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Elmore County was established on February 15, 1866, from portions of Autauga, Coosa, Tallapoosa, and Montgomery counties.
The French established Fort Toulouse at the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa in 1717.
Gen. Andrew Jackson then erected Fort Jackson in 1814 at the site of Fort Toulouse following the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.
On July 2, 1901, a local mob lynched Robert (or perhaps Robin) White. In a strange turn of events, a local farmer, George Howard confessed in court to the killing and named five other local men as killers. Three men were convicted in the killing and sentenced to ten years in prison. On 9 June 1902, they were pardoned by Governor Jelks. In 1915 another Black man was taken from the local jail and murdered.
In 1950, a City Planning Board was formed in the county seat of Wetumpka.
In 1957, the National Guard Armory was constructed in the county seat of Wetumpka.
The county is named for Gen. John Archer Elmore.