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Project Goals
This project is a meeting place for users who share the R-Y93579 Y-DNA haplogroup, which means they are related along their paternal lines. Users in this group may want to share their family trees with each other to find overlaps and merge duplicate profiles in order to join or expand the World Family Tree and discover new relatives.
Background
Y93579 is a deep subclade of the large R-U106 haplogroup.
Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor
- FamilyTreeDNA Time Tree R-Y93579 age estimate is 671 CE.
- YFull Ytree R-Y93579 age estimate is 700 years before present.
- Ages of clades under R-U106 (Iain McDonald)
- List of the ages derived for R1b-P312 clade (Iain McDonald)
Y-DNA SNP Reference Trees
R1b computed Jan 04 2023 using YFull v10.08.00
Total in System: 32620 samples, 57 ancient
R1b on YFull has 620 ancient or scientific study samples not in the FTDNA Big Y Tree
- ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree
- YDNA-Warehouse Phylogenetic Tree
- YHRD Y-SNP Branch Information on R1b-U106
- Indo-European.eu Ancient DNA Dataset (Carlos Quiles)
- Tree structure of U106 (Iain McDonald R-U106 specific)
- The Big Tree (Alex Williamson R-P312 specific)
Testing
Y-DNA Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) is recommended over STR or individual SNP testing to confirm haplogroup R-U106 and downstream SNPs (NGS at least 15 Mbp at 30x depth). Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) will also provide up to 100% Y-DNA coverage, but is not required.
- FamilyTreeDNA Big Y-700
- Full Genomes Y Elite
- YDNA-Warehouse Testing Benchmarks
- YDNA-Warehouse T2T Experiments
- ISOGG Y-DNA SNP testing chart
Autosomal DNA (atDNA)
atDNA testing can help locate additional candidates for testing.
Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) & Health
- 23andMe
- YSEQ
- Dante Labs
- Veritas myGenome
- Nebula Genomics
- Full Genomes
- Genomics Personalized Health
- Novogene
- Psomagen
- BGI
Contribute
It is recommended you share your BAM files with NGS Y-DNA scientists & researchers.
If you have an Autosomal DNA kit (atDNA), it is recommended you share/link your kit with relevant sites to locate additional matches.
- GEDmatch
- WikiTree
- DNAGedcom
- FREE AncestryDNA, 23andMe or MyHeritage Transfers to FamilyTreeDNA
- How do I link Family Tree DNA test results to my Geni.com profile?
Additional Resources
- FamilyTreeDNA U106 project
- Groups.io R1b-U106 forum
- Anthrogenica R1b-U106 discussion forum
- Eupedia Haplogroup R1b Y-DNA
- Eupedia R1b forum
- Wikipedia Haplogroup R1b
- Wikipedia Haplogroup R-M269
- The Genetic Geneaologist (Blaine Bettinger)
- DNAeXplained (Roberta Estes)
- Haplogroup.org (Rebekah A. Canada)
- Indo-European.eu Haplogroup R1b-M269 Maps
Historical Context
- Prehistoric Europe
- Genetic history of Europe
- Wikipedia Y-DNA haplogroups
- Eupedia Y-DNA haplogroups
- Aurignacian culture (43,000–28,000 ybp)
- Last Glacial Maximum (26,500-20,000 ybp)
- Gravettian culture (33,000-21,000 ybp)
- Solutrean culture (22,000–17,000 ybp)
- Franco-Cantabrian region
- Epigravettian culture (21,000–10,000 ybp)
- Magdalenian culture (17,000–12,000 ybp)
- Oldest Dryas (16,500-14,500 ybp)
- Meltwater pulse 1A (14,700-13,500 ybp)
- Flood myth
Hamburg culture (15,500-13,100 ybp)
- Federmesser culture (14,000-12,800 ybp)
- Azilian culture (14,000–10,000 ybp)
- Creswellian culture (13,000–11,800 ybp)
- Younger Dryas (12,900-11,700 ybp)
- Neolithic Europe (circa 7000–3000 BCE)
- Spread of megalithic architecture in Europe
- Venus figurines
- * Nubian languages
- * Nubians
- * Nubia -> Nubian Desert
- * Kerma culture (circa 2500-1500 BCE)
- * Nubia -> Nubian Desert
- Nilotic languages
- Khoisan languages
- * Nubians
North African & Horn of Africa
- Eupedia Haplogroup E1b1b
- Afroasiatic languages
- Ethiopians
- Somalis
- Cushitic languages
- Land of Punt
- Opone
- Egyptians
- King Atlas of Mauretania
- Atlantis
- Ogygia
- Ogygian deluge
- Tenoumer crater (21,400 ± 9700 ybp)
- Kiffian culture (circa 8000–6000 BCE)
- Capsian culture (circa 8000–2700 BCE)
- Richat Structure
- Mauri
- Mauretania
- Mauritania
- Atlas Mountains
- Maghrebis
- Berber languages
- Berbers
- Tuaregs
- Moors
- Guanches
- Pelasgians
- Timbuktu
- Numidians
- Numidia
Proto-Chadic Return to Africa
- Turkic
- Xiongnu
- Göktürks
- Göktürk Khaganate
- Oghuz languages
- Kipchak languages
- Karluk languages
- Siberian Turkic
- North Siberian
- South Siberian
- * Mongols
Wikipedia Haplogroup L-M20 (Elite Hun grave)
- Indus Valley Civilization (circa 3300–1300 BCE)
- Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis
- Meluhha
- Sarmatians
- Scythians
- Sogdia
- Bactria
- Massagetae
- * Western
- * Kurdish languages
- Central
- Eastern
- * Burusho (Hunza)
- * Sindh
- Seleucid Empire
- Parthian Empire
- Sasanian Empire
- Safavid dynasty
- Umayyad Caliphate
- Abbasid Caliphate
- Seljuk Empire
- Mongol Empire
- Ottoman Empire
- Eupedia Haplogroup T
- Shulaveri-Shomu culture (circa 6000-4000 BCE)
- Kura–Araxes culture (circa 3400-2000 BCE)
- Sea Peoples
- Sherden
- * Canaan
- * Aquitani
- * Gallia Aquitania -> Novempopulania -> Gascony (see Proto-Basque & Gascon)
Indigenous Austronesians
- Homo luzonensis
- Wikipedia Haplogroup K2b
- Aboriginal Australians
- Deep Roots for Aboriginal Australian Y Chromosomes
- Bullroarer
- Maniq
- Semang
- Aeta
East Asian, Southeast Asian & Austronesian
- * Formosan languages
- * Gojoseon - > Buyeo -> Goguryeo -> Balhae / Unified Silla -> Goryeo -> Joseon -> Korean Empire
- Yamato
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
- Pre-Greek substrate
- Ancient Macedonian language
- Macedonians
- Kartvelian languages
- Kartvelians (Georgians)
- Abasgoi
- Abazins
- Abkhazians
- Circassians
- Colchis
- Caucasian Iberia
- Caucasian Albania
- Caspians
- Saspers
- Cardium pottery culture (circa 6400-5500 BCE)
- Arzachena culture (circa 4000-3000 BCE)
- Ozieri culture (circa 3200-2800 BCE)
- Maykop culture (circa 3700-3000 BCE)
- Trialeti culture
Ahrensburg culture (12,900-11,700 ybp)
Linear Pottery culture (circa 5500–4500 BCE)
Funnelbeaker culture (circa 4300-2800 BCE)
- Viking expansion
- Varangians
- Varangian Guard
- Novgorod Republic
- Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks
- Volga trade route
- Mordovia
- Norse colonization of North America
- Saga of Erik the Red
- Vinland
- Erik Thorvaldsson (Erik the Red)
- Bjarni Herjólfsson
- Thorfinn Karlsefni
- Leif Erikson
- Eupedia Haplogroup I2
- Paleo-Sardinian language
- Nuragic civilization (circa 1800-238 BCE)
- Torrean civilization (circa 1800-500 BCE)
- List of ancient Corsican and Sardinian tribes
- Baden culture (circa 3600–2800 BCE)
- Iberian language
- Iberians
- Slovenia
- Croatia
- Bosnia
- Montenegro
- Roman Empire
- Byzantine Empire
Swiderian culture (circa 11,000–8200 BCE)
- Sredny Stog culture (circa 4000–3500 BCE)
- Globular Amphora culture (circa 3400–2800 BCE)
- Hilversum culture (circa 3450 ybp)
- Bagpipes
- Prehistory of Brittany
- Andorra
- Goidelic substrate hypothesis
- Neolithic British Isles (circa 4000-2500 BCE)
- Windmill Hill culture (circa 3000 BCE)
- Wessex culture (circa 2000-1400 BCE)
- * Vandals
- Viking expansion
- Varangians
- Varangian Guard
- Novgorod Republic
- Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks
- Volga trade route
- Mordovia
- Ancient Near East
- Fertile Crescent
- Mesopotamia
- Sumer
- Sumerians
- Akkadian Empire
- Amorites
- Babylon
- Assyria
- Babylonia
- Roman Empire
- Byzantine Empire
- Parthian Empire
- Sasanian Empire
- Umayyad Caliphate
- Abbasid Caliphate
- Fatimid Caliphate
- Seljuk Empire
- Mongol Empire
- Ottoman Empire
- Kurdistan
- Y-chromosomal Aaron
- Hashemites
- Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz
- House of Saud
- Bedouin
- Himyaritic language
- Himyarite Kingdom
- Yemen
- Saracens
Greeks
- Bull worship
- Bull-leaping
- Bull-fighting
- Attic Greek
- Ancient Greeks
- Mycenaeans
- Sparta
- Minoans
- Cyrpus
- Anatolian Turks
- Hattians
- Atropates
- Atropatene
- Azerbaijani people
- Azerbaijan
Proto-Indo-Europeans (R1)
- Kurgan hypothesis
- Mal'ta–Buret' culture (24,000-15,000 ybp)
- Afontova Gora culture (21,000-12,000 ybp)
- Trialetian culture (16,000–8000 ybp)
- Samara culture (circa 5000-4500 BCE)
- Khvalynsk culture (circa 5000-4500 BCE)
- Afanasievo culture (circa 3300-2500 BCE)
- Andronovo culture (circa 2000–900 BCE)
Eupedia Yamna Culture (circa 3500-2500 BCE)
Several genetic studies performed since 2015 have given support to the Kurgan theory of Marija Gimbutas regarding the Indo-European Urheimat – that Indo-European languages spread throughout Europe from the Eurasian steppes and that the Yamnaya culture were Proto-Indo-Europeans. According to those studies, haplogroups R1b and R1a, now the most common in Europe (with R1a also being common in South Asia), would have expanded from the Pontic–Caspian steppes, along with the Indo-European languages. They also detected an autosomal component present in modern Europeans which was not present in Neolithic Europeans, which would have been introduced with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as Indo-European languages in the Bronze Age.
Proto-Baltio-Slavic (R1a-Z283)
- Dnieper–Donets culture (circa 5000–4200 BCE)
Corded Ware culture (circa 2900-2350 BCE)
A genetic study conducted by Haak et al. (2015) found that a large proportion of the ancestry of the Corded Ware culture's population is similar to the Yamna culture, tracing the Corded Ware culture's origins to migrations of the Yamna from the steppes 4,500 years ago. About 75% of the DNA of late Neolithic Corded Ware skeletons found in Germany was a precise match to DNA from individuals of the Yamna culture. The same study estimated a 40–54% ancestral contribution of the Yamna in the DNA of modern Central & Northern Europeans, and a 20–32% contribution in modern Southern Europeans, excluding Sardinians (7.1% or less), and to a lesser extent Sicilians (11.6% or less). Haak et al. also note that their results "suggest" that haplogroups R1b and R1a "spread into Europe from the East after 3,000 BCE.
In terms of phenotypes, Wilde et al. (2014) and Haak et al. (2015) found that the intrusive Yamna population, generally inferred to be the first speakers of an Indo-European language in the Corded Ware culture zone, were overwhelmingly dark-eyed (brown), dark-haired and had a skin colour that was moderately light, though somewhat darker than that of the average modern European. These studies also showed that light pigmentation traits had already existed in pre-Indo-European Neolithic Europeans (in both farmers and hunter-gatherers), so long-standing philological attempts to correlate them with the arrival of Indo-Europeans from the steppes were misguided.
Autosomal DNA tests also indicate that the Yamna migration from the steppes introduced a component of ancestry referred to as "Ancient North Eurasian" admixture into Europe. "Ancient North Eurasian" is the name given in genetic literature to a component that represents descent from the people of the Mal'ta-Buret' culture or a population closely related to them. The "Ancient North Eurasian" genetic component is visible in tests of the Yamna people as well as modern-day Europeans, but not of Western or Central Europeans predating the Corded Ware culture.
- Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture (circa 3200–2300 BCE)
- Trzciniec culture (circa 1900–1200 BCE)
- Lusatian culture (circa 1300–500 BCE)
- Pomeranian culture (circa 650-150 BCE)
- Przeworsk culture
- Zarubintsy culture
- Oksywie culture
- Balts
- Slavs
- List of medieval Slavic peoples and tribes
Turkic (R1a-Z93)
- Kazakhs
- Kipchaks
- Cumans
- Mamluk
- Cossacks
- Huns
- Tarim mummies
- Tocharians
- Kyrgyz people
- Kyrgyzstan
- Tajiks
- Tajikistan
- Yuezhi
- Wusun
- Liqian
- No Romans needed to explain Chinese blondes
- Pashtuns
- Hunza
Proto-Balkano-Anatolian-Italo-Celtic-Germanic (R1b-M269)
Balkano-Anatolian (R1b-Z2103)
- Hittite language
- Hittites
- Pontic Mountains
- Trojan language
- Troy
- Thracian language
- Thracians
- Thracia
- Albanian language
- Scordisci
- Armenian hypothesis
- Glottalic theory
- Urartu
- Armenian language
- Armenia
- Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
- Phrygian language
- Phrygians
- Phrygia
- Tectosages
- Bashkirs
- Bashkortostan
- Turkmenistan
Proto-Italo-Celtic-Germanic (R1b-L11)
Funnelbeaker culture ("circa" 4300-2800 BCE)
Genetic studies suggest that Funnelbeaker women were incorporated into the Corded Ware culture through intermixing with incoming Corded Ware males, and that people of the Corded Ware culture continued to use Funnelbeaker megaliths as burial grounds. Subsequent cultures of Late Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age Central Europe display strong maternal genetic affinity with the Funnelbeaker culture.
The evidence suggested that the Battle Axe culture entered Scandinavia through a migration from Eastern Europe, after which Battle Axe males mixed with Funnelbeaker females.
- Bell Beaker culture (circa 2800–1800 BCE)
Early papers publishing results on European-wide Y-DNA marker frequencies, such as those of Semino (2000) and Rosser (2000), correlated haplogroup R1b-M269 with the earliest episodes of European colonization by anatomically modern humans (AMH). The peak frequencies of M269 in Iberia (especially the Basque region) and the Atlantic façade were postulated to represent signatures of re-colonization of the European West following the Last Glacial Maximum. However, even prior to recent criticisms and refinements, the idea that Iberian R1b carrying males repopulated most of western Europe was not consistent with findings which revealed that Italian M269 lineages are not derivative of Iberian ones.
More recently, data and calculations from Myres et al. (2011), Cruciani et al. (2011) Arredi et al. (2007), and Balaresque et al. (2010) suggest a Late Neolithic entry of M269 into Europe.
These hypotheses appear to be corroborated by more direct evidence from ancient DNA. R1b was detected in two male skeletons from a German Bell Beaker site dated to 2600–2500 BCE at Kromsdorf, one of which tested positive for M269 but negative for its U106 subclade (note that the P312 subclade was not tested for), while for the other skeleton the M269 test was unclear. A later Bell Beaker male skeleton from Quedlinburg, Germany dated to 2296–2206 BCE tested positive for R1b M269 P312 subclade. Ancient Y-DNA results for the remains of Beaker people from Iberia have yet to be obtained.
- Únětice culture (circa 2300-1600 BCE)
- Eupeida Unetice Culture
Tumulus culture (circa 1600 1200 BCE)
- Urnfield culture (circa 1300-750 BCE)
Proto-Italo-Celtic (R1b-P312)
Atlantic Celts (R1b-L21)
Gallic & Iberian Celts (R1b-DF27)
- Gaul
- Vasconic substratum theory
- Basque language
- Basques
- Aquitani
- Gallia Aquitania
- Asturleonese language
- Asturias
- Gallaeci
- Lusitanians
- Lusitania
- Roman Empire
- Byzantine Empire
Alpine Celts (R1b-U152)
- Hallstatt culture (circa 1200-500 BCE)
- La Tène culture (circa 450-1 BCE)
- Cisalpine Gaul (Gallia Cisalpina)
- Gallia Narbonensis
- Boii
- Noricum
- Rhaetian language
- Raeti
- Helvetii
- Arverni
- Évora
- Galatian language
- Galatia
- Roman Empire
- Byzantine Empire
Terramare culture (circa 1700–1150 BCE)
- Villanovan culture (circa 900-700 BCE)
- Etruscan civilization (circa 700-100 BCE)
Elp culture (circa 1800-800 BCE)
- Jastorf culture (circa 750 BCE-1 CE)
- * Franks -> French
- Marcomer
- Merovingians
- Carolingians
- Charles Martel ("The Hammer")
- Kingdom of France
- Irene of Athens
- * Suebi / Alemanni (see Mannus)