Wen Tingshi 文廷式

Wên T'ing-shih 文廷式 (T. 道希(溪) H. 芸閣, 純常子 1856-1904, official and scholar, was a native of P'ing-hsiang, Kiangsi. After becoming a chü-jên, early in the eighteen-eighties, he went to Peking where he became acquainted with many prominent contemporaries, among them Shêng-yü [q.v.] who assisted him greatly. In 1890 he obtained his chin-shih degree with high honors and was made a compiler in the Hanlin Academy. After a brief sojourn in his native place, he returned early in 1894 to Peking and soon after was promoted to an expositorship in the Hanlin Academy -- this unusual promotion being probably due to the influence of Shêng-yü, or perhaps to the Imperial concubines, Chin-fei and Chên-fei (see under Tsai-t'ien), who, as children, had studied under him. Being a member of the group of progressives known as Ch'iang Hsüeh Hui (see under T'an Ssŭ-t'ung), Wên often advised the Emperor on matters of governmental reform. It is reported that a few months after the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war the Empress Dowager conspired to dethrone Emperor Tê-tsung, but that Wên persuaded Liu K'un-i [q.v.] and other generals on the battlefields to support the Emperor, thus frustrating her plan. After the Treaty of Shimonoseki was concluded, Wên severely criticized Li Hung-chang [q.v.] for having taken a too conciliatory attitude toward Japan, but upon the advice of Shêng-yü, who feared that such outspoken criticism might bring disaster, Wên left the capital for his native place. When he reached Shanghai and was entertained by the local Tao-t'ai, Liu Ch'i-hsiang 劉麒祥 (T. 康侯, d. 1897), a relative of Li Hung-chang, Liu's attendants examined Wên's baggage and discovered several copies of his secret memorials to Tê-tsung. Liu transmitted them to Li Hung-chang who, in turn, presented them to the Empress Dowager, and at the same time caused a censor to denounce Wên. In March 1896 Wên was deprived of his rank and position. Two years later, when the coup d'état of the Empress Dowager took place, his life was in such danger that he sought refuge in Japan.

Wên T'ing-shih was one of the scholars who studied Mongol history under the influence of Shêng-yü. In this field his special contribution was his reconstruction of some parts of the 經世大典 Ching-shih ta-tien, or "Institutes of the Yüan Empire", 880 + 14 chüan, which was commissioned in 1329, completed in June 1331, and presented to the throne in the spring of the following year. A sole manuscript copy of this work was preserved in the Palace library, but was lost in the middle of the Ming period. While a member of the Hanlin Academy, Wên T'ing-shih gathered extracts from it which had been quoted in the Yung-lo ta-tien (see under Chu Yün), and edited them in five books. These treatises, all dealing with the Yüan period, were printed by Wang Kuo-wei 王國維, (T. 靜安, 伯隅 H. 觀堂, 永觀 1877-1927) in the 廣倉學宭叢書 Kuang-ts'ang hsüeh-ch'ün ts'ung-shu (first series, 1916, known as 學術叢編 Hsüeh-shu ts'ung-pien), under the following titles: 大元官制雜記 Ta-Yüan kuan-chih tsa-chi, on the governmental organization; 元代倉庫記 Yüan tai ts'ang-k'u chi, on the official granaries; Yüan-tai hua-su chi ( 畫塑記) on the bureaus of painting and sculpture in the Imperial Palace; Ta-Yüan chan-chi kung-wu chi (氈罽工物記), on the imperial weaving factories; and 元高麗紀事 Yüan Kao-li chi-shih, a history of the Mongol conquest of Korea. Wên T'ing-shih also left a short history of the political reforms in the beginning of the Southern Sung dynasty, entitled 中興政要 Chung-hsing chêng-yao, one chüan, which was printed in the Chên-ch'i t'ang ts'ung-shu (see under Wang Hsien). He was known as a writer of belles-lettres, being especially skilled in the balanced-prose style. A collection of his verse was printed in 1929 in one chüan, under the title 文道希先生遺詩 Wên Tao-hsi hsien-shêng i-shih. A collection of his poems in irregular meter (tz'ê), entitled 雲起軒詞鈔 Yün-ch'i hsüan tz'ê-ch'ao, was printed in 1907 in the collectanea, Huai-Pin tsa-tsu (see under Chih-jui).

[ 6/9/18b; Chin-shih jên-wu chih (see under Wêng T'ung-ho) p. 274; Ch'ing-hou wai-chuan (see bibl. under Hsiao-ch'in) p. 243; Fan-t'ien lu ts'ung-lu (see bibl. under Hsiao-ch'in) 2/9a; Appendix to 蒙古史研究 Moko-shi kenkyu (1930) by Yanai Watari.]

HIROMU MOMOSE

《中國大百科全書 中國文學》（顧國瑞 撰）

近代詞人。字道希(亦作道羲﹑道溪)﹐號雲閣(亦作芸閣)﹐別號純常子﹑羅霄山人﹑薌德。江西萍鄉人。出生於廣東潮州﹐少長嶺南﹐為陳澧入室弟子。光緒初﹐在廣州將軍長善幕中﹐與其嗣子志銳﹑侄志鈞(二人即長敘之子﹐瑾妃﹑珍妃胞兄)交遊甚密。光緒十六年(1890)﹐成進士﹐授編修。二十年大考﹐光緒帝親拔為一等第一名﹐升翰林院侍讀學士﹐兼日講起居註。文廷式志在救世﹐遇事敢言﹐與黃紹箕﹑盛昱等列名“清流”﹐與汪鳴鑾﹑張謇等被稱為“翁(同龢)門六子”﹐是帝黨重要人物。甲午中日戰爭﹐他力主抗擊﹐上疏請罷慈禧生日“慶典”﹑召恭親王參大政﹔奏劾李鴻章“昏庸驕蹇﹑喪心誤國”﹔諫阻和議﹐以為“辱國病民﹐莫此為甚”。光緒二十一年(1895)秋﹐與陳熾等出面贊助康有為﹐倡立強學會於北京。次年二月﹐遭李鴻章姻親御史楊崇伊參劾﹐被革職驅逐出京。這一時期﹐文廷式益潛心時務﹐其《琴風餘譚》﹑《聞塵偶記》﹐記甲午﹑乙未間時事﹑人物﹐能言人所不能言﹑不敢言。革職歸里後﹐撰有《羅霄山人醉語》﹐痛感“中國積弊極深”﹑“命在旦夕”﹐提出“變則存﹐不變則亡”﹐鼓吹“君民共主”﹐傾向變法﹐但又以為不可急切從事。戊戌政變後﹐清廷密電訪拿﹐遂出走日本。二十六年(1900)夏﹐回國﹐與容閎﹑嚴復﹑章太炎等滬上名流﹐參加唐才常在張園召開的“國會”﹐唐才常的自立軍起義失敗後﹐清廷復下令“嚴拿”。此後數年﹐文廷式往來萍鄉與上海﹑南京﹑長沙之間﹐沉傷憔悴﹐寄情文酒﹐以佛學自遣﹐同時從事著述。這時期所著雜記《純常子枝語》40卷﹐是其平生精力所萃。

文廷式15歲學詞﹐晚年自言“三十年來﹐涉獵百家”﹐“志之所在﹐不尚苟同”。他批評浙派“以玉田(張炎)為宗”﹐“意旨枯寂﹐後人繼之”﹐“以二窗(吳文英號夢窗﹑周密號草窗)為祖檷﹐視辛(棄疾)劉(過)若仇讎”﹐尤為“巨謬”(《雲起軒詞鈔序》)。他曾謂“百年詞派屬常州”(《繆小山前輩張季直修撰鄭蘇龕同年招飲吳園別後卻寄》詩其三)。他強調比興寄託﹐推尊詞體﹐與常州詞派相近﹐但又不為所囿﹐曾批評常州派推崇的詞人周邦彥“柔靡特甚﹐雖極工緻﹐而風人之旨尚微”(《純常子枝語》卷十一)。

文廷式詞存 150餘首﹐大部分是中年以後的作品﹐感時懮世﹐沉痛悲哀。其〔高陽台〕“靈鵲填河”﹑〔風流子〕“倦書拋短枕”等﹐於慨嘆國勢衰頹中﹐還流露出對慈禧專權的不滿﹐對當道大臣誤國的憤慨。他如〔木蘭花慢〕“聽秦淮落葉”抒寫男兒請纓﹐揮劍龍庭的壯懷﹐〔翠樓吟〕《聞德佔膠州灣而作》以三國時的陳登自比﹐寄託其報國救世之志﹐都激盪著愛國的豪情。晚期詞作﹐飄零之感與懮時之情交織﹐出塵避世的情緒日趨明顯。〔清平樂〕“春人婀娜”﹐更曲折地表明了他不想參加反清革命的態度。文廷式的一些艷詞﹐風格接近花間詞風﹔其撫時感事﹐言志抒懷之作﹐則以蘇軾﹑辛棄疾為宗﹐或慷慨激越﹑抑鬱幽憤﹐或神思飄逸﹑清遠曠朗﹐大都藉景言情﹐託物詠志﹐兼有豪放俊邁﹐婉約深微的特點。〔祝英台近〕“翦鮫綃”﹑〔摸魚兒〕“恁啼鵑苦催春去”﹑〔永遇樂〕“落日幽州”﹑〔鷓鴣天〕“萬感中年不自由”﹑〔鷓鴣天〕“璧滿花穠世已更”﹑〔水龍吟〕“落花飛絮茫茫”諸作﹐都被譽為神似東坡﹑逼肖稼軒之作。在近代詞壇上﹐文廷式詞自成一家﹐朱孝臧稱其“拔戟異軍成特起”﹐“兀傲故難雙”(《彊村語業》卷三)。

文廷式詞﹐有門人徐乃昌刊本《雲起軒詞鈔》和江寧王氏娛生軒影印家藏手稿本﹐龍榆生重校集評《雲起軒詞》後出﹐並附錄《文芸閣先生詞話》等。其詞尚有散見者﹐〔卜算子〕“午枕怯輕寒”見於夏敬觀《吷庵詞話》﹐〔金縷曲〕“生小瑤宮住”見於郭則澐《清詞玉屑》。