Tulišen 圖理琛

Tulišen 圖理琛 (T. 瑤圃), 1667-1741, official and diplomat, was a member of the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner. His family belonged to the Ayan Gioro clan and lived in the Yehe nation (see under Yangginu) until his great-grandfather joined the forces of Abahai [q.v.] in the decade 1625-35. In his youth Tulišen was physically weak and his family was poor. He studied both the Manchu and the Chinese languages but was not a brilliant student. By payment of the required fee he was registered as a student of the Imperial Academy. In 1685 he passed an examination for a position as translator of the T'ung-chien kang-mu, or Mirror of History (see under Sung Lao), and in the following year passed the examination for a secretaryship in the Grand Secretariat. In 1697 he was promoted to the post of assistant reader in the same office, and served from 1702 to 1703 as superintendent of Customs at Wuhu, Anhwei. Returning to Peking in 1703, he was given charge of the cattle raised for sacrificial use by the Board of Ceremonies. Two years later he was discharged because he failed to raise the required number of cattle, and thereafter he retired for seven years.

In 1712 he volunteered to be the envoy to Ayuki 阿玉氣 (d. 1724, age 83?), Khan of the Torguts, who had migrated to the lower Volga River Valley. This Torgut tribe was one of the Four Tribes (Uirads 衛拉特) of Mongolian nomads who occupied the Kokonor region and part of Chinese Turkestan (see under Galdan). The chief of the Torguts traced his ancestry to a brother of Wêng Khan 翁罕 About 1616 their chief, Khu Urluk 翁罕和鄂爾勒克 (d. 1643), finding the preSsŭre of the rising power of the Sungarians woder Batur (father of Galdan) unbearable, had led the tribe westward in search of new pastures. He halted in southwestern Siberia on the Russian border north of the Caspian Sea where the tribe tirived, despite constant warfare with the Turks ard other nomads. The Torguts soon found it expedient to recognize Russian suzerainty, but lived quite independently. In 1672 Khu Urluk's peat-grandson, Ayuki, succeeded to the chieftainship and became so prosperous and powerful *at about the year 1700 he styled himself Khan King). In 1698 Ayuki's nephew, Arabjur 阿拉布珠兒, set out on a pilgrimage to Tibet, and while sojourning there five years was prevented from rejoining his tribesmen because a war broke out between his uncle, Ayuki, and Tsewang Araptan [q.v.] of Sungaria. Appealing to Emperor Shêng-tsu for help, he was given pasturage west of Chia-yü-kuan 嘉峪關. Since envoys from Ayuki had to pass through Siberia in order reach Peking, Emperor Shêng-tsu sent Tulišen to Ayuki by that route, ostensibly to ascertain whether Arabjur could return that same way, but in reality perhaps to learn more about the conditions, both of the Torguts and of the Russians. After his official rank of assistant reader of the Grand Secretariat had been restored to him, Tulišen set out on this journey with a large retinue on June 23, 1712. Passing through Mongolia via Urga, he reached Selenginsk, Siberia, on August 24. Here the embassy was detained for five months awaiting permission from Moscow to proceed through Siberia—a delay caused by the fact that the Chinese memorandum concerning the mission was dispatched from Peking only seven days before the main caravan started. The Czar's permission finally came and, on February 10, 1713, the party moved northward on sleds along the Selenga river to Udinsk and thence westward across Lake Baikal. After waiting at Irkutsk more than three months for the ice on the Angara river to melt, Tulišen resumed his journey on May 27. His party proceeded in boats most of the way and arrived at Tobolsk on August 24. He was well received by the Russian governor of Siberia, Prince Matviei Petrovich Gagarin, who aSsŭred him that if Russia had not been at war with Sweden the Czar would gladly have granted him an audience. Quitting Tobolsk on September 1, he arrived at Saratov on the Volga river January 2, 1714, where he remained about seven months awaiting envoys from Ayuki to welcome him, although it would have taken but ten days for the latter to make the journey. Concerning this delay, Ayuki explained that he had expected the Russians to escort the Chinese embassy, whereas the Russians thought it was his duty.

Having descended the Volga river, Tulišen met Ayuki in the latter's camp at Manytch on July 12, 1714, and was well received. Ayuki was told that it was better for his nephew, Arabjur, to remain where he was. Ayuki, on his part, confided to Tulišen that he regarded himself as having much more in common with the Manchus than with the Russians, but that, however much he might desire to communicate with China, he feared that his aims would be frustrated by Russia. He therefore urged China to pay more heed to the Russian situation. Perhaps this friendly gesture was a factor in the migration of the Torguts back to China in 1770-71 (see under Shu-ho-tu). Tuli'sen returned to China, for the most part by the same route he had previously taken. He sojourned in Tobolsk from December 13, 1714, to January 27, 1715, and finally reached Peking April 30, 1715, after being nine months on the way, although the outward journey had taken more than two years. Chinese official accounts explain this delay on the ground that the Russians purposely desired to frustrate the conference with the Torguts. The accusation is unfounded—the delay of fourteen months at Selenginsk, Irkutsk, and Saratov being in no sense the fault of the Russians.

In Peking, Tulišen had an audience with the Emperor, who was much pleased with the results of the expedition and officially accepted Tulišen's diary and a map of his journey. Tulišen was appointed assistant department director of the Board of War and later was promoted to a department directorship. It was at this time that Galdan's successor, Tsewang Araptan, invaded Hami in Chinese Turkestan and so provoked a conflict with China. In July of the same year Tulišen was once more sent to Selenginsk to diSsŭade the Russians from rendering assistance to the Eleuths.

When Emperor Shih-tsung succeeded to the throne he evinced a new interest in the personnel of the provincial administrations, especially the treasurers. Tulišen was dispatched (1723) to Kwangtung to inspect the provincial finances, and while there was appointed financial commissioner of the province. Early in 1725 he was transferred to Shênsi, and a few months later was made governor of that province. During that and the following year, he was rebuked several times for partiality to Manchus and for other blunders. Late in 1726 he was recalled to Peking. There he became vice-president of the Board of War and in the following year was transferred to the Board of Civil Office. Possibly his recall was due to the presence in Peking of a Russian envoy who had come to confer on frontier and trade problems between the two countries.

The Treaty of Nerchinsk of 1689 (see under Songgotu) defined the boundary of north Manchuria, but did not mention the Mongolian boundary to the west of the Argun river. In the ensuing twenty-five years no important agreements concerning border questions had been reached although the Russians had sent, during that period, two embassies, one under Elizarü Izbrandt in the years 1692-95 and another one under Lev Vasil'evich Izmailov (1685-1738) in the years 1719-22; and stationed an agent, Lorentz Lange, in Peking from 1722 to 1725. In 1725 a Russian envoy, Savva Lukich-Vladislavich (see under Maci), was sent to China with more power than had been given his predecessors: He stayed in Peking from November 1726 to May 1727, holding more than thirty conferences with three ministers, of whom Tulišen was one. At last, the general terms of a treaty in ten articles were agreed upon, after which the meeting shifted to Kiakhta on the Siberian border north of Urga where the boundary line between Mongolia and Siberia was to be determined. At first the chief Chinese representative was Lungkodo [q.v.], but owing to his obstinacy, he was soon recalled, and the Mongolian Prince Tsereng [q.v.] and Tulišen became the heads of the Chinese delegation. On August 31, 1727, general terms of an article defining the border were agreed to and on November 1 the final version of the Treaty of Kiakhta was drawn up. By the terms of this treaty the boundary between Mongolia and Siberia was established, much as it is at present. Two hundred Russian merchants were allowed to come to China to trade every third year and were permitted to erect a church on the premises of the Russian Hostel in Peking, In addition to the one priest already officiating, three more were allowed to conduct religious services for the descendants of the Russian captives (see under Sabsu and Maci) and others of that nationality in Peking. Four Russian students and two tutors were granted leave to reside is the Hostel, and were subsidized by the Chinese government to study the Chinese, Mongol, and Manchu languages. This treaty, revised in 1768 and in 1792, governed the relations between the two countries until the treaties of 1858 and 1860 (see under Kuei-liang and I-hsin). After 1737 the trade between the two countries shifted from Peking to Kiakhta. According to Russian sources (Cahen, pp. 215, 219, LXIV-LXV) the success of Vladislavich in reaching this agreement was due in part to the friendship of Grawi Secretary Maci [q.v.] who had charge of Sino-Russian affairs, and to the Jesuit missionary,„ Dominique Parrenin (see under Maci). The latter, who acted as interpreter and intermediary in Peking, is said to have established a code with the Russian delegation in Kiakhta to carry on a secret correspondence. We are told the Vladislavich promised Maci a present of two thousand roubles but, being short of funds after the treaty was concluded, paid him half that sum. Parrenin was given one hundred roubles.

After his return to Peking Tulišen was accused of "unlawful" conduct at the Treaty Conference because, after signing the treaty, he had ordered guns fired "to thank Heaven" and had, on his own initiative, erected wooden tablets to mark the boundary, when he should first have obtained Imperial consent. He was also accused of having divulged a military secret while governor of Shansi—namely, handing over to Yên-hsin [q.v.] a complete account of the number of soldiers in the empire, and where they were stationed. Tried in 1728, he was found guilty and sentenced to death, but was granted Imperial pardon. To make amends, he was ordered early in 1729 to build, at his own expense, the walls of Jak 札克 and of Baidarik 拜達里, two cities on the caravan route to Uliasutai and Kobdo in Outer Mongolia. When Emperor Kao-tsung ascended the throne in 1735 he made Tulišen a chancellor of the Grand Secretariat, and early in the following year promoted him to the post of vice-president of the Board of Works. But manifesting senility and lack of mental clarity, he was ordered to return to his former post. He retired in 1737 and died four years later.

Tulišen's own account of his journey to the Torguts in 1712-15 was completed about 1720 and printed in 1723 under the title 異域錄 I-yü lu. There are at least four reprints of the work in various ts'ung-shu, and probably a manuscript text in Manchu which he submitted to the throne. The work long ago attracted the attention of Western scholars. It was translated into French by P. Gaubil as early as 1726 and this became the basis for a German version. There are two Russian translations, one by H. Rossokhim in 1764 and another by A. Leont'ev in 1782. Sir George Staunton translated it into English in 1821 under the title, Narrative of the Chinese Embassy to the Khan of the Tourgouth Tartars.

[ 1/159/la; 1/289/3b; 1/527/13b; 3/62/12a; 34/ 152/la; Ho Ch'iu-t'ao [q.v.], Shuo fang pei-shêng, chüan 37, 38, 43-44; Cahen, Gaston, Histoire des Relations de la Russie avec la Chine sous Pierre le Grand (1689-1730), Paris, 1912; Ides, Isbrants, Three Year's Travels from Moscow Overland to China (1706); Lange, Lorenz, Journal; Bell, John, Travels from St. Petersberg in Russia to Divers Parts of Asia (1763) vol. II; Howorth, H. H., History of the Mongols, Part I, pp. 534-89.]

FANG CHAO-YING

《清史稿》卷283

圖理琛，阿顏覺羅氏，滿洲正黃旗人。以國子生考授內閣中書，遷侍讀。坐事，奪職。康熙五十一年，特命復職，出使土爾扈特。

初，土爾扈特汗阿玉奇從子阿喇布珠爾，假道準噶爾赴西藏謁達賴喇嘛。準噶爾台吉策妄阿喇布坦與阿玉奇搆怨，阿喇布珠爾不得歸，款關乞內屬，詔封貝子，賜牧嘉峪關外黨色爾騰。嗣阿玉奇遣使入貢，上欲歸阿喇布珠爾。命圖理琛偕侍讀學士殷扎納、郎中納顏齎敕諭阿玉奇，假道鄂羅斯。

五月，圖理琛等自京師啟行，七月，至鄂羅斯境楚庫柏興。以假道故，待其國察罕汗進止。五十二年正月，許假道，乃行。還烏的柏興，越柏海爾湖而北，抵厄爾庫。鄂羅斯託波爾噶噶林遣其屬博爾科尼來迎。噶噶林者，彼國所稱總管也。圖理琛等欲行，博爾科尼言噶噶林令天使當自水路行，而昂噶拉河冰未泮，請稍駐俟之。三月，自昂噶拉河乘舟抵伊聶謝柏興，登陸。五月，抵麻科斯科，復乘舟自揭的河順流行，經那里穆柏興、蘇爾呼特柏興、薩瑪爾斯科、狄穆演斯科諸地。七月，至託波爾。其地噶噶林名馬提飛費多里魚赤，迎至廨，留八日。仍遣博爾科尼護之行，抵鴉班沁登陸。自費耶爾和土爾斯科越佛落克嶺，抵索里喀穆斯科，以路濘，守凍十日。復行，經改郭羅多、黑林諾付、喀山、西穆必爾斯科諸地。十一月，至薩拉託付，是為鄂羅斯與土爾扈特界。水自東北來，折而南，鄂羅斯號為佛爾格，土爾扈特號為額濟勒。阿玉奇汗駐牧地曰瑪努託海，距此十日程，以雪盛不能行。

五十三年四月，阿玉奇遣台吉祥偉徵等來迎。五月，圖理琛等渡額濟勒河，阿喇布珠爾之父納扎爾瑪穆特遣獻馬，卻之。六年朔，至瑪努託海，阿玉奇擇日聽宣敕。圖理琛等以上意諭之曰：「阿喇布珠爾已賜爵優養，欲遣歸爾牧地，以策妄阿喇布坦方與爾交惡，恐為所戕。爾若欲令阿喇布珠爾歸，當自鄂羅斯來迎。」阿玉奇曰：「我雖外夷，然冠服與中國同。鄂羅斯乃嗜欲不同、言語不通之國也，天使歸道當察其情狀。鄂羅斯若以往來數故不假道，則我無由入貢矣。阿喇布珠爾荷厚恩，與歸土爾扈特同，復何疑慮？」阿玉奇及納扎爾瑪穆特等各贈馬及方物，圖理琛等以越境無私交，卻不受。阿玉奇待之有隆禮，留十四日，筵宴不絕。復附表奏謝。圖理琛等遂行，由舊路歸，鄂羅斯遣護如初。五十四年三月，還京師。

是役也，往返三載餘，經行數萬里。蓋土爾扈特為鄂羅斯所隔，遠阻聲教，而鄂羅斯又故導我使紆道行。圖理琛奉使無辱命，既歸國，入對，述往還事狀，並撰異域錄，首冠輿圖，次為行記，呈上覽。上嘉悅，尋授兵部員外郎。阿喇布珠爾亦遂留牧黨色爾騰不復遣，再傳至其子丹忠，雍正中，遷牧額濟內河。

圖理琛遷郎中。世宗即位，命赴廣東察藩庫，就擢廣東布政使。調陝西。三年，擢巡撫。五年，召為兵部侍郎，調吏部。偕喀爾喀郡王額駙策凌等往定喀爾喀與鄂羅斯界。仍調兵部。六年，追議前定界時，與鄂羅斯使臣薩瓦鳴砲謝天，私立木牌，並擅納鄂羅斯貿易人入界；又前任陝西巡撫時，將天下兵數繕摺私給將軍延信，逮問論斬。詔宥免，遣築扎克拜達里克城。高宗即位，授內閣學士，遷工部侍郎。乾隆元年，以老解侍郎任，仍為內閣學士。二年，引疾去。五年，卒。