Tingyu Zhang, 2

Zhang Tingyu 張廷玉 【參考資料: MQWW PoetID #1040, HuWenKai #511.】 《清代人物生卒年表》定其生卒年為康熙11年~乾隆20年。 【參考《清代人物生卒年表》#11761.】

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Chang T'ing-yü 張廷玉 (T. 衡臣 H. 硯齋, 澄懷主人), Oct. 29, 1672-1755, April 30, official, was a native of T'ung-ch'êng, Anhwei. He was born in Peking where his father, Chang Ying [q.v.], a Grand Secretary from 1699 to 1701, was then serving as a compiler of the Hanlin Academy. In 1700 Chang T'ing-yü himself became a chin-shih and was selected a bachelor of the Hanlin Academy. There he studied Manchu and in 1703 was made a corrector. A year later (1704) he was appointed to service in the Imperial Study (see under Chang Ying). After various promotions he rose (1720) to the post of senior vice-president of the Board of Punishments and a year later to senior vice-president of the Board of Civil Offices. After Emperor Shih-tsung ascended the throne he showed Chang T'ing-yü special favors, appointing him, early in 1723, a tutor to the imperial princes, and president of the Board of Ceremonies. Later in the same year Chang was made chancellor of the Hanlin Academy, and president of the Board of Revenue. He was also appointed a director-general for the compilation of the Ming Dynastic History (Ming-shih), the preparation of which had taken place intermittently since 1645 (see under Fêng Ch'üan and Wan Ssû-t'ung). In 1725 he was made an acting Grand Secretary and in the following year, Grand Secretary, in which capacity he served until his retirement. In the meantime he held concurrently many important posts and served many times as examiner in the metropolitan and other examinations. It is probable that most of the edicts of the Yung-chêng period were composed by him. In 1729, when the campaign against the Eleuths was being planned, a special bureau was established to conduct the war with efficiency and secrecy. This bureau, known thereafter as the Chün-chi ch'u 軍機處 or "Bureau of Military Affairs", continued till the close of the dynasty. Gradually it became the most important office in the empire, taking over most of the powers of the Grand Secretariat in composing and issuing edicts and sending out instructions to provincial authorities. Thus it is not inappropriate to render the name of the bureau, Council of State or Grand Council, and its members, Grand Councilors. Chang T'ing-yü, Yin-hsiang and Chiang T'ing-hsi [qq.v.], were the first officials to be entrusted with this responsibility, Chang holding the post until he retired in 1749.

Chang T'ing-yü was highly favored by Emperor Shih-tsung and was showered with many gifts. In 1723 he was given a residence -- prior to that time he lived in a house presented to his father in 1677 -- and in 1729 was provided with a larger establishment. An old garden south of the Yüan-ming Yüan was allotted to him in 1725 in order that he might be near the emperor during the latter's sojourns at the Summer Palace. This garden once belonged to Songgotu [q.v.], and after Chang occupied it, came to be known as Ch'êng-huai yüan 澄懷園. Upon Chang's retirement it was converted into a residence for the officials serving in the Imperial Study (see under Chang Ying) or in the School for Princes (see under Yin-chên). This garden, celebrated in poems by many writers, seems to have been destroyed in 1860. In addition, Chang was often presented with money and once (early in 1728) was given a pawn shop which was capitalized at 35,000 taels. He was also granted the title of Junior Guardian (1729) and the minor hereditary rank of Ch'ing-ch'ê tu-yü of the first class which was inherited by his son, Chang Jo-ai 張若靄 (T. 萬泉 H. 晴嵐, 1713-1746).

Chang T'ing-yü was trusted by the emperor in matters of great importance. When defeat at the hands of the Eleuths (see under Furdan) caused a setback in the conquest of the northwest, a conference of high officials was called (1734) to decide on a future policy. Chang led a delegation of officials who advised the emperor to cease hostilities -- an act that resulted in the peace negotiations of 1734 (see under A-k'o-tun). When Emperor Shih-tsung died (1735) he provided in his will that the names of Chang and O-êr-t'ai [q.v.] should be celebrated in the Imperial Ancestral Hall -- the highest honor that could be conferred on an official.

Chang T'ing-yü enjoyed great favor with Emperor Kao-tsung for several years more. In 1735, soon after that emperor succeeded to the throne, he elevated Chang to a viscount of the third class. As one of four regents, Chang helped to conduct national affairs for several years and was rewarded, early in 1738, with the rank of earl of the third class with hereditary rights. In 1739 he received the title of Grand Guardian. Nevertheless, he gradually lost the emperor's favor. In 1741 Liu T'ung-hsün [q.v.] memorialized the throne to the effect that too many of Chang's relatives from T'ung-ch'êng were employed in the government service. Chang was consequently warned to be more circumspect in this matter. Early in 1743 his rank of earl was declared no longer inheritable. As he was getting old, and perhaps senile, he begged repeatedly for permission to retire, but the request was denied on the ground that one who after death was to be celebrated in the Imperial Ancestral Hall should die in the service of the dynasty. Finally on January 1, 1750, the emperor permitted him to retire and agreed that he should leave Peking in the springtime. On January 16, Chang requested an audience with the emperor and in the course of the interview begged to know what assurance there was that his name would be celebrated in the Imperial Ancestral Hall. To relieve his doubts the emperor published an edict and composed a poem. On the 19th Chang was to have gone to the palace to thank the emperor, but owing to a severe storm, sent his son instead. The emperor, already annoyed at Chang's apparent distrust, now became angry and expressed his sentiments frankly to the Grand Secretaries. On the following day Chang appeared at the Palace to beg forgiveness for his discourtesy of the preceding day. The Grand Secretaries were now blamed for divulging a secret, and Chang was taken to task for being disingenuous. A few days later the emperor deprived him of his rank of Earl Ch'in-hsüan 勤宣伯, the designation given him four months earlier, and declared that though Chang's name did not deserve to he entered in the Imperial Ancestral Hall after his death, his request would nevertheless be granted. When Chang, late in May 1750, announced the time of his departure, it happened that the emperor's eldest son had died only a few days previously. Chang was reprimanded for this breach of ceremony and the promised posthumous honor was denied to him. He returned to his home and to the long-deferred retirement, bearing only the title of an ex-Grand Secretary.

The punishment meted out to Chang T'ing-yü did not cease after he left Peking. A son-in-law was found to be an ex-convict who was involved in the case of Lü Liu-liang [q.v.], and was furthermore accused of irregularities as commissioner of education in Szechwan. In 1750 Chang himself was about to be deprived of all his property, but was finally let off with a fine and with orders to return every item of the imperial gifts that he had received during the fifty years of his official life. However, when he died five years later, he was posthumously granted the long-coveted honor of having his name celebrated in the Imperial Ancestral Hall -- the only Chinese official to be so recognized. He was canonized as Wên-ho 文和.

A manuscript collection of Chang T'ing-yü's early poems was destroyed by fire. In 1737 he prepared another collection, entitled Ch'êng-huai yüan shih-hsüan (詩選), 12 chüan, which contained his poems up to 1735, including early ones rewritten from memory. He also left a collection of works in prose, entitled Ch'êng-huai yüan wên-ts'un (文存), 15 chüan. In 1746 he brought together his miscellaneous notes on ethics, literature and other subjects, entitled Ch'êng-huai yüan yü (語), 4 chüan ; and three years later compiled his own nien-p'u, 6 chüan. These four works, collectively known as Ch'êng-huai yüan ch'üan-chi, became very rare but were later reprinted by his descendants. Most of his other literary undertakings consist of official publications in which he acted as compiler or director-general. Among these may be mentioned the Ming-shih which was finally completed under his direction in 332 + 4 chüan and printed in 1739; and the "veritable records" (實錄, see under Chiang T'ing-hsi) of the reigns of Emperors Shêng-tsu and Shih-tsung. It is recorded that his editorship of the records of Emperor Shêng-tsu's reign particularly pleased Emperor Shih-tsu, perhaps for having suppressed references to the latter's intrigues in obtaining the throne. Chang T'ing-yü was naturally gifted as a writer, and his ability to compose imperial edicts won Emperor Shih-tsu's approval.

Chang T'ing-yü had three sons. The eldest, Chang Jo-ai, was a chin-shih of 1733 and a Hanlin compiler who later rose to sub-chancellor of the Grand Secretariat (1743-46). He inherited the earldom in 1738, but was deprived of it in 1743. The second son, Chang Jo-ch'êng 張若澄 (T. 鏡壑 H. 鍊雪, 默齋, Jan. 22, 1722-1770), was a chin-shih of 1745 and a Hanlin compiler. He and the third son, Chang Jo-t'ing 張若渟 (T. 聖泉 H. 壽雪, d. 1802), both rose to be sub-chancellors of the Grand Secretariat. Chang Jo-t'ing became president of the Board of Punishments (1800-1802) and was canonized as Ch'in-k'o 勤恪.

[Ch'%C3%AAng-huai yüan chu jên tz ŭ-ting nien-p'u (主人自訂年譜); 1/294/5b; 2/14/21b; 3/14/6a; 7/13/4b; 9/18/23a; 民彝雜誌 Min-i tsa-chih, no. 3 (1927); 桐舊集 T'ung-chiu chi, chüan 22; 張氏宗譜 Chang-shih tsung-p'u (1890) passim.]

FANG CHAO-YING

字衡臣 號研齊 諡文和 安徽桐城人 康熙庚辰科進士

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《清史稿》卷288

張廷玉 ，字衡臣，安徽桐城人，大學士英次子。康熙三十九年進士，改庶吉士。散館授檢討，直南書房，以憂歸。服除，遷洗馬，歷庶子、侍講學士、內閣學士。五十九年，授刑部侍郎。山東鹽販王美公等糾眾倡邪教，巡撫李樹德令捕治，得百五十餘人。上命廷玉與都統託賴、學士登德會勘，戮七人、戍三十五人而讞定。旋調吏部。
世宗即位，命與翰林院學士阿克敦、勵廷儀應奉几筵祭告文字，賜廕生視一品，擢禮部尚書。雍正元年，復命直南書房。偕左都御史朱軾充順天鄉試考官，上嘉其公慎，加太子太保。尋兼翰林院掌院學士，調戶部。疏言：「浙江衢州，江西廣信、贛州，毘連閩、粵，無藉之徒流徙失業，入山種麻，結棚以居，號曰『棚民』。歲月既久，生息日繁。其強悍者，輒出剽掠。請敕督撫慎選廉能州縣，嚴加約束。其有讀書向學，膂力技勇，察明考驗錄用，庶生聚教訓，初無歧視。」下督撫議行。命署大學士事。四年，授文淵閣大學士，仍兼戶部尚書、翰林院掌院學士。五年，進文華殿大學士。六年，進保和殿大學士，兼吏部尚書。七年，加少保。

八年，上以西北用兵，命設軍機房隆宗門內，以怡親王允祥、廷玉及大學士蔣廷錫領其事。嗣改稱辦理軍機處。廷玉定規制：諸臣陳奏，常事用疏，自通政司上，下內閣擬旨；要事用摺，自奏事處上，下軍機處擬旨，親御硃筆批發。自是內閣權移於軍機處，大學士必充軍機大臣，始得預政事，日必召入對，承旨，平章政事，參與機密。 廷玉周敏勤慎，尤為上所倚。上偶有疾，獎廷玉等翊贊功，各予一等阿達哈哈番，世襲。廷玉請以子編修若靄承襲。十一年，疏言：「諸行省例，凡罪人重者收禁，輕者取保。獨刑部不論事大小、人首從，皆收禁，累無辜。請如諸行省例，得分別取保。刑部引律例，往往刪截，但用數語，即承以所斷罪；甚有求其仿彿，比照定議者：高下其手，率由此起。請敕都察院、大理寺駁正；扶同草率，併予處分。」命九卿議行。大學士英祀京師賢良祠，復即本籍諭祭，命廷玉歸行禮，並令子若靄從；弟廷璐督江蘇學政，亦命來會。發帑金萬為英建祠，並賜冠帶、衣裘及貂皮、人參、內府書籍五十二種。十二月，廷玉疏言：「行經直隸，被水諸縣已予賑，尚有積潦不能種麥，請敕加賑一月。」並議以工代賑。得旨允行。十二年二月，還京師，上遣內大臣、侍郎海望迎勞盧溝橋，賜酒膳。十三年，世宗疾大漸，與大學士鄂爾泰等同被顧命。遺詔以廷玉器量純全，抒誠供職，命他日配享太廟。高宗即位，命總理事務，予世職一等阿達哈哈番，合為三等子，仍以若靄襲。

乾隆元年，明史成，表進，命仍兼管翰林院事。二年十一月，辭總理事務，加拜他喇布勒哈番，特命與鄂爾泰同進三等伯，賜號勤宣，仍以若靄襲。四年，加太保。尋諭：「本朝文臣無爵至侯伯者，廷玉為例外，命自兼，不必令若靄襲。」又諭：「廷玉年已過七十，不必向早入朝，炎暑風雪無強入。」十一年，若靄卒。上以廷玉入內廷須扶掖，命次子庶吉士若澄直南書房。十三年，以老病乞休。上諭曰：「卿受兩朝厚恩，且奉皇考遺命配享太廟，豈有從祀元臣歸田終老？」廷玉言：「宋、明配享諸臣亦有乞休得請者。且七十懸車，古今通義。」上曰：「不然。易稱見幾而作，非所論於國家關休戚、視君臣為一體者。使七十必令懸車，何以尚有八十杖朝之典？武侯鞠躬盡瘁，又何為耶？」廷玉又言：「亮受任軍旅，臣幸得優游太平，未可同日而語。」上曰：「是又不然。皋、夔、龍、比易地皆然。既以身任天下之重，則不以艱鉅自諉，亦豈得以承平自逸？朕為卿思之，不獨受皇祖、皇考優渥之恩，不可言去；即以朕十餘年眷待，亦不當言去。朕且不忍令卿去，卿顧能辭朕去耶？朕謂致仕之義，必古人遭逢不偶，不得已之苦衷。為人臣者，設預存此心，必將漠視一切，泛泛如秦、越，年至則奉身以退，誰復出力為國家治事？是不可以不辨。」因命舉所諭宣告朝列，並允廷玉解兼管吏部，廷玉自是不敢言去。然廷玉實老病，十四年正月，命如宋文彥博十日一至都堂議事，四五日一入內廷備顧問。是冬，廷玉乞休沐養疴，上命解所兼領監修、總裁諸職，且令軍機大臣往省。廷玉言：「受上恩不敢言去，私意願得暫歸。後年，上南巡，當於江寧迎駕。」上乃許廷玉致仕，命待來春冰泮，舟行歸里。親製詩三章以賜，廷玉入謝，奏言：「蒙世宗遺命配享太廟，上年奉恩諭，從祀元臣不宜歸田終老，恐身後不獲更蒙大典。免冠叩首，乞上一言為券。」上意不懌，然猶為頒手詔，申世宗成命，並製詩示意，以明劉基乞休後仍配享為例。次日，遣子若澄入謝。上以廷玉不親至，遂發怒，命降旨詰責。軍機大臣傅恆、汪由敦承旨，由敦為乞恩，旨未下。又次日，廷玉入謝，上責由敦漏言，降旨切責。廷臣請奪廷玉官爵，罷配享。上命削伯爵，以大學士原銜休致，仍許配享。十五年二月，皇長子定安親王薨，方初祭，廷玉即請南還，上愈怒，命以太廟配享諸臣名示廷玉，命自審應否配享。廷玉惶懼，疏請罷配享治罪。上用大學士九卿議，罷廷玉配享，仍免治罪。又以四川學政編修朱荃坐罪，荃為廷玉姻家，嘗薦舉，上以責廷玉，命盡繳歷年頒賜諸物。二十年三月，卒，命仍遵世宗遺詔，配享太廟，賜祭葬，諡文和。 乾隆三年，上將臨雍視學，舉古禮三老五更，諮鄂爾泰及廷玉。廷玉謂無足當此者，撰議以為不可行。四十三年，上撰三老五更說，闢古說踳駁，命勒碑辟雍。五十年，復見廷玉議，以所論與上同，命勒碑其次，並題其後，謂「廷玉有此卓識，乃未見及。朕必遵皇考遺旨，令其配享。古所謂老而戒得，朕以廷玉之戒為戒，且為廷玉惜之。」終清世，漢大臣配享太廟，惟廷玉一人而已。

子若靄，字晴嵐。雍正十一年進士。廷試，世宗親定一甲三名。拆卷知為廷玉子，遣內侍就直廬宣諭。廷玉堅辭，乃改二甲一名，授編修，直南書房，充軍機章京。乾隆間，屢遷至內閣學士。若靄工書畫，內直御府所藏，令題品鑒別，詣益進。十一年，扈上西巡，感疾，歸卒。