Theodoros I, Emperor of Nicaea

Theodore I Laskaris

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Reign 1205–1222

Born c. 1175

Birthplace Constantinople

Died 1222

Predecessor Constantine Laskaris

Successor John III Doukas Vatatzes

Wives Anna Komnena Angelina

Philippa of Armenia

Marie de Courtenay

Offspring

1. Nikolaos Laskaris,
2. Ioannes Laskaris,
3. Eirene Laskarina,
4. Maria Laskarina,
5. Eudokia Laskarina,
6. Konstantinos Laskaris

Father Manuel Laskaris

Mother Ioanna Karatzaina

...

Theodoros I Komnenos Laskaris (Greek: Θεόδωρος Α' Λάσκαρις, Theodōros I Laskaris) (c. 1174/1175 – 1221/August, 1222) was emperor of Nicaea (1204–1221 or 1205–1222).

Contents [hide]

1 Family

2 Reign

3 Marriages and children

4 References

[edit] Family

Theodore Laskaris was born to the Laskaris, a noble but not particularly renowned Byzantine family of Constantinople. He was the son of Manuel Laskaris (b. c. 1140) and wife Ioanna Karatzaina (b. c. 1148). He had four older brothers: Manuel Laskaris (d. aft. 1256), Michael Laskaris (d. 1261/1271), Georgios Laskaris and Constantine Laskaris (d. aft. March 19, 1205), Emperor of Byzantium (1204-1205); and two younger brothers: Alexios Laskaris, Latin military leader against the Bulgars who fought with the French against John III Doukas Vatatzes and was imprisoned and blinded, and Isaakios Laskaris.[1]

According to "The Latins in the Levant. A History of Frankish Greece (1204-1566)" (1908) by William Miller, the seven brothers may also have had a sister. Miller identified said sister with the wife of Marco I Sanudo and mother of Angelo Sanudo. He based this theory on his own interpretation of Italian chronicles. The "Dictionnaire historique et Généalogique des grandes familles de Grèce, d'Albanie et de Constantinople" (1983) by Mihail-Dimitri Sturdza rejected the theory based on the silence of Byzantine primary sources.[2

Reign

In 1199, Theodore married Anna Angelina, daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Alexios III Angelos and Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera. By this marriage he was brother-in-law of Eudokia Angelina.

Theodore later distinguished himself during the sieges of Constantinople by the Latins of the Fourth Crusade (1203-1204). He remained in Constantinople until the Latins actually penetrated into the city, at which point he fled across Bosphorus together with his wife. At about the same time his brother Constantine Laskaris was unsuccessfully proclaimed emperor by some of the defenders of Constantinople. In Bithynia Theodore established himself in Nicaea, which became the chief rallying-point for his countrymen.

At first Theodore did not claim the imperial title, perhaps because his father-in-law and his brother were both still living, perhaps because of the imminent Latin invasion, or perhaps because there was no Patriarch of Constantinople to crown him emperor. He was proclaimed emperor in 1205 and invited Patriarch John Kamateros to Nicaea. But John died in 1206 before crowning Theodore. Theodore appointed Michael IV as the new Patriarch and was crowned by him in March 1208.

In the meantime Theodore had been defeated by the Latins at Adramyttion (Edremit), but soon afterwards the Latins were themselves defeated by Kaloyan of Bulgaria at the Battle of Adrianople. This temporarily stalled the Latin advance, but it was renewed by Emperor Henry of Flanders in 1206. Theodore entered into an alliance with Kaloyan and took the offensive in 1209. The situation was complicated by the invasion of Sultan Kaykhusraw I of Rum at the instigation of the deposed Alexios III in 1211; however, the Nicaeans defeated the Seljuk army at the Battle of Antioch on the Meander where Theodore Laskaris killed the sultan in combat.[3] Although the danger from Rum and Alexios III was thus neutralized, Emperor Henry defeated Theodore in the same year, and established his control over the southern shores of the Sea of Marmara. In spite of this defeat, Theodore was able to take advantage of the death of David Megaskomnenos, the brother of Emperor Alexios I of Trebizond in 1212 and to extend his own control over Paphlagonia.

In 1214 Theodore concluded a peace treaty with the Latin Empire at Nymphaion, and in 1219 he married a niece of Emperor Henry. In spite of predominantly peaceful relations, Theodore attacked the Latin Empire again in 1220, but peace was restored. Theodore died in November 1221 and was succeeded by his son-in-law John III Doukas Vatatzes.

At the end of his reign he ruled over a territory roughly coterminous with the old Roman provinces of Asia and Bithynia. Though there is no proof of higher qualities of statesmanship in him, by his courage and military skill he enabled the Byzantine nation not merely to survive, but ultimately to beat back the Latin invasion.

[edit] Marriages and children

By his first wife Anna Komnena Angelina (b. c. 1176), married in 1199, Theodore had three daughters and two sons who died young:

-1. Nikolaos Laskaris (d. c. 1212)

-2. Iōannēs Laskaris (d. c. 1212)

-3. Eirene Dukaina Komnene Laskarina, who married first the general Andronikos Palaiologos and then John III Doukas Vatatzes

-4. Maria Laskarina, who married King Béla IV of Hungary

5. Eudokia Laskarina, engaged to Robert de Courtenay, married bef. 1230 Anseau de Cayeux, Governor of Asia Minor

After Anna Angelina died in 1212, Theodore married secondly Philippa of Armenia (1183-aft. 1219), a daughter of King Ruben III of Armenia. This marriage was annulled a year later for religious reasons and they divorced in 1216, and the son born to them,

1. Konstantinos Laskaris, born in 1214, was disinherited, being created Duke of Thrace afterwards.

Theodore married thirdly in 1219 Marie de Courtenay (1204-September, 1222), a daughter of Emperor Peter II of Courtenay and Empress Yolanda of Flanders, but they had no children.

Source / Forrás:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris

Wikipedia:

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_I._%28Byzanz%29

Theodor I. (Byzanz)

aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie

Wechseln zu: Navigation, Suche

Theodor I. Laskaris (griechisch Θεόδωρος Α' Λάσκαρης, * um 1174; † 1222) war byzantinischer Kaiser im Exil in Nikaia.

Er wurde der Schwiegersohn des Kaisers Alexios III. und zeichnete sich bei der Verteidigung Konstantinopels gegen die katholisch-lateinischen Kreuzritter während des Vierten Kreuzzuges von 1203 bis 1204 aus. Nach der Eroberung der Stadt scharte er in Bithynien eine Gruppe von Flüchtlingen um sich und ließ sich in der Stadt Nikaia nieder, die dadurch zum Sammelpunkt für seine Landsleute wurde.

Er war zwar von der Gefahr einer Invasion durch die Armee der Lateiner befreit, die ihn 1204 geschlagen hatte, wurde aber nach Europa gerufen, um bulgarische Übergriffe zu bekämpfen. Theodor setzte seinen Ehrgeiz darein, einen neuen byzantinischen Staat in Kleinasien aufzubauen, und nahm im Jahre 1206 den Kaisertitel an.

In den nächsten Jahren war er in seinem jungen Staat von Feinden umgeben. Er hielt sich hartnäckig in Verteidigungskriegen gegen den lateinischen Kaiser Heinrich von Flandern, schlug seinen Rivalen Alexios I. von Trapezunt, und führte einen erfolgreichen Gegenangriff auf Kai Chosrau I., den Sultan von Rum, der durch den abgesetzten Alexios III. zum Krieg gegen ihn angestiftet worden war.

Theodors krönender Sieg gelang ihm 1210 in einer Schlacht bei Antiochia in Pisidien, als er Alexios gefangen nahm und die Stadt selbst den Türken entriss.

Gegen Ende seiner Herrschaft regierte er ein Gebiet, das grob den römischen Provinzen Asia und Bithynien entsprach. Obwohl es keinen Beweis von politischer Qualität von ihm gibt, ermöglichte er dennoch durch seinen Mut und sein militärisches Geschick der byzantinischen Nation das Überleben.

Verwandtschaft [Bearbeiten]

Er heiratete Maria von Courtenay, die Tochter von Peter von Courtenay und Jolante von Flandern. Letztere hatte als Regentin des Lateinischen Kaiserreiches 1217–1219 mit ihm Frieden geschlossen. Diese wurde vermutlich auch die Frau des ungarischen Königs Béla IV., dem sie u.a. Kinga von Polen gebar.

Weblinks [Bearbeiten]

   * Wilhelm Blum: Theodor I. (Byzanz). In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Band 11, Herzberg 1996, ISBN 3-88309-064-6, Sp. 861–863.

Vorgänger

Alexios V.

Kaiser von Byzanz

1204–1222 Nachfolger

Johannes III.

Theodoros I Laskaris was emperor of Nicaea (1204–1221), was born of a noble Byzantine family. He became the son-in-law of the Emperor Alexius III.

BIOGRAPHY: event

1204.

·expelled from Constantinople by the Latins, and gathering a band of refugees, first at Brusa and then at Nicaea (modern Iznik), across the Bosporus in Asia Minor, and formed a new Byzantine state

event

BETWEEN 1203 AND 1204, in Byzantine Empire.

·distinguished himself during the sieges of Constantinople by the Latins in the Fourth Crusade

event

AFT 1204.

·recognized as the Byzantine government-in-exile and as the legitimate successor of the Byzantine Empire during the crusaders' occupation of Constantinople

event

·a son-in-law of the Byzantine emperor Alexius III Angelus

1208.

·assumed the title of emperor and defended his infant empire not only against the crusaders but also against David Comnenus, a rival Greek emperor in Trebizond to the east on the Black Sea, and against the Seljuq Turks,

event

1211, in spring.

·not persuaded to abdicate by the Seljuq sultan of Rum, Kay-Khusraw, who had given asylum to the emperor Alexius, and when Kay-Khusraw invaded his territory in the spring, he defeated and killed Kay in battle, and also captured and imprisoned Alexius,

ABT 1214.

·signed a treaty, following a period of war with Henry of Flanders, defining the frontiers between the Greek empire of Nicaea and the Latin empire of Constantinople

event

ABT 1215.

·annexed much of the territory of Trebizond

event

AFT 1216.

·strengthened his ties to the Latin empire, following Henry's death, by taking as his third wife Maria, daughter of the empress Yolande

event

Aug 1219.

·made a lucrative commercial agreement with the Venetians in Constantinople

BEF Nov 1221.

·negotiated a settlement with Yolande's son and successor as Latin emperor, Robert of Courtenay, to whom he betrothed his daughter Eudocia

Theodore I Laskaris

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Theodoros I Komnenos Laskaris (Greek: Θεόδωρος Α' Λάσκαρις, Theodōros I Laskaris) (c. 1174/1175 – 1221/August, 1222) was emperor of Nicaea (1204–1221 or 1205–1222).

Family

Theodore Laskaris was born of a noble but not particularly renowned Byzantine Greek family of Constantinople. He was the son of Manuel Laskaris (b. c. 1140) and wife Ioanna Karatzaina (b. c. 1148). He had four older brothers: Manuel Laskaris (d. aft. 1256), Michael Laskaris (d. 1261/1271), Georgios Laskaris and Constantine Laskaris (d. aft. March 19, 1205), Emperor of Byzantium (1204-1205); and two younger brothers: Alexios Laskaris, Latin Military leader against the Bulgars who fought with the French against John III Doukas Vatatzes and was imprisoned and blinded, and Isaakios Laskaris.[1]

According to "The Latins in the Levant. A History of Frankish Greece (1204-1566)" (1908) by William Miller, the seven brothers may also have had a sister. Miller identified said sister with the wife of Marco I Sanudo and mother of Angelo Sanudo. He based this theory on his own interpretation of Italian chronicles. The "Dictionnaire historique et Généalogique des grandes familles de Grèce, d'Albanie et de Constantinople" (1983) by Mihail-Dimitri Sturdza rejected the theory based on the silence of Byzantine primary sources. [2]

[edit]Reign

In 1199, Theodore married Anna Angelina, daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Alexios III Angelos and Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera. By this marriage he was brother-in-law of Eudokia Angelina.

Theodore later distinguished himself during the sieges of Constantinople by the Latins of the Fourth Crusade (1203-1204). He remained in Constantinople until the Latins actually penetrated into the city, at which point he fled across Bosphorus together with his wife. At about the same time his brother Constantine Laskaris was unsuccessfully proclaimed emperor by some of the defenders of Constantinople. In Bithynia Theodore established himself in Nicaea, which became the chief rallying-point for his countrymen.

At first Theodore did not claim the imperial title, perhaps because his father-in-law and his brother were both still living, perhaps because of the imminent Latin invasion, or perhaps because there was no Patriarch of Constantinople to crown him emperor. He was proclaimed emperor in 1205 and invited Patriarch John Kamateros to Nicaea. But John died in 1206 before crowning Theodore. Theodore appointed Michael IV as the new Patriarch and was crowned by him in March 1208.

In the meantime Theodore had been defeated by the Latins at Adramyttion (Edremit), but soon afterwards the Latins were themselves defeated by Kaloyan of Bulgaria at the Battle of Adrianople. This temporarily stalled the Latin advance, but it was renewed by Emperor Henry of Flanders in 1206. Theodore entered into an alliance with Kaloyan and took the offensive in 1209. The situation was complicated by the invasion of Kaykhusraw I of Rum at the instigation of the deposed Alexios III in 1211, but the Nicaeans defeated and killed the invader in the valley of the Maeander River near Pisidian Antioch. Although the danger from Rum and Alexios III was thus neutralized, Emperor Henry defeated Theodore in the same year, and established his control over the southern shores of the Sea of Marmara. In spite of this defeat, Theodore was able to take advantage of the death of David Megaskomnenos, the brother of Emperor Alexios I of Trebizond in 1212 and to extend his own control over Paphlagonia.

In 1214 Theodore concluded a peace treaty with the Latin Empire at Nymphaion, and in 1219 he married a niece of Emperor Henry. In spite of predominantly peaceful relations, Theodore attacked the Latin Empire again in 1220, but peace was restored. Theodore died in November 1221 and was succeeded by his son-in-law John III Doukas Vatatzes.

At the end of his reign he ruled over a territory roughly coterminous with the old Roman provinces of Asia and Bithynia. Though there is no proof of higher qualities of statesmanship in him, by his courage and military skill he enabled the Byzantine nation not merely to survive, but ultimately to beat back the Latin invasion.

[edit]Marriages and children

By his first wife Anna Komnena Angelina (b. c. 1176), married in 1199, Theodore had three daughters and two sons who died young:

Nikolaos Laskaris (d. c. 1212)

Iōannēs Laskaris (d. c. 1212)

Eirene Dukaina Komnene Laskarina, who married first the general Andronikos Palaiologos and then John III Doukas Vatatzes

Maria Laskarina, who married King Béla IV of Hungary

Eudokia Laskarina, engaged to Robert de Courtenay, married bef. 1230 Anseau de Cayeux, Governor of Asia Minor

After Anna Angelina died in 1212, Theodore married secondly Philippa of Armenia (1183-aft. 1219), a daughter of King Ruben III of Armenia. This marriage was annulled a year later for religious reasons and they divorced in 1216, and the son born to them, Konstantinos Laskaris, born in 1214, was disinherited, being created Duke of Thrace afterwards.

Theodore married thirdly in 1219 Marie de Courtenay (1204-September, 1222), a daughter of Emperor Peter II of Courtenay and Empress Yolanda of Flanders, but they had no children.

[edit]References

The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, 1991.

A Dictionary of First Names, Oxford University Press

Dictionary of American Family Names, Oxford University Press

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

Theodoros I Komnenos Laskaris (c. 1174/1175 – 1221/August, 1222) was emperor of Nicaea (1204–1221 or 1205–1222).

Theodore Laskaris was born of a noble but not particularly renowned Byzantine Greek family of Constantinople. He was the son of Manuel Laskaris (b. c. 1140) and wife Ioanna Karatzaina (b. c. 1148). He had four older brothers: Manuel Laskaris (d. aft. 1256), Michael Laskaris (d. 1261/1271), Georgios Laskaris and Constantine Laskaris (d. aft. March 19, 1205), Emperor of Byzantium (1204-1205); and two younger brothers: Alexios Laskaris, Latin Military leader against the Bulgars who fought with the French against John III Doukas Vatatzes and was imprisoned and blinded, and Isaakios Laskaris.

By his first wife Anna Komnena Angelina (b. c. 1176), married in 1199, Theodore had three daughters and two sons who died young:

Nikolaos Laskaris (d. c. 1212)

Iōannēs Laskaris (d. c. 1212)

Eirene Dukaina Komnene Laskarina, who married first the general Andronikos Palaiologos and then John III Doukas Vatatzes

Maria Laskarina, who married King Béla IV of Hungary

Eudokia Laskarina, engaged to Robert de Courtenay, married bef. 1230 Anseau de Cayeux, Governor of Asia Minor

After Anna Angelina died in 1212, Theodore married secondly Philippa of Armenia (1183-aft. 1219), a daughter of King Ruben III of Armenia. This marriage was annulled a year later for religious reasons and they divorced in 1216, and the son born to them, Konstantinos Laskaris, born in 1214, was disinherited, being created Duke of Thrace afterwards.

Theodore married thirdly in 1219 Marie de Courtenay (1204-September, 1222), a daughter of Emperor Peter II of Courtenay and Empress Yolanda of Flanders, but they had no children.

Theodore Laskaris was born of a noble but not particularly renowned Byzantine family of Constantinople. He was the son of Manuel Laskaris (b. c. 1140) and wife Ioanna Karatzaina (b. c. 1148). He had four older brothers: Manuel Laskaris (d. aft. 1256), Michael Laskaris (d. 1261/1271), Georgios Laskaris and Constantine Laskaris (d. aft. March 19, 1205), Emperor of Byzantium (1204-1205); and two younger brothers: Alexios Laskaris, Latin Military leader against the Bulgars who fought with the French against John III Doukas Vatatzes and was imprisoned and blinded, and Isaakios Laskaris.[1]

According to "The Latins in the Levant. A History of Frankish Greece (1204-1566)" (1908) by William Miller, the seven brothers may also have had a sister. Miller identified said sister with the wife of Marco I Sanudo and mother of Angelo Sanudo. He based this theory on his own interpretation of Italian chronicles. The "Dictionnaire historique et Généalogique des grandes familles de Grèce, d'Albanie et de Constantinople" (1983) by Mihail-Dimitri Sturdza rejected the theory based on the silence of Byzantine primary sources. [2]

Theodoros I Komnenos Laskaris (c. 1174/1175 – 1221/August, 1222) was emperor of Nicaea (1204–1221 or 1205–1222).

Theodore Laskaris was born of a noble but not particularly renowned Byzantine Greek family of Constantinople. He was the son of Manuel Laskaris (b. c. 1140) and wife Ioanna Karatzaina (b. c. 1148). He had four older brothers: Manuel Laskaris (d. aft. 1256), Michael Laskaris (d. 1261/1271), Georgios Laskaris and Constantine Laskaris (d. aft. March 19, 1205), Emperor of Byzantium (1204-1205); and two younger brothers: Alexios Laskaris, Latin Military leader against the Bulgars who fought with the French against John III Doukas Vatatzes and was imprisoned and blinded, and Isaakios Laskaris.

By his first wife Anna Komnena Angelina (b. c. 1176), married in 1199, Theodore had three daughters and two sons who died young:

Nikolaos Laskaris (d. c. 1212)

Iōannēs Laskaris (d. c. 1212)

Eirene Dukaina Komnene Laskarina, who married first the general Andronikos Palaiologos and then John III Doukas Vatatzes

Maria Laskarina, who married King Béla IV of Hungary

Eudokia Laskarina, engaged to Robert de Courtenay, married bef. 1230 Anseau de Cayeux, Governor of Asia Minor

After Anna Angelina died in 1212, Theodore married secondly Philippa of Armenia (1183-aft. 1219), a daughter of King Ruben III of Armenia. This marriage was annulled a year later for religious reasons and they divorced in 1216, and the son born to them, Konstantinos Laskaris, born in 1214, was disinherited, being created Duke of Thrace afterwards.

Theodore married thirdly in 1219 Marie de Courtenay (1204-September, 1222), a daughter of Emperor Peter II of Courtenay and Empress Yolanda of Flanders, but they had no children.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea