Ruth Jhabvala

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Prawer_Jhabvala

Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, CBE (7 May 1927 – 3 April 2013) was a German-born British and American Booker prize-winning novelist, short story writer and two-time Academy Award-winning screenwriter. She is perhaps best known for her long collaboration with Merchant Ivory Productions, made up of director James Ivory and the late producer Ismail Merchant.

After moving to India in 1951, she married Cyrus S. H. Jhabvala, an Indian architect. The couple lived in New Delhi, and had three daughters. Ruth Prawer Jhabvala began then to elaborate her experiences in India and wrote novels and tales on Indian subjects. Jhabvala wrote a dozen novels, 23 screenplays, and eight collections of short stories and was made a CBE in 1998 and granted a joint fellowship by BAFTA in 2002 with Ivory and Merchant.[1][2] She is the only person to have won both a Booker Prize and an Oscar.[3]

Contents [show] Early life[edit] Ruth Prawer was born in Cologne, Germany to Jewish parents Marcus and Eleanora (Cohn) Prawer.[4] Marcus was a lawyer who moved to Germany from Poland to escape conscription and Eleanora's father was cantor of Cologne's largest synagogue.[5][6] Her father was accused of communist links, arrested and released, and she witnessed the violence unleashed against the Jews during the Kristallnacht.[7] The family was among the last group of refugees to flee the Nazi regime in 1939, emigrating to Britain.[6] Her elder brother, Siegbert Salomon (1925–2012), an expert on Heinrich Heine and horror films, was fellow of The Queen's College and Taylor Professor of German Language and Literature at the University of Oxford.[6]

During World War II, Prawer lived in Hendon in London, experienced the Blitz and began to speak English rather than German. Charles Dickens' works and Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind kept her company through the war years and the latter book she read while taking refuge in air raid shelters during the Luftwaffe's bombing of London.[8] She became a British citizen in 1948. The following year, her father committed suicide after discovering that 40 members of his family had died during the Holocaust.[6] Prawer attended Hendon County School (now Hendon School) and then Queen Mary College, where she received an MA in English literature in 1951.[6]

Literary career[edit] Years in India[edit] Jhabvala lived in India for 24 years from 1951. Her first novel, To Whom She Will, was published in 1955. It was followed by Esmond in India (1957), The Householder (1960) and Get Ready for the Battle (1963). The Householder, with a screenplay by Jhabvala, was filmed in 1963 by Merchant and Ivory. During her years in India she wrote scripts for the Merchant-Ivory duo for The Guru (1969) and The Autobiography of a Princess (1975). She collaborated with Ivory for the screenplays for Bombay Talkie (1970) and ABC After-school Specials: William - The Life and Times of William Shakespeare (1973).[9]

In 1975, she won the Booker Prize for her novel Heat and Dust which was later adapted into a movie.[10] That year, she moved to New York where she wrote The Place of Peace.[9]

Jhabvala "remained ill at ease with India and all that it brought into her life." She wrote in an autobiographical essay, Myself in India (published in the London Magazine) that she found the "great animal of poverty and backwardness” made the idea and sensation of India intolerable to her, a "Central European with an English education and a deplorable tendency to constant self-analysis."[11][12] Her early works in India dwell on the themes of romantic love and arranged marriages and are portraits of the social mores, idealism and chaos of the early decades of independent India. Writing of her in the New York Times, novelist Pankaj Mishra observed that "she was probably the first writer in English to see that India's Westernizing middle class, so preoccupied with marriage, lent itself well to Jane Austenish comedies of manners."[11]

Life in the USA[edit] Jhabvala moved to New York in 1975 and lived there until her death in 2013, becoming a naturalised citizen of the United States in 1986. She continued to write and many of her works including In Search of Love and Beauty (1983), Three Continents (1987), Shards of Memory (1995) and East Into Upper East: Plain Tales From New York and New Delhi (1998) portray the lives and predicaments of immigrants from post-Nazi and post-World War Europe. Many of these works feature India as a setting where her characters go to in search of spiritual enlightenment only to emerge defrauded and exposed to the materialistic pursuits of the East.[11] The New York Times Review of Books chose her Out of India (1986) as one of the best reads for that year.[8]

In 2005 she published My Nine Lives: Chapters of a Possible Past with illustrations by her husband and the book was described as "her most autobiographical fiction to date".[7]

Reception[edit] Her literary works were well received with C. P. Snow, Rumer Godden and V. S. Pritchett describing her work as "the highest art", "a balance between subtlety, humour and beauty" and as being Chekhovian in its detached sense of comic self-delusion. Salman Rushdie described her as a "rootless intellectual" when he anthologised her in the Vintage Book of Indian Writing while John Updike described her an "initiated outsider".[7]

Jhabvala was initially assumed to be an Indian among the reading public on account of her perceptive portrayals of the nuances of Indian lifestyles. Later, the revelation of her true identity led to falling sales of her books in India and made her a target of accusations about "her old-fashioned colonial attitudes".[3]

Jhabvala's last published story was "The Judge's Will", which appeared in The New Yorker on 25 March 2013.[13]

Merchant Ivory Productions[edit] In 1963, Jhabvala was approached by James Ivory and Ismail Merchant to write a screenplay for their debut black-and-white feature The Householder based on her 1960 novel. During their first encounter, Merchant later said Jhabvala, seeking to avoid them, pretended to be the housemaid when they visited. The movie, released by Merchant Ivory Productions in 1963 and starring Shashi Kapoor and Leela Naidu, met with critical praise and marked the beginning of a partnership that resulted in over 20 films.[14]

The Householder was followed by Shakespeare Wallah (1965), another critically acclaimed film. There followed a series of films including Roseland (1977), Hullabaloo Over Georgie and Bonnie's Pictures (1978), The Europeans (1979), Jane Austen in Manhattan (1980), Quartet (1981), The Courtesans of Bombay (1983) and The Bostonians (1984). The Merchant Ivory production of Heat and Dust in 1983 won Jhabvala a BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay the following year.[9]

She won her first Academy Award for her screenplay for A Room with a View (1986) and won a second in the same category for Howards End six years later.[10] She was nominated for a third Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay the following year for The Remains of the Day.[3]

Her other films with Merchant and Ivory include Mr. and Mrs. Bridge (1990), Jefferson in Paris (1995), Surviving Picasso (1996), A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries (1998) (the screenplay for which she co-authored with Ivory), The Golden Bowl (2000) and The City of Your Final Destination (2009) which was adapted from the eponymous novel by Peter Cameron and was her last screenplay.[9] Le Divorce which she co-wrote with Ivory was the last movie that featured the trio of Merchant, Ivory and Jhabvala before Merchant's death that year.[15]

The Merchant-Ivory duo was acknowledged by the Guinness Book of World Records as the longest collaboration between a director and a producer although Jhabvala, too, was a part of the trio from the very beginning. She who introduced the composer Richard Robbins, who went on to score music for almost every production by Merchant-Ivory beginning with The Europeans in 1979, to the duo after meeting him while he was the director of Mannes College of Music, New York.[16] Madame Sousatzka (1988) was the one film she wrote which was not produced by Merchant Ivory.

Some of Jhabvala's scripts generated controversy. Jefferson in Paris attracted charges of historical inaccuracies and racism while Surviving Picasso ran into trouble with the Picasso estate that denied them permission to use his paintings in the movie.[3]

Personal life[edit] In 1951, Prawer married Cyrus S. H. Jhabvala, an Indian Parsi architect and, later, head of the School of Planning and Architecture.[14][17] The couple moved into a house in Delhi's Civil Lines where they raised three daughters: Ava, Firoza and Renana.[14][17] In 1975 Mrs. Jhabvala moved to New York and divided her time between India and the United States. In 1986, she became a naturalised citizen of the United States.[9]

Death[edit] Mrs. Jhabvala died in her home in New York City on 3 April 2013 at the age of 85. James Ivory reported that her death was caused by complications from a pulmonary disorder.[18][19] She was survived by her husband, her three daughters and six grandchildren.[20] Reacting to her death, Merchant Ivory Productions noted that Mrs. Jhabvala had "been a beloved member of the Merchant Ivory family since 1960, comprising one-third of our indomitable trifecta that included director James Ivory and the late producer Ismail Merchant" and that her death was "a significant loss to the global film community".[21]

Awards[edit] Winner[edit] 2003: O. Henry Prize Winner for "Refuge in London"[22] 1994: Writers Guild of America's Screen Laurel Award[23] 1992: Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay – Howards End[22] 1990: Best Screenplay Award from the New York Film Critics Circle for Mr. & Mrs. Bridge[23] 1987: Writers Guild of America – Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium for: A Room with a View[22] 1987: Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay – A Room with a View[22] 1984: BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay – Heat and Dust[23] 1984: London Critics Circle Film Awards – Screenwriter of the Year for: Heat and Dust[22] 1984: MacArthur Fellowship[23] 1979: Neil Gunn Prize[22] 1975: Booker Prize – Heat and Dust[23] Nominated[edit] 1993: Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay – The Remains of the Day[23] 1993: Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay – The Remains of the Day 1993: BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay – The Remains of the Day 1992: Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay – Howards End 1992: BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay – Howards End 1986: BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay – A Room with a View Bibliography[edit] This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. Novels and short story collections[edit] Jhabvala, Ruth Prawer (1955). To whom she will: a novel. London: George Allen & Unwin. Published in the United States as Amrita The Nature of Passion (1956). Esmond in India (1958) The Householder (1960) Get Ready for Battle (1962) Like Birds, Like Fishes (1963) A Backward Place (1965) A Stronger Climate (1968) An Experience of India (1971) A New Dominion (1972; published in the United States as Travelers) Heat and Dust (1975) How I Became a Holy Mother and other stories (1976) In Search of Love and Beauty (1983) Out of India (1986) Three Continents (1987) Poet and Dancer (1993) Shards of Memory (1995) East Into Upper East: Plain Tales from New York and New Delhi (1998) My Nine Lives (2004) Short stories[edit] Title Year First published Reprinted/collected The judge's will 2013 "The judge's will". The New Yorker 89 (6): 88–95. March 25, 2013. Retrieved 2015-09-11. Critical studies and reviews[edit] Anthologies and encyclopedias[edit] Bausch, Richard and R. V. Cassill (ed.). "Ruth Prawer Jhabvala." Norton Anthology of Short Fiction: 6th edition. New York: W. W. Norton, 2000: 801–813. Mishra, Pankaj (ed.). "Ruth Prawer Jhabvala." India in Mind: An Anthology. New York: Vintage Books, 2005: 108–130. Ross, Robert (ed.). "Ruth Prawer Jhabvala." Colonial and Postcolonial Fiction in English: An Anthology. New York: Garland, 1999: 189–209. Serafin, Steven (ed.). "Ruth Prawer Jhabvala." Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century, 3rd edition. Farmington Hills, Michigan: St. James Press, 1999. Screenwriting[edit] Bailur, Jayanti. Ruth Prawer Jhabvala: Fiction and Film. New Delhi: Arnold Publishers, 1992. Katz, Susan Bullington (ed.). "Ruth Prawer Jhabvala." Conversations with Screenwriters. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2000: 1–8. Other[edit] Crane, Ralph J. Ruth Prawer Jhabvala. New York: Twayne, 1992. Crane, Ralph J. Passages to Ruth Prawer Jhabvala. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1991. Rai, Sudha. Homeless by Choice: Naipaul, Jhabvala, Rushdie and India. Jaipur: Printwell, 1992. Shepherd, Ronald. Ruth Prawer Jhabwala in India: The Jewish Connection. Delhi: Chanakya Publications, 1994. Sucher, Laurie. The Fiction of Ruth Prawer Jhabvala: The Politics of Passion. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1989. Selected screenplays[edit] Year Title Other notes 2008 The City of Your Final Destination screenplay, adapted from the novel by Peter Cameron 2003 Le Divorce co-written by James Ivory, adapted from the novel by Diane Johnson 2000 The Golden Bowl screenplay, adapted from the novel by Henry James 1998 A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries screenplay, adapted from the novel by Kaylie Jones 1996 Surviving Picasso screenplay 1995 Jefferson in Paris written by 1993 The Remains of the Day screenplay, adapted from the novel by Kazuo Ishiguro 1992 Howards End screenplay, adapted from the novel by E. M. Forster 1990 Mr. and Mrs. Bridge screenplay, adapted from the novels by Evan S. Connell ("Mr. Bridge" & "Mrs. Bridge") 1988 Madame Sousatzka screenplay, adapted from the novel by Bernice Rubens. Directed by John Schlesinger 1985 A Room with a View screenplay, adapted from the novel by E. M. Forster 1984 The Bostonians screenplay, adapted from the novel by Henry James 1983 Heat and Dust screenplay, adapted from the novel by Jhabvala 1981 Quartet screenplay, adapted from the novel by Jean Rhys 1980 Jane Austen in Manhattan written by, inserted libretto "Sir Charles Grandison" by Jane Austen 1979 The Europeans screenplay, adapted from the novel by Henry James 1978 Hullabaloo Over Georgie and Bonnie's Pictures written by 1977 Roseland story and screenplay 1975 Autobiography of a Princess written by 1970 Bombay Talkie screenplay 1969 The Guru screenplay 1965 Shakespeare Wallah screenplay 1963 The Householder screenplay, adapted from the novel by Jhabvala

• Updated from Biographical Summaries of Notable People by SmartCopy: Dec 7 2015, 5:44:23 UTC

רות פראוור-ג'אבוולה

' (באנגלית: Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, ‏7 במאי 1927 - 3 באפריל 2013[1]) הייתה תסריטאית וסופרת בריטית. נודעה כתסריטאית של רוב סרטי מרצ'נט ואייבורי הפקות (בהם זכרונות אהבה מפירנצה וזיכרונות מאחוזת הווארד עבורם זכתה בפרס אוסקר לתסריט המעובד הטוב ביותר). היא נושאת תואר של מפקדת (CBE) במסדר האימפריה הבריטית. בשנת 1975 זכתה הסופרת בפרס מאן בוקר בעבור הרומן חום ואבק.

תוכן עניינים 1 שנים ראשונות 2 כתיבה ספרותית 3 מרצ'נט ואייבורי 4 ספריה שתורגמו לעברית 5 לקריאה נוספת 6 קישורים חיצוניים 7 הערות שוליים שנים ראשונות היא נולדה למשפחה יהודית בקלן, גרמניה. סבה היה חזן בבית הכנסת הגדול בעיר. ב-1939 הצליחו היא ומשפחתה להימלט לבריטניה וחוו את מלחמת העולם השנייה בלונדון. ב-1948 קיבלה אזרחות בריטית. ב-1951 קיבלה תואר מוסמך מאוניברסיטת לונדון. באותה שנה נישאה לאדריכל ההודי - זורואסטרי סיירוס ג'אבוולה.

בין 1951 ל-1975 חייתה עם משפחתה בדלהי, ב-1975 עברה לניו יורק ומ-1986 היא אזרחית אמריקאית.

כתיבה ספרותית בעת שהותה בדלהי כתבה מספר נובלות, ברוח ג'יין אוסטן ומתוך התבוננות בהודו הנעה בין הרומנטיות של א.מ. פורסטר לריאליזם של ו.ס. נייפול. ב-1975 זכתה בפרס מאן בוקר היוקרתי על ספרה "חום ואבק". על העיבוד שערכה לספר זה לתסריט (לסרט "אבק לוהט") זכתה גם בפרס באפט"א.

ב-1960 כתבה את הספר "בעל הבית" (The Householder), ב-1963 ביקשו איסמעיל מרצ'נט וג'יימס אייבורי לעבד את הספר לסרט קולנוע וכך עיבדה אותו פראוור-ג'אבוולה לתסריט והפכה לחברה בצוות חברת ההפקות של השניים.

מרצ'נט ואייבורי Postscript-viewer-shaded.png ערך מורחב – מרצ'נט ואייבורי הפקות ב-1961 ייסדו איסמעיל מרצ'נט וג'יימס אייבורי חברת ההפקות שהפיקה למעלה מ-40 סרטים עד מותו של מרצ'נט ב-2005. ב-1963 צירפו השניים את התסריטאית רות פראוור-ג'אבוולה.

רוב סרטי החברה בויימו על ידי אייבורי והופקו על ידי מרצ'נט, לתסריט מאת רות פראוור-ג'אבוולה והיו מבוססים על רומנים או סיפורים מאת א.מ. פורסטר, הנרי ג'יימס וג'אבוולה עצמה. עלילות הסרטים מתרחשות לרוב במאה ה-19 או ב"תקופה האדוארדית" באנגליה, ארצות הברית או הודו והם עשירים בעיצוב סגנוני, תלבושות תקופתיות וכדומה.

ספריה שתורגמו לעברית חום ואבק, הוצאת עם עובד, תרגם מאנגלית אהרן אמיר, 1976 לקריאה נוספת Mishra, Pankaj (ed.). "Ruth Prawer Jhabvala" in India in Mind: An Anthology. New York: Vintage Books, 2005: 108-130. Ross, Robert (ed.). "Ruth Prawer Jhabvala - Colonial and Postcolonial Fiction in English: An Anthology. New York: Garland, 1999: 189-209. Bailur, Jayanti. Ruth Prawer Jhabvala: Fiction and Film. New Delhi: Arnold Publishers, 1992. Crane, Ralph J. Ruth Prawer Jhabvala. New York: Twayne, 1992. Shepherd, Ronald. Ruth Prawer Jhabwala in India: The Jewish Connection. Delhi: Chanakya Publications, 1994. Sucher, Lawrie. The Fiction of Ruth Prawer Jhabvala: The Politics of Passion. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1989. קישורים חיצוניים IMDB Logo 2016.svg רות פראוור-ג'אבוולה , במסד הנתונים הקולנועיים IMDb (באנגלית) Allmovie Logo.png רות פראוור-ג'אבוולה , באתר AllMovie (באנגלית) חפציבה אנדרסון, רות פראוור-ג'אבוולה , באנציקלופדיה לנשים יהודיות (באנגלית) ביוגרפיה באתר מרצ'נט ואייבורי הפקות

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