children

Fitzhamon married Sybil de Montgomery around 1087 to 1090, apparently the youngest daughter of Roger of Montgomery, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury by his first wife Mabel Talvas, daughter of William I Talvas, by whom he is said to have had four daughters. His eldest daughter Mabel inherited his great estates and married Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester around 1119. Fitzhamon's Gloucestershire property thus became the nucleus of the Earldom of Gloucester later given to his son-in-law. Fitzhamon is sometimes called Earl of Gloucester, but was never so created formally.

Another daughter Isabella (or Hawisa) is said to have been married to a count from Brittany, but no further details exist. His widow and two other daughters (unnamed) are reported to have entered a convent.

Robert fitzHamon's great granddaughter Isabel of Gloucester married John of England.

References

C. Warren Hollister, Henry I

Lynn Nelson, The Normans in South Wales, 1070-1171 (see especially pp. 94-110 in chapter 5)

Cardiff Castle

Norman invasion of South Wales

Tewkesbury Abbey

Tour of the Abbey

Lord of Bristol refers to Robert fitzHamon as Lord of Bristol, which town and castle became important to his son-in-law.

Robert of Caen, son-in-law is said here to be grandson of a Welsh prince but most other sources say that his mother was an unnamed woman of Caen.

Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis, Lines: 63-26, 124A-26, 125-26, 185-1.

Notes

^ Four Ancient Books of Wales: Introduction: Chapter VI. Manau Gododin and the Picts

Robert fitz Hamon, Lord of Glamorgan1

b. circa 1070?, d. 1107

Robert fitz Hamon, Lord of Glamorgan|b. c 1070?\nd. 1107|p357.htm#i8103|Sheriff of Kent Haimo dapifer|b. c 1045?|p220.htm#i24886||||Haimo D. (?)|d. c 1047|p342.htm#i24887||||||||||

Father Sheriff of Kent Haimo dapifer2,3 b. circa 1045?

    Robert fitz Hamon, Lord of Glamorgan was a favorite of King William II who gave him the lands of Queen Matilda which had been sought by the king's younger brother Henry.3 He was benefactor of Caen, Sées, and Mont-Saint-Michel.3 Lord of Tewkesbury at England.4 Also called Robert filius Haimonis.3 He was born circa 1070?. He was the son of Sheriff of Kent Haimo dapifer.2,3 Robert fitz Hamon, Lord of Glamorgan married Sybil de Montgomery, daughter of Roger de Montgomery, Earl of Shrewsbury.3 Robert fitz Hamon, Lord of Glamorgan sustained serious injuries in 1105.3 He died in 1107. The grants of Robert and his knights to Tewksbury were confirmed in 1109, two years after his death.3

Family

Sybil de Montgomery b. circa 1072

Child

   * Mabel FitzHamon+ b. c 1094, d. 11571,4,5

Citations

  1. [S215] Revised by others later George Edward Cokayne CP, XI:Appendix D, pg. 106.

2. [S682] D.S.O. Lt.-Col. W. H. Turton, Turton, pg. 94.
3. [S1278] K.S.B. Keats-Rohan, Domesday Descendants, pg. 902.
4. [S215] Revised by others later George Edward Cokayne CP, III:167.
5. [S1278] K.S.B. Keats-Rohan, Domesday Descendants, pg. 902-903.

Other Event(s)

Note 1:    

Seigneur of Crel
AKA (Facts Page):
Lord of Glamorgan

Robert Fitzhamon (died March 1107), or Robert FitzHamon, Sieur de Creully in the Calvados region and Torigny in the Manche region of Normandy, was Lord of Gloucester and the Norman conqueror of Glamorgan, southern Wales.

As a kinsman of the Conqueror and one of the few Anglo-Norman barons to remain loyal to the two successive kings William Rufus and Henry I of England, he was a prominent figure in England and Normandy.

Not much is known about his earlier life, or his precise relationship to William I of England.

Parentage and ancestry

Robert FitzHamon (born c. 1045-1055, d. March 1107 Falaise, Normandy) was a cousin of William the Conqueror, although the details of his descent from the Norman dukes is uncertain. His family held the lordships of Torigny, Creully, Mézy, and Evrecy in Normandy.

He is said to be a son of Hamon, Count of Corbeil, himself a grandson of Richard I of Normandy and thus cousin to Robert I of Normandy (the Conqueror's father). However, FitzHamon is also described as the grandson of Hamo Dentatus ('The Toothy', i.e., probably buck-toothed).[1]. The second explanation might make sense if his father were also named Hamon and thus confused with the grandfather and namesake Hamon, Count of Corbeil.

Hamon was younger brother of William, Count of Corbeil (possibly also known as William, Count of Arques), and as such he was a descendant of Richard I, Duke of Normandy, the great-grandfather of William II, Duke of Normandy, "The Conqueror". Robert and his father were thus kin to William the Conqueror although this connection does not appear to have profited Robert significantly until 1087 when his cousin William Rufus ascended the throne.

Robert's mother is said to have been Halwisa (or Hawisa) alias Elisabeth d'Avoye, widow of Hugh Magnus, Prince of France, and daughter of one Henri l'Oiseleur.

Career in England and Wales

Few details of Robert's career prior to 1087 are available; if he was Hamon's grandson rather than his son, this is not so surprising.

Robert probably did not fight at Hastings, and does not appear in the Domesday Book, although some relatives may. He first comes to prominence as a supporter of William Rufus during the Rebellion of 1088. After the revolt failed he was rewarded with great estates in Gloucestershire and elsewhere. Some of these had belonged to the late Queen Matilda, and were supposed to be inherited by Rufus's younger brother Henry (the future Henry I); nevertheless Fitzhamon remained on good terms with Henry.

The chronology of Fitzhamon's conquest of Glamorgan is uncertain, but it probably took place in the decades after he received Gloucester.

One explanation is the legend of the Twelve Knights of Glamorgan, which dates from the 16th century, in which the Welsh Prince Iestyn ap Gwrgan (Jestin), prince or Lord of Glamorgan, supposedly called in the assistance of Robert Fitzhamon. Fitzhamon defeated the prince of South Wales Rhys ap Tewdwr in battle in 1090. With his Norman knights as reward he then took possession of Glamorgan, and "the French came into Dyned and Ceredigion, which they have still retained, and fortified the castles, and seized upon all the land of the Britons." Iestyn did not profit long by his involvement with the Normans. He was soon defeated and his lands taken in 1091.

Whether there is any truth in the legend or not Robert Fitzhamon seems to have seized control of the lowlands of Glamorgan and Gwynllwg sometime from around 1089 to 1094. His key strongholds were Cardiff Castle, which already may have been built, on the site of an old Roman fort, new castles at Newport, and at Kenfig. His descendants would inherit these castles and lands.

Rhys's daughter Nest became the mistress of King Henry I of England and allegedly was mother of Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester who married Mabel, Fitzhamon's daughter and heiress and thus had legitimacy both among the Welsh and the Norman barons.[2] (Robert of Caen's mother is however unknown to historians and genealogists).

Founder of Tewkesbury Abbey (1092)

He also refounded Tewkesbury Abbey in 1092. The abbey's dimensions are almost the same as Westminster Abbey. The first abbot was Giraldus, Abbot of Cranborne (d. 1110) who died before the abbey was consecrated in October 1121. The abbey was apparently built under the influence of his wife Sybil de Montgomery. [1], said to be a beautiful and religious woman like her sisters.

[edit]Fitzhamon and His Kings

Legend has it that Robert had ominous dreams in the days before Rufus' fatal hunting expedition, which postponed but did not prevent the outing. He was one of the first to gather in tears around Rufus' corpse, and he used his cloak to cover the late king's body on its journey to be buried in Winchester. How much of these stories are the invention of later days is unknown.

In any case Fitzhamon proved as loyal to Henry I as he had been to his predecessor, remaining on Henry's side in the several open conflicts with Henry's brother Robert Curthose. He was one of the three barons who negotiated the 1101 truce between Henry I and Robert Curthose.

In 1105 he went to Normandy and was captured while fighting near his ancestral estates near Bayeux. This was one of the reasons Henry crossed the channel with a substantial force later that year. Fitzhamon was freed, and joined Henry's campaign, which proceeded to besiege Falaise. There Fitzhamon was severely injured in the head; although he lived two more years he was never the same mentally. He was buried in the Chapter House at Tewkesbury Abbey, which he had founded and considerably enriched during his lifetime.

Marriage and Children

Fitzhamon married Sybil de Montgomery around 1087 to 1090, apparently the youngest daughter of Roger of Montgomery, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury by his first wife Mabel Talvas, daughter of William I Talvas, by whom he is said to have had four daughters. His eldest daughter Mabel inherited his great estates and married Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester around 1119. Fitzhamon's Gloucestershire property thus became the nucleus of the Earldom of Gloucester later given to his son-in-law. Fitzhamon is sometimes called Earl of Gloucester, but was never so created formally.

Another daughter Isabella (or Hawisa) is said to have been married to a count from Brittany, but no further details exist. His widow and two other daughters (unnamed) are reported to have entered a convent.

Robert fitzHamon's great granddaughter Isabel of Gloucester married John of England.

Robert fitz Hamon, Lord of Glamorgan, was a favorite of King William II, who gave him the lands of Queen Matilda that had been sought by the king's younger brother Henry.

Robert was benefactor of Caen, Sées, and Mont-Saint-Michel.

He was also called Robert filius Haimonis.

Robert sustained serious injuries in 1105. He died in 1107. The grants of Robert and his knights to Tewksbury were confirmed in 1109, two years after his death.

See "My Lines"

( http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cousin/html/p357.htm#i8103 )

from Compiler: R. B. Stewart, Evans, GA

( http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cousin/html/index.htm )

Robert Fitzhamon (died March 1107), or Robert FitzHamon, Sieur de Creully in the Calvados region and Torigny in the Manche region of Normandy, was Lord of Gloucester and the Norman conqueror of Glamorgan, southern Wales.

As a kinsman of the Conqueror and one of the few Anglo-Norman barons to remain loyal to the two successive kings William Rufus and Henry I of England, he was a prominent figure in England and Normandy.

Not much is known about his earlier life, or his precise relationship to William I of England.

Career in England and Wales

Few details of Robert's career prior to 1087 are available; if he was Hamon's grandson rather than his son, this is not so surprising.

Robert probably did not fight at Hastings, and does not appear in the Domesday Book, although some relatives may. He first comes to prominence as a supporter of William Rufus during the Rebellion of 1088. After the revolt failed he was rewarded with great estates in Gloucestershire and elsewhere. Some of these had belonged to the late Queen Matilda, and were supposed to be inherited by Rufus's younger brother Henry (the future Henry I); nevertheless Fitzhamon remained on good terms with Henry.

The chronology of Fitzhamon's conquest of Glamorgan is uncertain, but it probably took place in the decades after he received Gloucester.

One explanation is the legend of the Twelve Knights of Glamorgan, which dates from the 16th century, in which the Welsh Prince Iestyn ap Gwrgan (Jestin), prince or Lord of Glamorgan, supposedly called in the assistance of Robert Fitzhamon. Fitzhamon defeated the prince of South Wales Rhys ap Tewdwr in battle in 1090. With his Norman knights as reward he then took possession of Glamorgan, and "the French came into Dyned and Ceredigion, which they have still retained, and fortified the castles, and seized upon all the land of the Britons." Iestyn did not profit long by his involvement with the Normans. He was soon defeated and his lands taken in 1091.

Whether there is any truth in the legend or not Robert Fitzhamon seems to have seized control of the lowlands of Glamorgan and Gwynllwg sometime from around 1089 to 1094. His key strongholds were Cardiff Castle, which already may have been built, on the site of an old Roman fort, new castles at Newport, and at Kenfig. His descendants would inherit these castles and lands.

Rhys's daughter Nest became the mistress of King Henry I of England and allegedly was mother of Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester who married Mabel, Fitzhamon's daughter and heiress and thus had legitimacy both among the Welsh and the Norman barons.[2] (Robert of Caen's mother is however unknown to historians and genealogists).

[edit]Founder of Tewkesbury Abbey (1092)

He also refounded Tewkesbury Abbey in 1092. The abbey's dimensions are almost the same as Westminster Abbey. The first abbot was Giraldus, Abbot of Cranborne (d. 1110) who died before the abbey was consecrated in October 1121. The abbey was apparently built under the influence of his wife Sybil de Montgomery. [1], said to be a beautiful and religious woman like her sisters.

[edit]Fitzhamon and His Kings

Legend has it that Robert had ominous dreams in the days before Rufus' fatal hunting expedition, which postponed but did not prevent the outing. He was one of the first to gather in tears around Rufus' corpse, and he used his cloak to cover the late king's body on its journey to be buried in Winchester. How much of these stories are the invention of later days is unknown.

In any case Fitzhamon proved as loyal to Henry I as he had been to his predecessor, remaining on Henry's side in the several open conflicts with Henry's brother Robert Curthose. He was one of the three barons who negotiated the 1101 truce between Henry I and Robert Curthose.

In 1105 he went to Normandy and was captured while fighting near his ancestral estates near Bayeux. This was one of the reasons Henry crossed the channel with a substantial force later that year. Fitzhamon was freed, and joined Henry's campaign, which proceeded to besiege Falaise. There Fitzhamon was severely injured in the head; although he lived two more years he was never the same mentally. He was buried in the Chapter House at Tewkesbury Abbey, which he had founded and considerably enriched during his lifetime.

[edit]Marriage and Children

Fitzhamon married Sybil de Montgomery around 1087 to 1090, apparently the youngest daughter of Roger of Montgomery, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury by his first wife Mabel Talvas, daughter of William I Talvas, by whom he is said to have had four daughters. His eldest daughter Mabel inherited his great estates and married Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester around 1119. Fitzhamon's Gloucestershire property thus became the nucleus of the Earldom of Gloucester later given to his son-in-law. Fitzhamon is sometimes called Earl of Gloucester, but was never so created formally.

Another daughter Isabella (or Hawisa) is said to have been married to a count from Brittany, but no further details exist. His widow and two other daughters (unnamed) are reported to have entered a convent.

Robert fitzHamon's great granddaughter Isabel of Gloucester married John of England.

Walter G. Ashworth, copied from Wikipedia

Robert Fitzhamon (died March 1107), or Robert FitzHamon, Seigneur de Creully in the Calvados region and Torigny in the Manche region of Normandy, was the first Norman feudal baron of Gloucester and the Norman conqueror of Glamorgan, southern Wales. He became Lord of Glamorgan in 1075.

As a kinsman of the Conqueror and one of the few Anglo-Norman barons to remain loyal to the two successive kings William Rufus and Henry I of England, he was a prominent figure in England and Normandy.

Not much is known about his earlier life, or his precise relationship to William I of England.

Founder of Tewkesbury Abbey

Please see Darrell Wolcott: The Royal Family of Glamorgan: The Conquest of Glamorgan-Futher Notes; http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id226.html. (Steven Ferry, December 31, 2018.)

Please see Darrell Wolcott: Ifor Bach, Lord of Senghenydd; http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id316.html (Steven Ferry, August 4, 2023.)