r.1378-1435 1453-1478

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For a long time, the Aq Qoyunlu were unable to expand their territory, as the rival QaraQoyunlu kept them at bay. But this changed with the rule of Nur od-Din Ali’s son by SaraiKhatun (a daughter of Emperor Alexios IV Komnenos), Uzun Hassan Beg (r. 1453-78). Watson said about the Qajars’ connection with Uzun Hassan: “After the downfall of thedescendants of Genghis Khan, the Kadjars united with a Turkoman chief called Hassan Beg,(…).” And Hedayat further explains: “Soltan Hassan Turkoman [Uzun Hassan] was theQajars’ father.” Uzun Hassan (“The Long Hassan”) succeeded his brother Muiz od-Din Jahangir (r. 1444-1453) and became the most prominent ruler of his dynasty. He defeated the Qara Qoyunluking Jahan Shah in battle in 1467 and established the Aq Qoyunlus as the supreme power When the Ottoman Empire sought to expand eastwards, a serious threat on Uzun Hassan’sdominions in Anatolia, he was forced to turn his focus towards Iran, annexing most parts of the Timurid empire expect eastern Khorassan.

The Aq Qoyunlu ruler was titled in Arabic Malek ol-Molouk al-Iraniyeh (“Iranian King of Kings”) and Soltan as-Salatin al-Iraniyeh (“Iranian Sultan of Sultans”), and in PersianShāhanshāh-e Irān-o Khadiv-e Ajam (“Shahanshah of Iran and Ruler of Persia”), as well as Jamshid shoukat va Feridun rāyat va Dārā derāyat (“Powerful like Jamshid, flag of Feridounand wise like Darius”). And Uzun Hassan also held the imperial title Pādeshāh-e Irān (“Emperor of Iran”), which was re-adopted again in the Safavid times and finally used bythe Qajar Shahs, too https://www.academia.edu/42221304/Origins_of_the_Qajars_II_Are_we_A...

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Sultan of White Sheep Turkomans (Aq Qoyunlu). Also known as Hassan Bey Aq Qoyunlu - or Amir Hassan Beg the Aq Quyunlu -governor of half of the province of Diyarbekir. Uzun Hassan (1423 - January 6, 1478, Azerbaijani: Uzun Həsən, Turkish: Uzun Hasan), where uzun means tall ),Persian: اوزون حسن, Sultan of the Ak Koyunlu dynasty, or White Sheep Turkmen. Hassan ruled in parts of present-day western Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Azerbaijan and Armenia between 1453 and 1478. Timur appointed his great-grandfather, Kara Yülük Osman, as a governor of Diyarbakır (in modern-day Turkey), with the cities of Erzincan, Mardin, Roha (or Urfa), and Sivas. Uzun Hasan defeated Jahan Shah, prince of the Kara Koyunlu or Black Sheep Turkmen in 1467.

According to Ambrose Contarini, Venetian ambassador to Uzun-Hassan's court from 1473 to 1476, "The king is of a good size, with a thin visage and agreeable countenance, having somewhat of the Tartar appearance, and seemed to be about seventy years old. His manners were very affable, and he conversed familiarly with every one around him; but I noticed that his hands trembled when he raised the cup to his lips." His name means "tall" and Contarini reported that he was also "very lean."

Contarini also wrote, "The empire of Uzun-Hassan is very extensive, and is bounded by Turkey and Caramania, belonging to the Sultan, and which latter country extends to Aleppo. Uzun-Hassan took the kingdom of Persia from Causa, whom he put to death. The city of Ecbatana, or Tauris, is the usual residence of Uzun-Hassan; Persepolis or Shiras ...[1] , which is twenty-four days journey from thence, being the last city of his empire, bordering on the Zagathais, who are the sons of Buzech, sultan of the Tartars, and with whom he is continually at war. On the other side is the country of Media, which is under subjection to Sivansa, who pays a kind of yearly tribute to Uzun-Hassan. It is said that he has likewise some provinces on the other side of the Euphrates, in the neighbourhood of the Turks. The whole country, all the way to Ispahan... is exceedingly arid, having very few trees and little water, yet it is fertile in grain and other provisions.

"His eldest son, named Ogurlu Mohamed, was much spoken of when I was in Persia, as he had rebelled against his father. He had other three sons; Khalil Mirza, the elder of these was about thirty-five years old, and had the government of Shiras. Jacub beg, another son of Uzun-Hassan, was about fifteen, and I have forgotten the name of a third son. By one of his wives he had a son named Masubech, or Maksud beg, whom he kept in prison, because he was detected in corresponding with his rebellious brother Ogurlu, and whom he afterwards put to death. According to the best accounts which I received from different persons, the forces of Uzun-Hassan may amount to about 50,000 cavalry, a considerable part of whom are not of much value. It has been reported by some who were present, that at one time he led an army of 40,000 Persians to battle against the Turks, for the purpose of restoring Pirameth to the sovereignty of Karamania, whence he had been expelled by the infidels.

Uzun-Hassan met the Ottomans in battle near Erzincan in 1471 and at Tercan in 1473. He was defeated by Mehmed II at Battle of Otluk Beli in the late summer of 1473.[2]

[edit]Marriage and children

Uzun Hassan had seven sons: Ogurlu Mohammed, Khahil Mirza, Maksud beg, Jakub beg, Masih beg, Yusuf beg, and Zegnel. In 1458 Uzun Hassan married Theodora Megale Comnena (called Despina Hatun), the daughter of Emperor John IV of Trebizond and his wife Bagrationi.[3] Their daughter Halima married Haydar Safavi Sultan and became the mother of Shah Ismail I[4] of Iran and ancestor of the later Moghul emperors of India.

[edit]External links

A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels — Volume 02 eBook

[edit]References

^ PROJECT GUTENBERG e-book A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels, Volume II, by Robert Kerr , PROJECT GUTENBERG

^ Babinger, Franz (1978). Mehmed the Conqueror and his Time. Bollingen Series XCVI. ed. by William C. Hickman, trans. by Ralph Manheim. Princeton University Press. pp. 314–315. ISBN 0691099006.

^ Profile of Alexios IV and his children in "Medieval Lands" by Charles Cawley

^ Roger Savory, "Iran Under the Safavids", p.18

The author of Kitabi-Diyarbakriyye further writes that «the grandson of the Oghuz emperor Bayandir used to spend his life in winter huts of Karabakh and in summer houses around Gokche Lake. It was there that he summoned the great assembly and divided his great empire amongst his sons according to their capabilities. After this he responded to the call of Allah and breathed his last there»

Amir Hassan Beg ben Ali ben Qara Osman امیر حسن بیک بن علی بن قرا عثمان Uzun Hasan or Hassan (1423 – January 6, 1478) (Azerbaijani: اوزون حسن , Uzun Həsən; Turkish: Uzun Hasan, where uzun means "tall"; Persian: اوزون حسن‎‎) was a sultan of the Aq Qoyunlu dynasty, also known as the White Sheep Turkomans. Hassan was ruler of Azerbaijan which included also parts of present-day Iraq, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iran and Syria between 1453 and 1478.

Uzun Hassan married Despina Khatun in 1458

Timur appointed his great-grandfather, Kara Yülük Osman, as a governor of Diyarbakır, with the cities of Erzincan, Mardin, Ruha (or Urfa), and Sivas. Later, Azerbaijan was divided between two Timurid rulers, Jahan Shah of Kara Koyunlu (the Black Sheep Turkoman) and Uzun Hasan. After twenty years of fighting, Uzun Hasan eventually defeated Jahan Shah in a battle near the sanjak of Çapakçur in present day eastern Turkey on October 30[6] (or November 11), 1467. Upon the defeat of the latter, another Timurid ruler, Abu Sa'id Mirza, answered Jahan Shah's son's request for aid, taking much of Jahan Shah's former land and going to war with Uzun Hasan despite the latter's offers of peace. Uzun Hasan then ambushed and captured Abu Sa'id at the Battle of Qarabagh, whereupon he was executed by Yadgar Muhammad Mirza, a rival.

In 1463, the Venetian Senate, seeking allies in its war against the Ottomans, sent Lazzaro Querini as its first ambassador to Tabriz,[9] but he was unable to persuade Uzun Hassan to attack the Ottomans. Hassan sent his own envoys to Venice in return. In 1471, Querini returned to Venice with Hazzan's ambassador Murad. The Venetian Senate voted to send another to Azerbaijan, choosing Caterino Zeno after two other men declined.

Zeno, whose wife was the niece of Uzun Hassan's wife, was able to persuade Hassan to attack the Turks. Hassan was successful at first, but there were no simultaneous attack by any of the western powers.

Uzun Hassan met the Ottomans in battle near Erzincan in 1471 and at Tercan in 1473. He was defeated by Mehmed II at Battle of Otlukbeli in the late summer of 1473.

In 1473, Giosafat Barbaro was selected as another Venetian ambassador to Azerbaijan, due to his experience in the Crimean, Muscovy, and Tartary. Although Barbaro got on well with Uzun Hassan, he was unable to persuade the ruler to attack the Ottomans again.Shortly afterwards, Hassan's son Ogurlu Mohamed, rose in rebellion, seizing the city of Shiraz.

After yet another Venetian ambassador, Ambrogio Contarini, arrived in Azerbaijan, Uzun Hassan decided that Contarini would return to Venice with a report, while Giosafat Barbaro would stay. Barbaro was the last Venetian ambassador to leave Azerbaijan, after Uzun Hassan died in 1478. While Hassan's sons fought each other for the throne, Barbaro hired an Armenian guide and escaped.

According to Contarini, ambassador to Uzun Hassan's court from 1473 to 1476, "The king is of a good size, with a thin visage and agreeable countenance, and seemed to be about seventy years old. His manners were very affable, and he conversed familiarly with every one around him; but I noticed that his hands trembled when he raised the cup to his lips." His name means "tall" and Contarini reported that he was also "very lean".

Contarini also wrote, "The empire of Uzun-Hassan is very extensive, and is bounded by Turkey and Caramania, belonging to the Sultan, and which latter country extends to Aleppo. Uzun-Hassan took the kingdom of Azerbaijan from Causa, whom he put to death. The city of Ecbatana, or Tauris, is the usual residence of Uzun-Hassan; Persepolis or Shiras ..., which is twenty-four days journey from thence, being the last city of his empire, bordering on the Zagathais, who are the sons of Buzech, sultan of the Tartars, and with whom he is continually at war. On the other side is the country of Seljuk Empire, which is under subjection to Sivansa, who pays a kind of yearly tribute to Uzun-Hassan. It is said that he has likewise some provinces on the other side of the Euphrates, in the neighbourhood of the Ottoman Empire. The whole country, all the way to Ispahan... is exceedingly arid, having very few trees and little water, yet it is fertile in grain and other provisions.

"His eldest son, named Ogurlu Mohamed, was much spoken of when I was in Azerbaijan, as he had rebelled against his father. He had other three sons; Khalil Mirza, the elder of these was about thirty-five years old, and had the government of Shiras. Jacub beg, another son of Uzun-Hassan, was about fifteen, and I have forgotten the name of a third son. By one of his wives he had a son named Masubech, or Maksud beg, whom he kept in prison, because he was detected in corresponding with his rebellious brother Ogurlu, and whom he afterwards put to death. According to the best accounts which I received from different persons, the forces of Uzun-Hassan may amount to about 50,000 cavalry, a considerable part of whom are not of much value. It has been reported by some who were present, that at one time he led an army of 40,000 Azerbaijanians to battle against the Turks, for the purpose of restoring Pirameth to the sovereignty of Karamania, whence he had been expelled by the infidels.

امیر حسن بیک بن علی بن قرا عثمان ابوالنصر حسن بیک، یا امیرحسن (معروف به اوزون حسن) اوزون حسن آق‌قویونلو (۱۴۲۳–۱۴۷۸) یکی از مقتدرترین سلاطین سلسله آق قویونلو بود که به ایران، عراق و شرق آناتولی بیست و پنج سال حکومت کرد. وی پدر بزرگ شاه اسماعیل اول از طرف مادری بود.

http://labbaik.ir/note/uNote.aspx?id=c6117dcf-fc7a-4d73-b330-447d8f... شاه اسماعیل موسس سلسله صفویه پسر سلطان حیدر بن سلطان جنید بن صدرالدین ابراهیم است. سلطان جنید معاصر بود با

ابوالنصر حسن بیک (اوزون حسن)

مؤسس سلسله امرای آق قویونلو که در دیاربکر می‌زیستند. سلطان جنید در دیاربکر به ملاقات این پادشاه رفت و امیر حسن خواهر خود خدیجه بیگم را به زوجیت به جنید داد و سلطان جنید از او پسری یافت که همان سلطان حیدر پدر شاه اسماعیل است و حیدر دختر خال خود (یعنی دختر اوزن حسن که مادرش کاترینا، برادرزاده‌ی امپراتور طرابوزان بود) را که شاهزاده خانمی یونانی بود و مارتا یا علم شاه خاتون نام داشت به زنی گرفت و شاه اسماعیل از همین دختر به وجود آمد[1]. بنابراین نسب سلاطین صفوی از طرف مادر به امرای یونانی طرابوزان و از طرف مادر جدّ، به امرای ترکمان آق قویونلو می‌پیوندند.

Juste apres les Teimurides, Les Turkomans Moutons Noirs - Ce sont des Chi’ites. Ils se disputent le pouvoir avec les Moutons Blancs, des Sunnites.

Sultan of White Sheep Turkomans (Aq Qoyunlu). Also known as Hassan Bey Aq Qoyunlu - or Amir Hassan Beg the Aq Quyunlu -governor of half of the province of Diyarbekir.

Uzun Hassan (1423 - January 6, 1478, Azerbaijani: Uzun Həsən, Turkish: Uzun Hasan), where uzun means tall ),Persian: اوزون حسن, Sultan of the Ak Koyunlu dynasty, or White Sheep Turkmen. Hassan ruled in parts of present-day western Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Azerbaijan and Armenia between 1453 and 1478.

Timur appointed his great-grandfather, Kara Yülük Osman, as a governor of Diyarbakır (in modern-day Turkey), with the cities of Erzincan, Mardin, Roha (or Urfa), and Sivas. Uzun Hasan defeated Jahan Shah, prince of the Kara Koyunlu or Black Sheep Turkmen in 1467.

According to Ambrose Contarini, Venetian ambassador to Uzun-Hassan's court from 1473 to 1476, "The king is of a good size, with a thin visage and agreeable countenance, having somewhat of the Tartar appearance, and seemed to be about seventy years old. His manners were very affable, and he conversed familiarly with every one around him; but I noticed that his hands trembled when he raised the cup to his lips." His name means "tall" and Contarini reported that he was also "very lean."

Contarini also wrote, "The empire of Uzun-Hassan is very extensive, and is bounded by Turkey and Caramania, belonging to the Sultan, and which latter country extends to Aleppo. Uzun-Hassan took the kingdom of Persia from Causa, whom he put to death. The city of Ecbatana, or Tauris, is the usual residence of Uzun-Hassan; Persepolis or Shiras ...[1] , which is twenty-four days journey from thence, being the last city of his empire, bordering on the Zagathais, who are the sons of Buzech, sultan of the Tartars, and with whom he is continually at war. On the other side is the country of Media, which is under subjection to Sivansa, who pays a kind of yearly tribute to Uzun-Hassan. It is said that he has likewise some provinces on the other side of the Euphrates, in the neighbourhood of the Turks. The whole country, all the way to Ispahan... is exceedingly arid, having very few trees and little water, yet it is fertile in grain and other provisions.

"His eldest son, named Ogurlu Mohamed, was much spoken of when I was in Persia, as he had rebelled against his father. He had other three sons; Khalil Mirza, the elder of these was about thirty-five years old, and had the government of Shiras. Jacub beg, another son of Uzun-Hassan, was about fifteen, and I have forgotten the name of a third son. By one of his wives he had a son named Masubech, or Maksud beg, whom he kept in prison, because he was detected in corresponding with his rebellious brother Ogurlu, and whom he afterwards put to death. According to the best accounts which I received from different persons, the forces of Uzun-Hassan may amount to about 50,000 cavalry, a considerable part of whom are not of much value. It has been reported by some who were present, that at one time he led an army of 40,000 Persians to battle against the Turks, for the purpose of restoring Pirameth to the sovereignty of Karamania, whence he had been expelled by the infidels.

Uzun-Hassan met the Ottomans in battle near Erzincan in 1471 and at Tercan in 1473. He was defeated by Mehmed II at Battle of Otluk Beli in the late summer of 1473.[2]

[edit]Marriage and children

Uzun Hassan had seven sons: Ogurlu Mohammed, Khahil Mirza, Maksud beg, Jakub beg, Masih beg, Yusuf beg, and Zegnel. In 1458 Uzun Hassan married Theodora Megale Comnena (called Despina Hatun), the daughter of Emperor John IV of Trebizond and his wife Bagrationi.[3] Their daughter Halima married Haydar Safavi Sultan and became the mother of Shah Ismail I[4] of Iran and ancestor of the later Moghul emperors of India.

[edit]External links

A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels — Volume 02 eBook

[edit]References

^ PROJECT GUTENBERG e-book A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels, Volume II, by Robert Kerr , PROJECT GUTENBERG

^ Babinger, Franz (1978). Mehmed the Conqueror and his Time. Bollingen Series XCVI. ed. by William C. Hickman, trans. by Ralph Manheim. Princeton University Press. pp. 314–315. ISBN 0691099006.

^ Profile of Alexios IV and his children in "Medieval Lands" by Charles Cawley

^ Roger Savory, "Iran Under the Safavids", p.18

The author of Kitabi-Diyarbakriyye further writes that «the grandson of the Oghuz emperor Bayandir used to spend his life in winter huts of Karabakh and in summer houses around Gokche Lake. It was there that he summoned the great assembly and divided his great empire amongst his sons according to their capabilities. After this he responded to the call of Allah and breathed his last there»

Amir Hassan Beg ben Ali ben Qara Osman امیر حسن بیک بن علی بن قرا عثمان Uzun Hasan or Hassan (1423 – January 6, 1478) (Azerbaijani: اوزون حسن , Uzun Həsən; Turkish: Uzun Hasan, where uzun means "tall"; Persian: اوزون حسن‎‎) was a sultan of the Aq Qoyunlu dynasty, also known as the White Sheep Turkomans. Hassan was ruler of Azerbaijan which included also parts of present-day Iraq, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iran and Syria between 1453 and 1478.

Uzun Hassan married Despina Khatun in 1458

Timur appointed his great-grandfather, Kara Yülük Osman, as a governor of Diyarbakır, with the cities of Erzincan, Mardin, Ruha (or Urfa), and Sivas. Later, Azerbaijan was divided between two Timurid rulers, Jahan Shah of Kara Koyunlu (the Black Sheep Turkoman) and Uzun Hasan. After twenty years of fighting, Uzun Hasan eventually defeated Jahan Shah in a battle near the sanjak of Çapakçur in present day eastern Turkey on October 30[6] (or November 11), 1467. Upon the defeat of the latter, another Timurid ruler, Abu Sa'id Mirza, answered Jahan Shah's son's request for aid, taking much of Jahan Shah's former land and going to war with Uzun Hasan despite the latter's offers of peace. Uzun Hasan then ambushed and captured Abu Sa'id at the Battle of Qarabagh, whereupon he was executed by Yadgar Muhammad Mirza, a rival.

In 1463, the Venetian Senate, seeking allies in its war against the Ottomans, sent Lazzaro Querini as its first ambassador to Tabriz,[9] but he was unable to persuade Uzun Hassan to attack the Ottomans. Hassan sent his own envoys to Venice in return. In 1471, Querini returned to Venice with Hazzan's ambassador Murad. The Venetian Senate voted to send another to Azerbaijan, choosing Caterino Zeno after two other men declined.

Zeno, whose wife was the niece of Uzun Hassan's wife, was able to persuade Hassan to attack the Turks. Hassan was successful at first, but there were no simultaneous attack by any of the western powers.

Uzun Hassan met the Ottomans in battle near Erzincan in 1471 and at Tercan in 1473. He was defeated by Mehmed II at Battle of Otlukbeli in the late summer of 1473.

In 1473, Giosafat Barbaro was selected as another Venetian ambassador to Azerbaijan, due to his experience in the Crimean, Muscovy, and Tartary. Although Barbaro got on well with Uzun Hassan, he was unable to persuade the ruler to attack the Ottomans again.Shortly afterwards, Hassan's son Ogurlu Mohamed, rose in rebellion, seizing the city of Shiraz.

After yet another Venetian ambassador, Ambrogio Contarini, arrived in Azerbaijan, Uzun Hassan decided that Contarini would return to Venice with a report, while Giosafat Barbaro would stay. Barbaro was the last Venetian ambassador to leave Azerbaijan, after Uzun Hassan died in 1478. While Hassan's sons fought each other for the throne, Barbaro hired an Armenian guide and escaped.

According to Contarini, ambassador to Uzun Hassan's court from 1473 to 1476, "The king is of a good size, with a thin visage and agreeable countenance, and seemed to be about seventy years old. His manners were very affable, and he conversed familiarly with every one around him; but I noticed that his hands trembled when he raised the cup to his lips." His name means "tall" and Contarini reported that he was also "very lean".

Contarini also wrote, "The empire of Uzun-Hassan is very extensive, and is bounded by Turkey and Caramania, belonging to the Sultan, and which latter country extends to Aleppo. Uzun-Hassan took the kingdom of Azerbaijan from Causa, whom he put to death. The city of Ecbatana, or Tauris, is the usual residence of Uzun-Hassan; Persepolis or Shiras ..., which is twenty-four days journey from thence, being the last city of his empire, bordering on the Zagathais, who are the sons of Buzech, sultan of the Tartars, and with whom he is continually at war. On the other side is the country of Seljuk Empire, which is under subjection to Sivansa, who pays a kind of yearly tribute to Uzun-Hassan. It is said that he has likewise some provinces on the other side of the Euphrates, in the neighbourhood of the Ottoman Empire. The whole country, all the way to Ispahan... is exceedingly arid, having very few trees and little water, yet it is fertile in grain and other provisions.

"His eldest son, named Ogurlu Mohamed, was much spoken of when I was in Azerbaijan, as he had rebelled against his father. He had other three sons; Khalil Mirza, the elder of these was about thirty-five years old, and had the government of Shiras. Jacub beg, another son of Uzun-Hassan, was about fifteen, and I have forgotten the name of a third son. By one of his wives he had a son named Masubech, or Maksud beg, whom he kept in prison, because he was detected in corresponding with his rebellious brother Ogurlu, and whom he afterwards put to death. According to the best accounts which I received from different persons, the forces of Uzun-Hassan may amount to about 50,000 cavalry, a considerable part of whom are not of much value. It has been reported by some who were present, that at one time he led an army of 40,000 Azerbaijanians to battle against the Turks, for the purpose of restoring Pirameth to the sovereignty of Karamania, whence he had been expelled by the infidels.