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Incendie du Bazar de la Charité

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Beucher de Saint-Ange, Carrière, Chevals, Cuvillier and 16 others
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The Bazar de la Charité was an annual charity event organized by the French Catholic aristocracy in Paris from 1885 onwards. It is best known for the fire at the 1897 bazaar that claimed 126 lives, many of them aristocratic women, the most eminent of whom was the Duchess of Alençon, née Duchess Sophie in Bavaria,[1] sister of the famous Empress Sisi and onetime fiancée of King Ludwig II of Bavaria.

The Bazar de la Charité was held annually in a variety of locations by a consortium of charitable organizations that shared renting fees, reducing costs and grouping potential buyers.

Fire of 1897

In 1897 the Bazar was held in a large wooden shed, 80 by 13 metres, at Rue Jean-Goujon 17, in the 8th arrondissement of Paris. Within this shed a fantasy medieval street was built with wood, cardboard, cloth and papier-mache. Exits were not properly marked.[2] These incidences would contribute considerably to the disaster.[3] A novel attraction at this Bazar was a cinematograph.

On the afternoon of 4 May, the second of the planned four days of the bazaar, the projectionist's equipment (using a system of ether and oxygen rather than electricity) caught fire.[4] The resulting blaze, and the panic of the crowd, claimed the lives of 126 people, mostly aristocratic women. Over 200 people were additionally injured from the fire.[5] The disaster was reported nationally and internationally.

Some of the visitors fleeing through the courtyard were saved by the cook and manageress of the Hôtel du Palais, M. Gauméry and Mme Roche-Sautier (respectively), who helped them escape the fire through the kitchen windows to the adjoining building.[6] The identification of charred remains by the use of dental records was a landmark in the early history of forensic dentistry.[7] Among the victims was Henri Feulard, a leading French dermatologist.

In the aftermath of the disaster, an anonymous benefactor donated 937,438 francs to the charitable purposes for which the bazaar had been organised, equivalent to the amount raised by the previous year's bazaar.[8]

Chapel of Our Lady of Consolation

An expiatory chapel, Notre-Dame de Consolation, was built on the location of the Bazar. This chapel is dedicated to victims of fire and serves the Italian Catholic community in Paris.

Victims of the fire

The following individuals were numbered among the 126 victims of the fire.

  • Sophie Charlotte of Bavaria, Duchess of Alençon (1847-1897). A leading patron of the bazaar, she had insisted on remaining until all those working under her had been rescued. Her body was unrecognisable, even to her personal maid, but was identified by her dentist on the basis of her gold fillings.[9]
  • Claire Beucher de Saint Ange (1829-1897), sister of Laure Beucher (below). The two were visitors to the bazaar.[10] Her body was burned beyond recognition but she was initially identified by her maid on the basis of her red flannels, and the identification was later confirmed by her husband, General Eugène Chevals, from a scar on her breast.[11]
  • Laure Beucher de Saint Ange (1827-1897), sister of Claire Beucher (above). The two were visitors to the bazaar.[12] The baroness of Saint Ange's body was burned beyond recognition but was identified by her maid on the basis of three rings she had been wearing.[13]
  • Elise Blonska (1835-1897). A Russian immigrant who was librarian to Jules Claretie, she had been working a stall raising money for the blind. Her body, burned beyond recognition, was identified by her orthopaedic corset.[14] She was buried in the Montparnasse Cemetery on 13 May.[15]
  • Dona Adélaïda Corradi y Anduga, Madame Florez (1847-1897), died of her injuries in Beaujon Hospital.[16]
  • Claire Dalloyau (1838-1897), wife of Auguste Bouvyer, was a member of the Third Order of Saint Dominic.[17] She and her daughter were working at the duchess of Alençon's stall. The daughter suffered serious burns but survived. Mrs Bouvyer's body was entirely consumed by the fire, with no part recovered, requiring a court order to pronounce her dead.[18]
  • Lucie Dehondt (1871-1897), in religion Sr Vincent of the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, was present with Sr Marie Ginoux and Valérie Verhasselt (both below) to raise money for the orphans of Le Raincy.[19]
  • Thérèse Donon (1857-1897), baroness Saint-Didier, attended the bazaar to assist her husband's aunt, the dowager baroness Saint-Didier (Louise Pedra, below). After being rescued she re-entered the building thinking her niece, Mademoiselle Kergorlay, was still inside.[20]
  • Marie du Quesne (1857-1897), Viscountess Bonneval, whose husband had been a member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Third French Republic from 1885 to 1889. She was helping at one of the stalls in the bazaar. After escaping the fire she had re-entered the building to try to help a friend. Her body was identified by her husband on the basis of her jewellery. Her 15-year-old daughter fell ill and died nine days later.[21] Both were buried in the family vault in Issoudun.[22]
  • Dr Henri Feulard (1858-1897), visited the bazaar together with his wife, their ten-year-old daughter Germaine (above), and the family maid Ernestine Moreau (below). The family became separated in the stampede. Dr Feulard re-entered the building in an attempt to save his daughter, but both perished, as did Ernestine Moreau. Mrs Feulard suffered critical burn injuries,[23] but survived.[24]
  • Juilie Garivet (1853-1897), in religion Sr Marie-Madeleine of the Blind Sisters of St Paul
  • Anna Ginoux de Fermon (1863-1897), in religion Sr Marie of the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, was the superior of her order's house in Le Raincy. She was present with Sr Vincent Dehondt (above) and Valérie Verhasselt (below) to raise money for the orphans of Le Raincy.[25] Her remains were transported to Brittany for burial in the family vault. Her funeral mass was attended by thousands, including the Daughters of Charity of Nantes and 25 priests from the neighbourhood.[26]
  • Blanche Grossier, (1852-1897), wife of the industrialist Achille Chouippe, who employed upwards of 300 workers. She kept the company accounts and took care to do right by her husband's employees. She had visited the bazaar as a customer. Her body was identified from her clothes.[27]
  • Léonie Guillaumet (1868-1897), a young woman attached to the Daughters of Charity of St Vincent de Paul of Saint-Louis-en-l'Isle, accompanied Sr Joseph Sabatier (below) to assist with her efforts.[28]
  • Amélie Guyard-Delalain, (1829-1897), wife of Alfred Carteron and mother of Jeanne Carteron (above). She was at the bazaar to help with a stall to support the charitable works of the parish of Saint-Roch, Paris.[29]
  • Hélène de Haber, Comtesse de Horn (1831-1897), died of her injuries in Beaujon Hospital.[30]
  • Marie Hoskier (1858-1897), was the daughter of Emile Hoskier, the Danish consul general in Paris, and of Elise Weyer (below), and the wife of Eugène Roland-Gosselin, who belonged to a leading family of Parisian stockbrokers. A Protestant convert to Catholicism, she was very active in charitable projects.[31] Her mother also died in the fire.
  • Emma Jaume (1830-1897), wife of General Warnet, her second husband. She had previously been widowed as Madame de Terrasse, and visited the bazaar because her daughter by her first marriage was running a stall to benefit the Daughters of Charity of St Vincent de Paul of Clichy.[32] She was buried with her parents in the Cimetière Saint-Martin, Perpignan.[33]
  • Jeanne de Kergorlay (1849-1897), wife of Jean Guy de Poilloüe, count Saint-Périer, and mother of (among others) René de Saint-Périer. A large woman, she remained inside the building giving a leg-up to others escaping through a high window (including her niece, Mademoiselle Kergorlay) until the floor gave way.[34] Her body was identified by her children's governess on the basis of her jewellery, and the identification confirmed by her father.[35]
  • Eugénie Marlé (1853-1897), wife of Louis Chapuis, a businessmen in the Bercy neighbourhood, active in the charitable works of the parish of Saint Roch. Her body was burnt beyond recognition but was identified due to a bracelet.[36]
  • Christianne Meilhac (1882-1897), aged 15, visited the bazaar together with her grandfather, Victor Poidevin (below), and an old friend his, Dr Ernest Rochet (below). After calling at the stall where Mrs Rochet was assisting Viscountess Malézieu (above), the three took a turn around the building to admire the decorations. They were at the furthest point from the exit when the fire started.[37] Ms Meilhac's body was not identified for several days, until after her grandfather's funeral had already taken place.[38]
  • Laura Meinell, Viscountess d'Avenel (1855-1897). The wife of the economic historian Viscount Georges d'Avenel, Viscountess d'Avenel kept a salon noted for the attendance of leading figures in literature, the arts and diplomacy. On returning home from the catastrophe she did not seem seriously hurt, but she later died of internal injuries.[39] She was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery.[40]
  • Ernestine Moreau (1862-1897). Maid to the Feulard family (above), she was buried in Montmartre Cemetery.[41]
  • Louiza Francesca Pedra (1816-1897), dowager baroness of Saint-Didier. Born in London to Portuguese parents, and growing up in England, in 1836 she married Baron Armand-Aimé de Saint-Didier, a magistrate who would go on to become a director of the Compagnie des chemins de fer du Nord. As a widow she divided her time between socialising and charity work.[42]
  • Pénélope Petrocochino (1836-1897), Widow of Antoine Vlasto, died of her injuries three days after the incident.[43]
  • Victor Poidevin (1825-1897), visited the bazaar together with his granddaughter, Christiane Meilhac (above), and an old friend, Dr Ernest Rochet (below). After calling at the stall where Mrs Rochet was assisting Viscountess Malézieu (above), the three took a turn around the building to admire the decorations. They were at the furthest point from the exit when the fire started.[44]
  • Aline Ramboug, Madame Anatole Le Brun de Sesseval (1826-1897), was rescued from the fire by her 15-year-old granddaughter, Mademoiselle de Froissard, who re-entered the building to save her, but she died of her injuries four days later.[45]
  • Marguerite Rémond (1835-1897), in religion Sr Sainte Claire of the Blind Sisters of St Paul
  • Dr Ernest Rochet (1830-1897), visited the bazaar together with a friend, Mr Poidevin (above) and his granddaughter, Christiane Meilhac (above). After calling at the stall where Mrs Rochet was helping Viscountess Malézieu (above), the three took a turn around the building to admire the decorations. They were at the furthest point from the exit when the fire started. Dr Rochet was identified by scraps of clothing burnt to his body.[46]
  • Adèle Sabatier (1830-1897), in religion Sr Joseph of the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, was one of three Daughters of Charity to die in the fire, the only one from the community in Saint-Louis-en-l'Isle.[47]
  • Valérie Verhasselt (1876-1897), aged 20, a boarder at the orphanage run by the Daughters of Charity of St Vincent de Paul in Le Raincy, had accompanied Sr Marie Ginoux and Sr Vincent Dehondt (both above) to the bazaar. She was buried in Raincy cemetery.[48]
  • Elise Weyer (1836-1897), wife of Emile Hoskier, the Danish consul general in Paris, died together with her daughter Marie Hoskier (above), wife of the stockbroker Eugène Roland-Gosselin.

Wikipedia

Le Bazar de la Charité est une vente de bienfaisance mise sur pied en 1885 par le financier Henry Blount et présidée par le baron de Mackau. Le principe en était de vendre des objets — lingerie et colifichets divers —, au profit des plus démunis.

Organisé sur un terrain à bâtir à l'emplacement des actuels nos 15 à 19 de la rue Jean-Goujon à Paris, le Bazar fut le théâtre, le 4 mai 1897, d'un dramatique incendie causé par la combustion des vapeurs de l'éther utilisé pour alimenter la lampe du projecteur du cinématographe, encore une nouveauté à l'époque.

La catastrophe coûte la vie à plus de cent vingt personnes, la plupart étant des femmes charitables issues de la haute société parisienne. On retrouvera parmi les victimes, entre autres, Sophie-Charlotte, duchesse d'Alençon (sœur de l'impératrice « Sissi »), la peintre et céramiste Camille Moreau-Nélaton et Madame de Valence et ses deux filles.

La tragédie, qui a marqué bien des esprits de l'époque, a suscité de nombreuses réactions, dont certaines mettant en question l'avenir du cinéma — jugé responsable —, considéré alors non comme un art, mais comme un simple divertissement de foire

Liste des victimes
D'après « La terrible Catastrophe du 4 mai 1897. Liste complète des victimes, des blessées et des blessés, des sauveteurs et des bienfaiteurs » qui donne de plus 5 victimes indirectes, et présente dans l'ordre « les Dames » (femmes mariées ou religieuses), « les Damoiselles », et « les Messieurs » :

Religieuses

Princesse

Hommes

Jeunes filles

Dames

Victimes indirectes

  • le général Léon de Poillouë de Saint Mars, une des têtes de turc favorites d'Alphonse Allais, meurt d'une crise cardiaque en apprenant la mort de sa sœur dans l'incendie. Il s'est avéré plus tard qu'elle avait survécu.
  • le duc d'Aumale est terrassé par une crise cardiaque le 7 mai, après avoir rédigé une vingtaine de lettres de condoléances aux familles des victimes de la noblesse. Il venait d'apprendre le décès de sa nièce par alliance, la duchesse d'Alençon, dans cette catastrophe.

Wikipedia
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