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The Tarnopol Ghetto (Polish: getto w Tarnopolu, German: Ghetto Tarnopol) was a Jewish World War II ghetto established in 1941 by the Schutzstaffel (SS) in the prewar Polish city of Tarnopol (now Ternopil, Ukraine) occupied by Germany at the onset of Operation Barbarossa. Before the joint Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939 Tarnopol was the capital of the Tarnopol Voivodeship in the south-eastern part of the Kresy macroregion in the Second Polish Republic. The invading Soviets annexed the city in 1939 to the Ukrainian SSR along with the entire province and renamed it as Терно́поль (Ternopol).
According to Polish census of 1931, Jews constituted 44% of the city's diverse multicultural makeup. Tarnopol had the largest Jewish community in the area, with the majority of Jews speaking Polish as their native language. At the time of the Soviet invasion there were 18,000 Jews living in the provincial capital. Meanwhile, the first week-long killing spree of 1,600–2,000 Jews occurred a few days after Tarnopol was occupied by the German army at the beginning of hostilities between the two allies. The Ghetto was established formally two months later.