Follow
From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_injection
Lethal injection is the practice of injecting a person with a fatal dose of drugs (typically a barbiturate, paralytic, and potassium solution) for the express purpose of causing immediate death. The main application for this procedure is capital punishment, but the term may also be applied in a broad sense to euthanasia and suicide. It kills the person by first putting the person to sleep, and then stopping the breathing and heart, in that order.
History
Lethal injection gained popularity in the late twentieth century as a form of execution intended to supplant other methods, notably electrocution, hanging, firing squad, gas chamber, and beheading, that were considered to be more painful. It is now the most common form of execution in the United States of America.
Lethal Injection, known as putting someone to death, was first proposed on January 17, 1888, by Julius Mount Bleyer,[1] a New York doctor who praised it as being cheaper than hanging.[2] Bleyer's idea, however, was never used. Half a century later, Nazi Germany developed the Action T4 euthanasia program as one of its methods of disposing of Lebensunwertes Leben ("life unworthy of life").[3] The British Royal Commission on Capital Punishment (1949–53) also considered lethal injection, but eventually ruled it out after pressure from the British Medical Association (BMA).[2]
On May 11, 1977, Oklahoma's state medical examiner, Jay Chapman, proposed a new, less painful method of execution, known as Chapman's Protocol: "An intravenous saline drip shall be started in the prisoner's arm, into which shall be introduced a lethal injection consisting of an ultra-short-acting barbiturate in combination with a chemical paralytic."[4][5] After the procedure was approved by anesthesiologist Stanley Deutsch, formerly Head of the Department of Anaesthesiology of the Oklahoma University Medical School,[3] the Reverend Bill Wiseman introduced the method into the Oklahoma legislature, where it passed and was quickly adopted (Title 22, Section 1014(A)). Since then, until 2004, thirty-seven of the thirty-eight states using capital punishment introduced lethal injection statutes.[5] On August 29, 1977,[6] Texas adopted the new method of execution, switching to lethal injection from electrocution. On December 7, 1982, Texas became the first state to use lethal injection to carry out capital punishment, for the execution of Charles Brooks, Jr.[7][8]
The People's Republic of China began using this method in 1997, Guatemala in 1998, the Philippines in 1999, Thailand in 2003, and the Republic of China (Taiwan) in 2005.[2] Vietnam reportedly now uses this method.[9][10] The Philippines has since abolished the death penalty.
The export of drugs to be used for lethal injection was banned by the European Union (EU) in 2011, together with other items under the EU Torture Regulation.
By early 2014 a number of botched executions involving lethal injection, and a rising shortage of suitable drugs, had some U.S. states reconsidering lethal injection as a form of execution. Tennessee, which had previously offered inmates a choice between lethal injection and the electric chair, passed a law in May 2014 which gave the state the option to use the electric chair if lethal injection drugs are either unavailable or made unconstitutional.[11] At the same time, Wyoming and Utah were considering the use of firing squads in addition to existing execution methods.[12]
Several states have already changed their lethal injection protocols to allow for the use of the more readily available pentobarbital - long used to euthanize animals - in place of sodium thiopental, including Mississippi, Ohio, Oklahoma, Texas, and Virginia.
Notes
- 1. "Tödliche Injektion" (in German). todesstrafe.de. Archived from the original on May 6, 2006.
- 2. a b c d "Capital Punishment U.K.: Lethal injection". Archived from the original on 2006-10-04.[dead link]
- 3. a b R. McGowen. The Lethal Injection: The Origins of Lethal Injection.
- 4. "So Long as They Die: Lethal Injections in the United States" 18 (1(G)). Human Rights Watch. April 2006. Unknown ID G1801.
- 5. a b "I. Development of Lethal Injection Protocols", So Long as They Die: Lethal Injections in the United States 18 (1(G)), Human Rights Watch, April 2006, Unknown ID G1801
- 6. "Texas Execution Procedures and History". Archived from the original on 15 July 2011.
- 7. Groner JI (2002). "Lethal injection: a stain on the face of medicine". BMJ 325 (7371): 1026–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7371.1026. PMC 1124498. PMID 12411367.
- 8. "Death Row Facts". Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
- 9. "Vietnam to replace firing squads with lethal injections". Viet News Online.[dead link]
- 10. THANHNIENNEWS (October 23, 2012). "Lethal injections to replace guns in November". TalkVietnam.
- 11. Berman, Mark (May 23, 2014). "Tennessee has long had the electric chair, but now it's going to be available for more executions". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 23, 2014.
- 12. Neary, Ben (May 22, 2014). "Will Wyoming turn to firing squads for executions?". CBS News. Associated Press. Retrieved May 23, 2014.
Additional Resources
- UC Berkeley's Death Penalty Clinic has gathered legal resources and journal articles and organized it into this lethal injection clearinghouse.
- California Lethal Injection Protocols (pdf)
- California Executions Remain on Hold Through 2011, San Jose Mercury News. May 3, 2011.
- Georgia Execution Drug is Seized, Wall Street Journal. March 16, 2011.
- A Brief History of Lethal Injection,Time Magazine. Nov. 10, 2009.
- In the Eye of the Storm: A Judge's Experience In Lethal Injection Litigation, Jeremy Fogel. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 35. June 2008.
- The Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Thiopental as Used in Lethal Injection For Execution(pdf) Mark Dershwitz & Thomas K. Henthorn. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 35. June 2008.
- So Long as They Die: Lethal Injections in the United States, Human Rights Watch. April 2006.
- When Law and Ethics Collide - Why Physicians Participate in Executions, Atul Gawande. New England Journal of Medicine, 354. March 2006.
Famous People Who Died of Lethal Injection (50 of 175)
From: http://www.ranker.com/list/famous-people-who-died-of-lethal-injecti...
- John Wayne Gacy (1942-1994)
- Aileen Wuornos (1956-2002)
- William Bonin (1947-1996)
- Timothy Mc Veigh (1968-2001)
- Ángel Maturino Reséndiz
- Stanley Williams (1953-2005)
- Stephen Wayne Anderson (1953-2002)
- Manny Babbitt (1949-1999)
- Tony Anthony Davis (1968-2011)
- Danny Rolling (1954-2006)
- Alton Coleman (1955-2002)
- Arthur Gary Bishop (1952-1988)
- John Allen Muhammad (1960-2009)
- Carroll Cole (1938-1985)
- Paul Jennings Hill (1954-2003)
- Bruno Lüdke (1908-1944)
- Ronald Clark O’Bryan (1944-1984)
- Kenneth Biros (1958-2009)
- Larry Griffin (1954-1995)
- Oba Chandler (1946-2011)
- Clarence Ray Allen (1930-2006)
- Dennis Bagwell (1963-2005)
- Jack Alderman (1951-2008)
- James Lee Clark (1968-2007)
- Louis Jones, Jr. (1950-2003)
- Jeffrey Lundgren (1950-2006)
- Michael Bruce Ross (1959-2005)
- Thomas Harrison Provenzano (1949-2000)
- Christina Marie Riggs (1971-2000)
- Gary M Heidnik (1943-1999)
- Kenneth Mc Duff (1946-1998)
- Marion Albert Pruett (1949-1999)
- Karla Faye Tucker (1959-1998)
- Roger Dale Stafford (1951-1995)
- William Smith (1957-2005)
- David Thomas Dawson (1957-2006)
- Glenn Lee Benner II (1962-2006)
- Wilford Berry Jr (1962-1999)
- John William Byrd Jr (1963-2002)
- Willie Williams (1956-2005)
- Stephen Allan Vrabel (1956-2004)
- David M Brewer (1959-2003)
- Ronald Gene Simmons (1940-1990)
- Ángel Nieves Díaz (1951-2006)
- Scott Andrew Mink (1963-2004)
- Velma Barfield (1932-1984)
- Herman Ashworth (1973-2005)
- John R Hicks (1956-2005)
- Christopher Newton (1969-2007)
- Gary Lee Davis (1944-1997)
For additional list of People executed by Lethal Injection see:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_executed_by_lethal_in...
(Has links to the following sites:)
- ► American people executed by lethal injection (3 C)
- ► British people executed by lethal injection (2 P)
- ► Canadian people executed by lethal injection (1 P)
- ► People executed by China by lethal injection (7 P)
- ► Chinese people executed by lethal injection (6 P)
- ► Dutch people executed by lethal injection (1 P)
- ► Filipino people executed by lethal injection (1 P)
- ► French people executed by lethal injection (1 P)
- ► German people executed by lethal injection (2 P)
- ► People executed by Germany by lethal injection (5 P)
- ► People executed by Guatemala by lethal injection (1 P)
- ► Guatemalan people executed by lethal injection (1 P)
- ► Mexican people executed by lethal injection (4 P)
- ► Pakistani people executed by lethal injection (1 P)
- ► People executed by the Philippines by lethal injection (1 P)
- ► Trinidad and Tobago people executed by lethal injection (1 P)
- ► People executed by the United States by lethal injection (32 C)
jump back to Cause of death portal
this project is in HistoryLink
