Zheng Jing 鄭經

Chêng Ching 鄭經 (childhood name 錦舍), d. March 17, 1681, also known as Chêng Shih-fan 鄭世藩, was the eldest son of Chêng Ch'êng-kung [q.v.]. Because of his relations with his younger brother's nurse who bore him his eldest son, Chêng K'o-tsang 鄭克﹖ (childhood name 欽舍, d. 1681), Chêng Ching was condemned by his father to execution. But Chêng Ch'êng-kung's generals, influenced by the latter's elder brother, Chêng T'ai 鄭泰 (d. 1663), refused to carry out the order. When Chêng Ch'êng-kung died in 1662 his generals at Taiwan (Formosa) recognized his younger brother, Chêng Shih-hsi 鄭世襲, as their leader. Chêng Ching, thereupon, collected an army, invaded Taiwan, and forced Chêng Shih-hsi to flee to Ch'üan-chou, Fukien, where he surrendered to the Manchus. Early in 1663 Chêng Ching returned from this expedition to Amoy and finding his uncle, Chêng T'ai, in correspondence with Chêng Shih-hsi's subordinates, ordered his execution, whereupon another uncle, Chêng Ming-chün 鄭鳴駿 and Chêng T'ai's son, Chêng Tsuan-hsi 鄭纘緒, also gave themselves up to the Manchu government. At this time several of Chêng Ch'êng-kung's generals with their armies went over to the Manchu cause, thus considerably weakening Chêng Ching's position. After a series of clashes along the seacoast of Fukien in Which the Manchu forces were assisted by Dutch ships and soldiers Chêng Ching retired to Taiwan (1664) and reorganized the government of the island. He was temporarily successful in setting up a military and civil organization and in opening trade with foreign countries. During this period the coast of Fukien was peaceful and the inhabitants who in 1662 had been moved inland (see under Chêng Ch'êng-kung) gradually returned to their former daces of residence. When Kêng Ching-chung joined Wu San-kuei [qq.v.] in revolting against the Ch'ing government, Kêng in 1674 sought Chêng Ching's aid, promising him certain cities as a reward. Chêng Ching, in order to be free to aid Kêng, placed Ch'ên Yung-hua 陳永華 (T. 復甫 d. 1680) in command of the army at Taiwan where Ch'ên remained in charge until at his request the administration was turned over (1679) to Chêng K'o-tsang. Arriving at Amoy in the summer of 1674, and discovering that Kêng Ching-chung had no intention of keeping his promise to turn certain cities over to him, Chêng Ching seized a number of coastal towns of Fukien belonging to Kêng-among them T'ung-an, Hai-ch'êng, Ch'üan-chou and Chang-chou. Through the mediation of Wu San-kuei, Chêng Ching and Kêng Ching-chung agreed temporarily to terms of peace. Thereupon Chêng Ching led his army to Kwangtung and took Hui-chou while Kêng Ching-chung directed his attack against the Ch'ing troops in Chekiang. On November 9, 1676 Kêng was forced to surrender to a large Ch'ing army under Giyešu [q.v.], but Chêng Ching and his generals resisted Ch'ing attacks both on land and sea for four years more until they were finally driven from their last stand near Amoy on April 10, 1680. Chêng Ching was forced to return to Taiwan where he died in the following year. His eldest son, Chêng K'o-tsang, owing, it is said, to his illegitimate birth, was compelled by his generals and members of his family to commit suicide; and Chêng Ching's second son, Chêng Ko-shuang 鄭克塽 (child-hood name 秦舍 1670?-1707), was placed in command. Actual control of Taiwan, however, was in the hands of one of Chêng Ching's former generals, Fêng Hsi-fan 馮錫範 (范), the father-in-law of Chêng K'o-shuang. Another of Chêng Ching's commanders, Liu Kuo-hsüan 劉國軒, retained for himself the greater part of the fleet in the P'êng-hu Islands (the Pescadores) until Shih Lang [q.v.] leading a large Manchu fleet in a spectacular naval battle, forced the surrender of the Pescadores on July 16-17, 1683, and Formosa on September 5 of the same year. Chêng K'o-shuang, Fêng Hsi-fan, and Liu Kuo-hsüan surrendered soon after to the Ch'ing army and were treated hospitably in Peking, Chêng K'o-shuang being given the title of duke and the other two that of earl.

[ 1/230/7a: 海上見聞錄 Hai-shang chien-wên lu in 痛史; 清代官書記明臺灣鄭氏亡事 Ch'ing-tai kuan-shu chi Ming T'ai-wan Ch'êng-shih wang shih; In ō Yoshinori (see under Chêng Ch'êng-kung), Taiwan bunka shi (1929) pp. 105-140; Also see bibliography for Chêng Ch'êng-kung. ]

EARL SWISHER

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Zheng Jing 鄭經 [29588] See introduction to Yanping erwang yiji. 《清代人物生卒年表》定其生卒年為崇禎15年~康熙20年。 《清代人物生卒年表》原注：「鄭經生年， 《中國歷代人物年譜考錄》正編第八卷作崇禎十六年（1643）。」 【參考《清代人物生卒年表》#15475.】 — RMH

《清史稿》卷224

成功子十，錦其長也，一名經。成功既卒，臺灣諸將奉其幼弟世襲為招討大將軍，使於錦告喪。錦出全斌使為將，以永華為咨議，馮錫範為侍衛，引兵至臺灣。諸將有欲拒錦立世襲者，全斌力戰破之，錦乃入，嗣為延平王。世襲走泉州降。二年，錦還思明。泰嘗與臺灣諸將通書，錦得之，遂殺泰。泰弟鳴駿、賡，子纘緒亦走泉州降。詔封鳴駿遵義侯、纘緒慕恩伯，世襲、賡皆授左都督。諸將蔡鳴雷、陳輝、楊富、何義先後舉軍降。錦漸弱。耿繼茂、李率泰大發兵規取金、厦，出同安；馬得功將降卒，並徵紅毛兵，出泉州；黃梧、施琅出海澄。錦令全斌當得功，遇於金門外烏沙，得功舟三百，紅毛夾板船十四，全斌以二十舟入陣衝擊，紅毛砲皆不中，諸舟披靡，得功戰死；而同安、海澄二道兵大勝，直破厦門。琅復進克金門、浯嶼，錦退保銅山。三年，錦將杜輝以南澳降。銅山糧垂盡，全斌亦出降，封承恩伯。錦與其將黃廷堅守。繼茂等復以水師出八尺門，廷與諸將翁求多等以三萬人降，遂拔銅山，焚之，得仗艦無算。錦與永華及洪旭引餘眾，載其孥盡入臺灣。改東都為東寧國，置天興、萬年二州，仍以永華綜國政。詔授施琅靖海將軍，周全斌、楊富為副，督水師攻臺灣，阻颶，不得進。四年，廷議罷兵。李率泰請遣知府慕天顏諭降，假卿銜，齎敕往。錦請稱臣入貢如朝鮮，上未之許。六年，徵琅入京師。撤降兵分屯諸省，嚴戍守界，不復以臺灣為意。錦兵亦不出。相安者數年，濱海居民漸復業。十二年，耿精忠將以福建叛應吳三桂，使約錦為援。十三年，精忠遂反，錦仍稱永曆年號。以永華輔長子克居守，與諸將馮錫範等督諸軍渡海而西，入思明，取同安。錦以族人省英知思明，省英，芝筦子也。集舟航，整部伍，方引軍復出，而精忠與爭泉州。泉州兵內亂，精忠所遣守將潰圍走，迎錦師入，復攻下漳州。精忠遣兵圍潮州，潮州總兵劉進忠降於錦，錦遣其將趙得勝入潮州，擊破精忠兵。錦更定軍制，以錫範及參軍陳繩武贊畫諸政，諸將劉國軒、薛進思、何祐、許輝、施福、艾禎祥分領各軍。省英為宣慰使，督各郡錢糧，令人月輸銀五分，曰「毛丁」；船計丈尺輸稅，曰「樑頭」。鹽司分筦鹽場，鹽石值二錢，徵餉四錢；餉司科雜稅給軍。復開互市，英圭黎、暹羅、安南諸國市舶並至，思明井里煙火幾如承平時。十四年，精忠使賀年，錦亦報禮，自是復相結。永春民呂花，保所居村曰「馬跳」，不應 徵索，使進忠圍之，三月不下，誘花降而殺之。續順公沈瑞屯饒平，進忠攻之，何祐擊破援兵，遂執瑞及其孥歸於臺灣。海澄公黃梧卒，子芳度保漳州。錦自海澄移軍萬松關，祐亦自潮州攻平和，降守將賴陞。芳度孤守漳州，圍合，總兵吳淑以城降，芳度死之，其孥皆殉。十五年，康親王傑書下福建，精忠降，克泉州，國軒復圍之，兩月不下。李光地迎師自間道赴援，總兵林賢、黃鎬、林子威以舟師會，國軒退次長泰，隳同安，稍進屯漳州溪西。師進擊國軒，國軒敗，棄長泰走。錦將許輝以二萬人攻福州，壁烏龍江。康親王遣副都統喇哈達等渡江奮擊，破其壘，逐北四十里。興、泉、汀、漳諸郡盡復，惟海澄未下。十六年，師克海澄，錦復破之，遂圍泉州。錦下教敘國軒、淑、祐等功。副都統穆赫林等克泰寧、建寧、寧化、長汀、清流、歸化、連城、上杭、武平、永定，凡十縣。喇哈達等解泉州圍，錦撤兵還思明。十七年，康親王遣知府張仲舉招錦，不納。國軒自長泰退據三汊河、玉洲、水頭、鎮門諸寨，屢遣兵攻石瑪、江東橋。錦又遣其將林耀、林英犯泉州，提督段應舉擊破之，獲耀。吳淑又自石瑪登陸，海澄公黃芳世、都統孟安擊破之，沈其舟。上令復徙濱海民如順治十八年例，遷界守邊。穆赫林、黃芳世會師灣腰樹，攻國軒，師敗績。國軒陷平和、漳平，遂復破海澄，段應舉、穆赫林及總兵黃藍死之。藍，梧族，芳度所遣詣京師奏事者也。國軒進圍泉州。詔趣諸軍合擊，將軍喇哈達、賴塔，總督姚啟聖，巡撫吳興祚，提督楊捷，分道並進，賢、鎬、子威以舟師會，克平和、漳平、惠安，復解泉州圍。啟聖與賴塔等逐國軒至長泰，及於蜈蚣山，大破之，斬四千餘級，進克同安，斬錦將林欽。賴塔又破錦兵萬松關，啟聖、捷及副都統吉勒塔布等，與國軒戰於江東橋、於潮溝，國軒屢敗。副都統瑚圖又擊吳淑於石街，盡焚其舟。錦歛兵退保思明。詔厚集舟師，規取金、厦。十九年，興祚出同安，與啟聖、捷會師，自陸路嚮厦門。提督萬正色以水師攻海壇，分兵為六隊前進，自統巨艦繼；又以輕舟繞出左右，發炮毀錦師船十六，兵三千餘入水死，錦將朱天貴引退。正色督兵追擊，斬錦將吳內、林勛。湄洲、南日、平海、崇武諸澳皆下。天貴出降。副都統沃申擊破錦將林英、張志，水陸並進，趨玉洲，國軒走還思明。錦將蘇堪以海澄降。啟聖分遣總兵趙得壽、黃大來從賴塔擊破陳洲、馬洲、灣腰山、觀音山、黃旗諸寨。興祚復與喇哈達等逐錦兵至潯尾，遂克厦門、金門，錦還臺灣。二十年，錦卒。