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Alleged and otherwise
~• an historical chronology
- 1798 Alien and Sedition Acts
- "The acts were denounced by Democratic-Republicans as suppression of voters and violation of free speech under the First Amendment. While they were in effect, the Alien and Sedition Acts, and the Sedition Act in particular, were used to suppress publishers affiliated with the Democratic-Republicans, and several publishers were arrested for criticism of the Adams administration. The Democratic-Republicans took power in 1800, in part because of backlash to the Alien and Sedition Acts, and all but the Alien Enemies Act were eliminated by the next Congress."
- 1800 Senator James Ross proposes legislation subverting the Constitution (see his profile for project links
- press opposition by William Duane
- In 1800, the Aurora played a singular role in defeating efforts in the Federalist-controlled Congress to, in effect, steal the presidency from Adams's challenger, Thomas Jefferson. It published details of the Ross Bill which would have established a closed-door Grand Committee, chaired by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, an Adams appointee, with powers to disqualify College electors.
- press opposition by William Duane
- 1844-1860 Know Nothing Party Nativist Party (see also: Nativism in the Native American Party that preceded the Know Nothing-Whigs
- 1868 14th Amendment
- 1870s The Enforcement Acts there were three
- "They were criminal codes that protected African Americans’ right to vote, to hold office, to serve on juries, and receive equal protection of laws."
- 1871 October Philadelphia PA as reported: Pittsburgh Weekly Gazette 13 Oct 1871, Fri ·Page 2 (White Democrats vs. Black Republicans)
- 1871 Oct. 10th the death of Octavious Catto findagrave
- he was shot and killed in election-day violence in Philadelphia, where ethnic Irish of the Democratic Party, who were anti-Reconstruction and had opposed black suffrage, attacked black men to prevent their voting. Bedford County Press and Everett Press 25 Oct 1871, Wed ·Page 2
- 1873 Colfax massacre (including William J. Cruikshank †† (1822 Kent Co MD - May 1907 Louisiana)
- "An estimated 62–153 Black militia men were murdered while surrendering to a mob of former Confederate soldiers and members of the Ku Klux Klan. Three white men also died during the confrontation. ¶ After the contested 1872 election for governor of Louisiana and local offices, a group of white men armed with rifles and a small cannon overpowered Black freedmen and state militia occupying the Grant Parish courthouse in Colfax.
- 1874 2nd Colfax case
- 1876 Hayes v. Tilden controversy
- 1876 USA vs. Cruikshank††
- The case developed from the strongly contested 1872 Louisiana gubernatorial election and the subsequent Colfax massacre, in which dozens of black people and three white people were killed. (furthermore) "Some members of the white gangs were indicted and charged by the Enforcement Act of 1870. The Act had been designed primarily to allow Federal enforcement and prosecution of actions of the Ku Klux Klan and other secret vigilante groups against blacks, both for violence and murder and for preventing them from voting. Among other provisions, the law made it a felony for two or more people to conspire to deprive anyone of his constitutional rights."
- it took many decades before Cruikshank was overruled: De Jonge v. Oregon (1937) (in part); McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010) (in part)
- 1890-1910 Between 1890 and 1910, ten of the eleven former Confederate states, beginning with Mississippi, passed new constitutions or amendments that effectively disenfranchised most black people and tens of thousands of poor white people through a combination of poll taxes, literacy and comprehension tests, and residency and record-keeping requirements.
- 1913 Seventeenth Amendment " Since 1913, each senator is elected by a statewide popular vote, as required by the Seventeenth Amendment.
- 1917-1920 June 20, 1917, as a Russian delegation drove up to the White House, suffragists unfurled a banner which stated: "We women of America tell you that America is not a democracy. Twenty million women are denied the right to vote. President Wilson is the chief opponent of their national enfranchisement"
- The Nineteenth Amendment's adoption was eventually certified on August 26, 1920.
- 1945 the Fourth Circuit case of Saunders v Wilkins (1945)
- "Saunders claimed that Virginia should have its Congressional representation reduced because of its use of a poll tax and other voting restrictions. The plaintiff sued for the right to run for Congress at large in the state, rather than in one of its designated Congressional districts. The lawsuit was dismissed as a political question."
- 1965 Voting RIghts Act of 1965
- The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws introduced in the Southern United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced racial segregation, "Jim Crow" being a pejorative term for an African American. Such laws remained in force until 1965.
- 2010 Citizens United vs. The Federal Elections Committee
- the rights of monied interests to swamp media with whatever influence it might wish included the majority opinion falsehood; ""We now conclude that independent expenditures, including those made by corporations, do not give rise to corruption or the appearance of corruption."
- 2020 January 6th insurrection at the State Capitol : see project
- deception and mass media employed to convince rioters that the 2020 election was 'stolen' and that the incumbent president should employ any means to stay in power
Historical Figures
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump
- ††WIlliam James Cruikshank ~• who, incidentally was born and raised in Kent Co. Maryland
- https://www.newspapers.com/image/325976879/?terms=%22William%20Crui... New Orleans Republican 11 Mar 1874, Wed ·Page 1
- see also: https://www.ancestry.com/family-tree/tree/185698873?cfpid=292439105...