Tuhai 圖海

TUHAI 圖海, d. Jan., 1682, first Duke Chung-ta (忠達公), was a Manchu of the Magiya 馬佳 clan and a member of the Plain Yellow Banner. His great-grandfather, Huši 瑚石, joined Nurhaci [q.v.] early in the latter's career. Tuhai at first served the government as a clerk and in 1645 was made a sub-reader. In 1651 he attracted the notice of Emperor Shih-tsu and was appointed a sub-chancellor shortly after the Emperor took over the government from Dorgon's [q.v.] clique. A year later he was given the minor hereditary rank of Ch'i tu-yü. In 1653 he was made a Grand Secretary and was appointed to serve on the Council of Princes and High Officials (議政大臣), holding concurrently the post of president of the Board of Punishments (1655–59). In 1656 he was given the title of Junior Guardian. However, in 1659, on account of a mistrial, and because he stubbornly argued with the Emperor, he was sentenced to be hanged. The sentence was commuted by the Emperor to deprivation of all his ranks and titles and to confiscation of all his property.

In 1661, after Emperor Shih-tsu died, Tuhai was recalled to service and was made lieutenant-general of his own Banner. In 1663 he was given the title of Ting-hsi Chiang-chün 定西將軍 to assist the commander, Murma 穆里瑪 (d. 1669, brother of Oboi, q.v.), in leading a Manchu army against some bandits in western Hupeh. The bandits were quickly suppressed. In 1667 he was again made a Grand Secretary and given the minor hereditary rank of Ch'ing-ch'ê tu-yü. In 1674, after Wu San-kuei and Kêng Ching-chung [qq.v.] had rebelled, Tuhai was ordered to supervise the Board of Revenue. In April 1675, after Burni (see under Empress Hsiao-tuan) rebelled and was leading the Chahar Mongols toward Mukden, Tuhai was made assistant commander of the army that was sent to meet Burni—the commander being Oja (see under Dodo). As the war in the south was engaging most of the trained soldiers, Tuhai's army was composed chiefly of servants, slaves, and such untrained Bannermen as could be spared. With this army he marched through Shanhaikuan and then north to meet Burni. He explained to his men that the Chahar Mongols under Burni were very rich, and encouraged all of them to exert themselves in order to defeat Burni and obtain the spoils. The ruse was successful; Burni was defeated, and was later killed by the Korcin Mongols. On his return to Peking Tuhai was rewarded with the rank of a first-class baron.

In 1676 Tuhai was given the title Fu-yüan Ta Chiang-chün 撫遠大將軍 and was placed in command of the armies that were fighting in Kansu against Wang Fu-ch'ên [q.v.]. After an important victory at P'ing-liang he forced Wang to surrender. The province of Kansu having thus been stabilized, Tuhai was given the rank of a third-class duke with rights of perpetual inheritance. With the famous soldiers, Chang Yung, Chao Liang-tung, and Sun Ssŭ-k'o [qq.v.] under him, Tuhai gradually recovered most of Shensi. In 1679 he led one of the four route armies into southern Shensi, and then sent other forces to recover Szechwan while he stayed at his headquarters in Han-chung, Shensi. Early in 1682 he returned to Peking where he died. He was canonized as Wên-hsiang 文襄. In 1724, in memory of his exploits, his dukedom was raised to the first class and was given the designation, Chung-ta.

Marsai (see under Furdan), grandson of Tuhai and inheritor of the dukedom, was executed early in 1733 for his failures in fighting the Eleuths in Mongolia (see under Tsereng).

[1/257/1a; 2/6/47b; 3/2/5a; 4/4/15b; P'ing-ting San-ni fang lüeh (see under Han T'an).]

Fang Chao-ying

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圖海，字麟洲，馬佳氏，滿洲正黃旗人。父穆哈達，世居綏芬。圖海自筆帖式歷國史院侍讀。世祖嘗幸南苑，負寶從，顧其舉止，以為非常人。擢內秘書院學士，授拜他喇布勒哈番，遷弘文院大學士、議政大臣。順治十二年，加太子太保，攝刑部尚書事。與大學士巴哈納等同訂律例。侍衛阿拉那與公額爾克戴青兩家奴鬥於市，讞失實，坐欺罔，免死，削職。世祖崩，遺命起用。聖祖即位，授正黃旗滿洲都統。

李自成餘眾郝搖旗、劉體純、李來亨嘯聚鄖、襄間。康熙二年，命圖海為定西將軍，副靖西將軍都統穆里瑪，將禁旅，會湖廣、四川諸軍討之，屢破賊。未幾，郝搖旗為副都統杜敏所擒，劉體純亦破滅，惟李來亨據茅麓山，恃險負固，圖海圍之，絕其外援。來亨窮蹙，自焚死，其下以眾降。執斬明新樂王及所署置官屬，俘三千餘以還。六年，復為弘文院大學士，進一等阿達哈哈番。頃之，以兼都統乞解機務，不許。九年，改中和殿大學士，兼禮部尚書。

十二年，平南王尚可喜請老。七月，吳三桂繼之，實探朝旨。廷議移藩狀，莫洛、米思翰、明珠等皆主如所請，惟圖海持不可。上意決，遂黜圖海議。三桂既反，命攝戶部，理餉運。

十四年，察哈爾布爾尼劫其父阿布柰以叛。命信郡王鄂扎為撫遠大將軍，圖海副之，討布爾尼。時禁旅多調發，圖海請籍八旗家奴驍健者率以行，在路騷掠，一不問。至，下令曰：「察哈爾元裔，多珍寶，破之富且倍！」於是士卒奮勇，無不一當百。戰於達祿，布爾尼設伏山谷，別以三千人來拒。既戰，伏發，土默特兵挫。圖海分兵迎擊，敵以四百騎繼進，力戰，覆其眾。布爾尼乃悉眾出，用火攻，圖海令嚴陣待，連擊大破之，招撫人戶一千三百餘。布爾尼以三十騎遁，科爾沁額駙沙津追斬之，察哈爾平。師還，聖祖御南苑大紅門，行郊勞禮。敘功，進一等阿思哈尼哈番。

陝西提督王輔臣以平涼叛應三桂，定西大將軍貝勒董額督諸軍攻之，久未下。三桂遣王屏藩、吳之茂等犯秦、隴，欲與平涼合。十五年，以圖海為撫遠大將軍，八旗每佐領出護軍二名，率以往。臨發，上御太和殿賜敕印，命諸軍咸聽節制。既至，明賞罰，申約束。諸將請乘勢攻城，圖海宣言曰：「仁義之師，先招撫，後攻伐。今奉天威討叛豎，無慮不克。顧城中生靈數十萬，覆巢之下，殺戮必多。當體聖主好生之德，俟其向化。」城中聞者，莫不感泣，思自拔。五月，奪虎山墩，虎山墩者，在平涼城北，高數十仞，賊守以精兵，通餉道。圖海曰：「此平涼咽喉也。」率兵仰攻，賊萬餘列火器以拒師。圖海令兵更迭進，自巳至午，戰益力，遂奪而據之，發大砲攻城，城人洶懼。圖海用幕客周昌策，招輔臣降。

昌，字培公，荊門諸生。好奇計。佐振武將軍吳丹有勞，以七品官錄用。圖海次潼關，以策干之，客諸幕。輔臣所署置總兵黃九疇、布政使龔榮遇皆昌鄉人，屢勸輔臣反正，以蠟丸告昌，昌白圖海。圖海即令昌入城諭降，輔臣遣其將從昌出謁，圖海聞上，上許之。乃假昌參議道，齎詔往撫。輔臣使榮遇上軍民冊，子繼貞繳三桂所授敕印，顧猶觀望，復命昌偕兄子保定諭之，乃薙髮降。因令吳丹入城撫定。

吳之茂聞平涼下，自秦州遁，遣將軍佛尼勒敗之於牡丹園，又敗之於西和縣北山。將軍穆占進攻王屏藩於樂門，敗賊於紅崖，復禮縣。輔臣所署置巡撫陳彭，總兵周養民、王好問等相繼降。秦地略定。敘功，進三等公，世襲。

圖海疏請遣兵赴湖廣，會征三桂，上命圖海親率精銳以行。圖海疏陳陝西初定、反側未安狀，乃授穆占征南將軍，率滿洲兵及平涼降卒往，圖海仍留鎮。時平涼、慶陽雖下，漢中、興安猶為賊據。圖海奏調綠旗兵，期明年正月檄提督孫思克赴秦州，趙良棟赴鳳翔，與張勇、王進寶會師進取，勇等謂須俟夏秋。上慮克漢中、興安轉餉難，令守諸要隘，分兵赴荊州攻三桂。十六年，圖海招撫韓城等縣偽官，又遣兵逼禮縣、益門，先後敗賊五盤山、喬家山、塘坊廟、芭蕉園、沙窩諸處，復塔什堡。十七年，復疏請分兵下漢中、興安，上密諭止之。將軍佛尼勒等又敗賊牛頭山香泉，四川總督周有德亦敗賊秦嶺，復潼關堡五寨。慶陽賊袁本秀受三桂劄，謀亂。圖海發慶陽、宜君、延安三營兵，會王進寶討平之，斬本秀衞遠溝。頃之，入覲。十八年，還鎮。

湖南、廣西平。上命亟攻寶雞，規取漢中、興安，定四川。圖海乃厲師攻益門鎮，破之。會賊毀偏橋，兵不得進，狀聞，詔嚴責。乃決策期分四路：圖海親率將軍佛尼勒等趨興安，總兵官程福亮為後援，屯舊縣關；將軍畢力克圖、提督孫思克等自略陽進，總兵官朱衣客為後援，駐西河；將軍王進寶、總兵官費雅達自棧道進，總兵官高孟為後援，駐寶雞；提督趙良棟自徽縣進。十月，師次鎮安，分兵為二隊，進敗三桂將王遇隆，渡乾玉河，奪梁河關。三桂將韓晉卿遁。進寶亦復漢中。良棟復徽縣、略陽。畢力克圖復成縣，又復階州，遣參將康調元復文縣。於是平利、紫陽、石泉、漢陰、洵陽、白河、竹山、竹溪、上津諸縣皆下。興安既克，圖海統大軍之半屯鳳翔，尋移漢中，護諸軍餉。會降將譚洪復叛，陝西總督哈占泝江討之，詔圖海遙為聲援。

二十年，以疾徵還。卒，諡文襄。太宗實錄成，贈少保兼太子太傅。雍正初，追贈一等忠達公，配享太廟。子諾敏，襲爵，歷刑、禮二部尚書，正黃旗蒙古都統。諾敏子馬爾賽，自有傳。

周昌初入城，自陳父明季死流寇，母孫剜目破面觸棺死，願捐軀表母烈。及輔臣降，圖海以聞。上命旌其母，遣官致祭，授昌布政使參政。昌復參蔡毓榮軍事，事平，授山東登萊道，攝布政使，以與總兵互訐罷。昌既罷，猶喜言兵。噶爾丹擾邊，數上書當事陳利害。後卒於家。