Zheng Chenggong 鄭成功 (Koxinga)

Chêng Ch'êng-kung 鄭成功 (T. 明儼, original name 森 T. 大木, childhood name 森舊), Aug. 28?, 1624-1662, June 23, southern Ming general who fought against the Ch'ing dynasty, was born in Hirado, near Nagasaki, the son of Chêng Chih-lung [q.v.] and a Japanese woman of the Tagawa 田川 family. At the age of seven (sui) he went to his ancestral hsien of Nan-an, Fukien, where at fifteen (sui) he was registered as a salaried licentiate. After the enthronement of Chu Yu-sung [q.v.] on June 19, 1644 Ch'êng-kung went to Nanking where he studied in the Imperial Academy of Learning. At the same time he also received instruction from Hsü Fu-yüan 徐孚遠 (T. 闇公 H. 復齋 1600-1665) and Ch'ien Ch'ien-i [q.v.]—obtaining from the latter the appellation Ta Mu 大木. After the fall of Nanking (June 8, 1645) and the establishment at Foochow of a new court (August 18, 1645) under the Prince of T'ang (see under Chu Yu-chien) Ch'êng-kung was presented by his father to the new emperor who apparently was pleased with him since he conferred on him the imperial surname, Chu 朱, and the personal name, -kung. He was made Assistant Controller of the Imperial Clan Court, treated as an imperial agnate, and was popularly known as Kuo-hsing-yeh 國姓爺 or "Lord of the Imperial Surname" from which the Dutch derived Koxinga (Koshinga, Coxinga) and the Spanish, Cotsen (Cogsin, Coseng). Having submitted a memorial to Chu Yu-chien on a plan to strengthen the position of the new court, Ch'êng-kung was given (in the third moon of 1646) the rank of Earl Chung-hsiao 忠孝伯 and the title of Chao-t'ao Ta Chiang-chün 招討大將軍 or "Field Marshal of the Punitive Expedition." He was immediately sent to guard the pass, Hsien-hsia kuan 仙霞關, near the border of Fukien and Chekiang. Later in the same year (1646) his father, who secretly favored the Ch'ing cause, cut off his supplies, forcing him to return to Foochow and leave unguarded the pass through which the Ch'ing army marched unmolested and captured Chu Yu-chien at Ying-chou on October 6, 1646. When his father openly accepted the Ch'ing regime, Ch'êng-kung tried to disuade him and, failing this, fled to Chin-mên and later to Namao where, raising an army, he continued to fight for the Ming cause. In 1647 he returned to Ku-lang-yü, an island near Amoy, consolidated his position, and initiated a campaign along the sea-coast of Fukien, taking a number of cities including Yung-an (1648), Chang-p'u and Yün-hsiao (1649), all in Fukien province. Upon learning, in 1648, of the enthronement (December 24, 1646) of Chu Yu-lang [q,v.] at Chao-ch'ing, Kwangtung, Ch'êng-kung in the same year sent a representative to congratulate the new emperor who immediately conferred upon him the title Marquis Wei-yüan 威遠侯 and later (1649) that of Duke Chang-kuo 漳國公. Defeated by the Ch'ing army under Su Li 蘇利 (1650) at Chieh-shih, near Lu-fêng, Kwangtung, Chêng-kung withdrew to Amoy where he killed his cousin, Chêng Lien 鄭聯, and combined the latter's troops with his own. Early in 1651 he was ordered by Chu Yu-lang to rescue Tu Yung-ho 社永和, then Ming governor-general of Liang-Kwang, who had been attacked by the Ch'ing troops and had retreated to Ch'iung-chou. Chêng left his uncle, Chêng Chih-kuan 鄭芝莞 (d. 1651), to protect Amoy and led his troops to the rescue, stopping at Ch'ao-yang, near Swatow, when a dispute arose among his subordinates. During his absence the Ch'ing forces under Ma Tê-kung [q.v.] seized his patrimony and he hastened back to Amoy (May 19, 1651), executed his uncle, and began a campaign of retaliation along the Fukien coast. In the following year Chu I-hai [q.v.] took refuge at Amoy where Chêng-kung offered him financial support, but at the same time showed no inclination to carry out his orders. Repeatedly defeated, the Ch'ing forces concentrated at Chiü an-chou, whereupon Chêng took Ch'ang-t'ai and besieged Chang-chou which was reduced to cannibalism. After a siege of about six months Chêng was eventually forced by the arrival of a Ch'ing relief army to give up the attack and withdraw to Hai-. During the years 1654-56 both the Ch'ing and Ming courts repeatedly offered Chêng-kung titles and preferment. Although his father, forced by the Ch'ing court, brought upon him to submit to Ch'ing offers, he steadfastly refused, at the same time declining the title, Prince of Yen-p'ing 廷平王, conferred upon him in 1654 by Chu Yu-lang, on the ground that he had done little to assist the restoration of the Ming regime. Upon the arrival a year later of a second mission from the Ming court again offering the title, he was persuaded to accept. Early in 1655 Ch'êng-kung perfected his military and civil organization in Fukien by establishing seventy-two military stations (鎮) and six civil bureaus, patronized Ming officials and scholars, and foraged along the coast from Kwangtung to Shantung and up the Yangtze. In the same year a formidable Ch'ing army under the Manchu prince, Jidu [q.v.], forced Chêng's troops to withdraw from Hui-an, Nan-an, T'ung-an, and Chang-chou and to concentrate at Ssŭ-ming (Amoy).

In order to free himself from the domination of Sun K'o-wang [q.v.] Chu Yu-lang, accompanied by Li Ting-kuo [q.v.], fled (1656) to Yunnanfu where in the following year he conferred on Chêng-kung the title Prince of Ch'ao 潮王 and urged Chêng's co-operation in a campaign against the Manchus. In 1658 Chêng raised his largest army, estimated at from 100,000 to 170,000 men, even sending, unsuccessfully, an envoy to Japan to solicit support, and with Chang Huang-yen [q.v.] as Chief of Staff (監軍) took a number of cities along the sea-coast of Chekiang. His boat having encountered a typhoon while sailing toward the Yangtze river, he retired temporarily (September 11, 1658) to Chusan, but resumed his military operations the following year, invading Kiangsu by sea. After taking Kua-chou (August 4, 1659) and Chinkiang (August 11, 1659), Chêng rejected the counsel of his generals and risked a great battle before Nanking. He was defeated on September 9, 1659, with heavy losses and was gradually forced hack to Amoy. On June 17, 1660, the Ch'ing troops under Ta-su 達素 (章佳氏) and Li Shuai-t'ai [q.v.] attacked Amoy, but were repulsed. In the meantime Chêng availed himself of a certain Ho Pin 何斌 (or Ho T'ing-pin 何廷斌, the "Pingua" of the Dutch accounts) who had been interpreter for the Dutch in Taiwan and had an intimate knowledge of their defenses. Ch'êng-kung also knew from correspondence with Chinese on the island that the Batavian fleet under Jan van der Laan, which had come to Taiwan in 1660, had departed leaving only a small garrison. On April 30, 1661, Chêng appeared before Castle Zeelandia 赤嵌城 at An-p'ing with a force estimated at 900 ships and 25,000 marines. He landed without resistance but later had several encounters, both on land and sea, with the Dutch who retired to the castle. After a siege of nine months the garrison finally capitulated. On February 1, 1662 a treaty was drawn up between "Lord Koxin" and Governor Frederick Coyett (揆一), and the Dutch withdrew to Batavia. Chêng-kung established his capital, instituted a civil and military organization, attempted to colonize his former soldiers and adherents on the island, and in the same year sent the Dominican missionary, Vittorio Ricci, to Manila to induce the Spanish to accept his suzerainty. At the suggestion of his former general, Huang Wu [q.v.], who had surrendered to the Manchus, the Ch'ing government ordered the coastal inhabitants of Shantung, Kiangnan, Chekiang, Fukien, and Kwangtung, removed inland (1662) a distance of 30 to 50 li as a means of evading the depredations of Chêng Ch'êng-kung and in the hope of cutting off his source of supplies. The policy proved more disastrous to the people of the coast, especially those of Fukien where 88 hsien, and Kwangtung where 36 hsien, were affected, than to Ch'êng-kung, but it was only entirely abandoned after 1681. The accounts of his death vary. His father and brothers were executed in 1661 at Peking; his generals became disaffected and refused to carry out his orders to execute his son, Chêng Ching [q.v.], who had illegally consorted with a nurse; an envoy reported the failure of his mission and the massacre of the Chinese in Manila. Enraged by one or all of these incidents he is supposed to have committed suicide on June 23, 1662, at the age of 39 (sui). In 1875 he was given by Emperor Tê-tsung the posthumous name Chung-chieh 忠節.

[ 1/230/4a; M.36/10/lla; M.59/38/la; 同安縣志 T'ung-an hsien-chih. (1929) 27/3b; 廷平王戶官楊英從征實錄, Yang-ying's Records of the Campaigns of Koxinga (1931); Chu Hsi-tsu 朱希組, 鄭廷平王受明封嚼考 in 國學季刊 Kuo-hsüeh chi-k'an, vol. III, no. 1, and 鄭廷, 平王奉明正朔考 in 國立中山大學文學院專刊 (1933) vol. I; Hsü Hao-chi 許浩基, 鄭廷平年譜 Chêng Yen-p'ing nien-p'u (1926); Wang Chung-ch'i 王鍾麒, Chêng Chíeng-kung (1934); 海上見聞錄 Hai-shang chien-wên lu in 痛史 T'ung-shih; Hsieh Kuo-chên, "Removal of Coastal Population in Early Tsing Period," Chinese Social and Political Science Review (January 1932) vol. XV, pp. 559-96; In Yoshinori 伊能嘉矩臺灣文化志 Taiwan bunka shi (1929) vol. I, pp. 91-160; Imbault-Huart, C., L'Isle Formose (1893), pp. 75-101; Campbell, W., Formosa Under the Dutch (1893); Davidson, J. W., The Island of Formosa (1903), pp. 30-62; The China Review XVI (1887-88), pp. 276-85, XXI (1894-95), pp. 90-5; W.M.S.C.K., chüan 13.]

EARL SWISHER

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLaTYIOgou4

《清史稿》卷224

鄭成功，初名森，字大木，福建南安人。父芝龍，明季入海，從顏思齊為盜，思齊死，代領其眾。崇禎初，因巡撫熊文燦請降，授游擊將軍。以捕海盜劉香、李魁奇，攻紅毛功，累擢總兵。

芝龍有弟三：芝虎、鴻逵、芝豹。芝虎與劉香搏戰死。鴻逵初以武舉從軍，用芝龍功，授錦衣衛掌印千戶。崇禎十四年，成武進士。明制，勛衛舉甲科進三秩，授都指揮使。累遷亦至總兵。福王立南京，皆封伯，命鴻逵守瓜洲。順治二年，師下江南，鴻逵兵敗，奉唐王聿鍵入福建，與芝龍共擁立之，皆進侯，封芝豹伯。未幾，又進芝龍平國公、鴻逵定國公。

芝龍嘗娶日本婦，是生森，入南安學為諸生。芝龍引謁唐王，唐王寵異之，賜姓朱，為更名。尋封忠孝伯。唐王倚芝龍兄弟擁重兵。芝龍族人彩亦封伯，築壇拜彩、鴻逵為將，分道出師，遷延不即行。招撫大學士洪承疇與芝龍同縣，通書問，敘鄉里，芝龍挾二心。三年，貝勒博洛師自浙江下福建，芝龍撤仙霞關守兵不為備，唐王坐是敗。博洛師次泉州，書招芝龍，芝龍率所部降，成功諫不聽。芝龍欲以成功見博洛，鴻逵陰縱之入海。四年，博洛師還，以芝龍歸京師，隸漢軍正黃旗，授三等精奇尼哈番。成功謀舉兵，兵寡，如南澳募兵，得數千人。會將吏盟，仍用唐王隆武號，自稱「招討大將軍」。以洪政、陳輝、楊才、張正、余寬、郭新分將所部兵，移軍鼓浪嶼。成功年少，有文武略，拔出諸父兄中，近遠皆屬目，而彩奉魯王以海自中左所改次長垣，進建國公，屯厦門。彩弟聯，魯王封為侯，據浯嶼，相與為犄角。成功與彩合兵攻海澄，師赴援，洪政戰死。成功又與鴻逵合兵圍泉州，師赴援，圍解。鴻逵入揭陽，成功頒明年隆武四年大統曆。五年，成功陷同安，進犯泉州。總督陳錦師至，克同安，成功引兵退。六年，成功遣其將施琅等陷漳浦，下雲霄鎮，進次詔安。明桂王稱帝，號肇慶，至是已三年。成功遣所署光祿卿陳士京朝桂王，始改用永曆號，桂王使封成功延平公。魯王次舟山，彩與魯王貳，殺魯王大學士熊汝霖及其將鄭遵謙。七年，成功攻潮州，總兵王邦俊禦戰，成功敗走。攻碣石寨，不克，施琅出降。成功襲厦門，擊殺聯，奪其軍，彩出駐沙埕。魯王將張名振討殺汝霖、遵謙罪，擊彩，彩引餘兵走南海，居數年，成功招之還，居厦門。卒。八年，桂王詔成功援廣州，引師南次平海，使其族叔芝筦守厦門。福建巡撫張學聖遣泉州總兵馬得功乘虛入焉，盡攫其家貲以去。成功還，斬芝筦，引兵入漳州。提督楊名高赴援，戰於小盈嶺，名高敗績，進陷漳浦。總督陳錦克舟山，名振進奉魯王南奔，成功使迎居金門。九年，陷海澄，錦赴援，戰於江東橋，錦敗績。左次泉州，成功復取詔安、南靖、平和，遂圍漳州。錦師次鳳凰山，為其奴所殺，以其首奔成功。漳州圍八閱月，固山額真金礪等自浙江來援，與名高兵合，自長泰間道至漳州，擊破成功。成功入海澄城守，金礪等師薄城，成功將王秀奇、郝文興督兵力禦，不能克。

上命芝龍書諭成功及鴻逵降，許赦罪授官，成功陽諾，詔金礪等率師還浙江。十年，封芝龍同安侯，而使齎敕封成功海澄公、鴻逵奉化伯，授芝豹左都督。芝龍慮成功不受命，別為書使鴻逵諭意，使至，成功不受命，為書報芝龍。芝豹奉其母詣京師。成功復出掠福建興化諸屬縣。十一年，上再遣使諭成功，授靖海將軍，命率所部分屯漳、潮、惠、泉四府。

成功初無意受撫，乃改中左所為思明州，設六官理事，分所部為七十二鎮；遙奉桂王，承制封拜，月上魯王豚、米，並厚廩瀘、溪、寧、靖諸王，禮待諸遺臣王忠孝、沈佺期、郭貞一、盧若騰、華若薦、徐孚遠等，置儲賢館以養士。名振進率所部攻崇明，謀深入，成功嫉之，以方有和議，召使還。名振俄遇毒死。成功託科餉，四出劫掠，蔓及上游。福建巡撫佟國器疏聞，上密敕為備。李定國攻廣東急，使成功趣會師。成功遣其將林察、周瑞率師赴之，遷延不即進。定國敗走，成功又攻漳州，千總劉國軒以城獻，再進，復陷同安。其將甘輝陷仙游，穴城入，殺掠殆盡。至是和議絕。

上命鄭親王世子濟度為定遠大將軍，率師討成功。十二年，左都御史龔鼎孳請誅芝龍，國器亦發芝龍與成功私書，乃奪芝龍爵，下獄。成功遣其將洪旭、陳六御攻陷舟山，進取溫、台，聞濟度師且至，隳安平鎮及漳州、惠安、南安、同安諸城，撤兵聚思明。濟度次泉州，檄招降，不納；易為書，成功依違答之。上又令芝龍自獄中以書招成功，謂不降且族誅，成功終不應。十三年，濟度以水師攻厦門，成功遣其將林順、陳澤拒戰，颶起，師引還。

成功以軍儲置海澄，使王秀奇與黃梧、蘇明同守。梧先與明兄茂攻揭陽未克，成功殺茂，並責梧。梧、明並怨成功，俟秀奇出，以海澄降濟度。詔封梧海澄公，駐漳州，盡發鄭氏墓，斬成功所置官。大將軍伊爾德克舟山，擊殺六御。成功攻陷閩安城牛心塔，使陳斌戍焉。十四年，鴻逵卒。師克閩安，斌降而殺之。成功陷台州。十五年，謀大舉深入，與其將甘輝、余新等率水師號十萬，陷樂清，遂破溫州，張煌言來會。將入江，次羊山，遇颶，舟敗，退泊舟山。桂王使進封為王，成功辭，仍稱招討大將軍。十六年五月，成功率輝、新等整軍復出，次崇明，煌言來會，取瓜洲，攻鎮江，使煌言前驅，泝江上。提督管效忠師赴援，戰未合，成功將周全斌以所部陷陣，大雨，騎陷淖，成功兵徒跣擊刺，往來剽疾，效忠師敗績。成功入鎮江，將以違令斬全斌，繼而釋之，使守焉；進攻江寧，煌言次蕪湖，廬、鳳、寧、徽、池、太諸府縣多與通款，騰書成功，謂宜收旁郡縣，以陸師急攻南京。成功狃屢勝，方謁明太祖陵，會將吏置酒，輝諫不聽。崇明總兵梁化鳳赴援，江寧總管喀喀木等合滿、漢兵出戰，襲破新軍，諸軍皆奔潰，遂大敗，生得輝殺之。成功收餘眾猶數萬，棄瓜洲、鎮江，出海，欲取崇明。江蘇巡撫蔣國柱遣兵赴援，化鳳亦還師禦之，成功戰復敗，引還。煌言自間道走免。

上遣將軍達素、閩浙總督李率泰分兵出漳州、同安，規取厦門。成功使陳鵬守高崎，族兄泰出浯嶼，而與周全斌、陳輝、黃庭次海門。師自漳州薄海門戰，成功將周瑞、陳堯策死之，迫取輝舟，輝焚舟。戰方急，風起，成功督巨艦衝入，泰亦自浯嶼引舟合擊，師大敗，有滿洲兵二百降，夜沈之海。師自同安嚮高崎，鵬約降。其部將陳蟒奮戰，師以鵬已降，不備，亦敗，成功收鵬殺之，引還。十七年，命靖南王耿繼茂移鎮福建，又以羅託為安南將軍，討成功。十八年，用黃梧議，徙濱海居民入內地，增兵守邊。成功自江南敗還，知進取不易；桂王入緬甸，聲援絕，勢日蹙，乃規取臺灣。臺灣，福建海中島，荷蘭紅毛人居之。芝龍與顏思齊為盜時，嘗屯於此。荷蘭築城二：曰赤嵌、曰王城，其海口曰鹿耳門。荷蘭人恃鹿耳門水淺不可渡，不為備。成功師至，水驟長丈餘，舟大小銜尾徑進，紅毛人棄赤嵌走保王城。成功使謂之曰：「土地我故有，當還我；珍寶恣爾載歸。」圍七閱月，紅毛存者僅百數十，城下，皆遣歸國。成功乃號臺灣為東都，示將迎桂王狩焉。以陳永華為謀主，制法律，定職官，興學校。臺灣周千里，土地饒沃，招漳、泉、惠、潮四府民，闢草萊，興屯聚，令諸將移家實之。水土惡，皆憚行，又以令嚴不敢請，銅山守將郭義、蔡祿入漳州降。是歲，聖祖即位，戮芝龍及諸子世恩、世蔭、世默。

成功既得臺灣，其將陳豹駐南澳，而令子錦居守思明。康熙元年，成功聽周全斌讒，遣擊豹，豹舉軍入廣州降。惡錦與乳媼通，生子，遣泰就殺錦及其母董。會有訛言成功將盡殺諸將留厦門者，值全斌自南澳還，執而囚之，擁錦，用芝龍初封，稱平國公，舉兵拒命。成功方病，聞之，狂怒囓指，五月朔，尚據胡床受諸將謁，數日遽卒，年三十九。